Spasticity and muscle stiffness : restoring form and function / / Preeti Raghavan, editor

• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (329 pages)
• Disciplina: 612.74
• Soggetto topico: Muscles - Physiology; Spasticity
• Persona (resp. second.): RaghavanPreeti
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Pathophysiology and Assessment -- 1: Neural Basis of Spasticity -- Definition of Spasticity -- Time Course of the Development of Spasticity -- What Types of Neural Injury Lead to the Development of Spasticity? -- How Does Injury to the Corticospinal Tract Lead to Spasticity? -- Consequences of Excitatory-Inhibitory Imbalance in Spinal Circuitry -- Conclusion -- References -- 2: Spasticity Versus Spastic Movement Disorder -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Aspects -- Functional Aspects -- Implications for Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: Clinical Assessment of the Syndrome of Spastic Paresis -- Introduction -- Assessment of Spasticity -- Ashworth-Derived Scales -- The Tardieu Scale -- The Syndrome of Spastic Paresis -- The Non-Neural Muscle Disorder: Spastic Myopathy -- The Neural Disorder -- Muscle Overactivity in Antagonists -- Stretch-Sensitive Paresis in Agonists -- The Five-Step Assessment -- Functional Step: Step 1 -- Technical Steps: Steps 2-5 -- Conclusion -- References -- 4: Quantitative Measurement of Resistance to Passive Joint Motion in Chronic Stroke Survivors -- Introduction -- Quantification of Neural and Biomechanical Responses During Elbow Joint Rotation -- Determination of Catch Angle and EMG Response -- Occurrence of a Catch -- EMG Onset Angle -- Catch Angle and Reflex EMG Response as a Function of Joint Rotation Speed -- Timing of the Onset of the EMG Response and the Catch Angle -- Origins of the Resistance to Passive Joint Motion -- Quantification of the Resistance to Passive Joint Rotation After BoNT Injections in Chronic Stroke Survivors -- Conclusions -- References -- 5: Structural Alterations in Muscle in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy -- Skeletal Muscle Structure -- Change in Muscle Structure During Postnatal Development. ; Muscle Adaptation -- Clinical Presentation in Children with Cerebral Palsy -- Sarcomere Alterations in Contractured Muscles -- Extracellular Matrix -- Alterations in Extracellular Matrix Content -- Alterations in Passive Muscle Stiffness -- Muscle Stem Cells -- Satellite Cells -- Change in Satellite Cells in Contractured Muscles -- Metabolic Properties -- Alterations in Motor Units and in the Neuromuscular Junction -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Mechanisms of Development of Passive Mechanical Muscle Stiffness -- Introduction -- Three-dimensional Muscle Geometry and its Effect on Active and Passive Force Generation -- The Architecture of Muscle Affects its Force Generating Capacity -- The ECM Transmits Force Laterally and Facilitates Muscle Shape Changes -- The Three-dimensional Nature of Muscle Contraction -- Effect of Fluid-ECM Interactions on Muscle Mechanics -- Role of Intramuscular Fluid on the Properties of the ECM -- Intramuscular Fluid Affects the Viscosity of the Ground Substance of the ECM -- Muscle Hydration, Lubrication, Viscoelasticity, and ECM Stiffness -- Effect of Exercise, Immobility, and Overuse on Hyaluronan Concentration -- The Hyaluronan Hypothesis of Muscle Stiffness: its Role in Spasticity, Fibrosis, and Contracture -- The Hyaluronan Hypothesis of Muscle Stiffness -- Spasticity Versus Muscle Stiffness -- Role of Hyaluronan in the Progression to Fibrosis and Contracture -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Symptomatic and Functional After-Effects of the Syndrome of Spastic Paresis -- Introduction -- Functional Consequences in the Upper Limb -- Skin and Nerve Problems -- Skin Problems of the Hand, at the Elbow Crease, and in the Axilla -- Episodic Disruptive Symptoms -- Associated Reactions -- Physical Compression and Injury -- Problems of Access -- Access to the Hand, Fingers, and Thumb -- Access to the Elbow Crease. ; Access to the Axilla -- Grasp and Release Dysfunction -- Inadequate Hand Opening Preceding Grasp -- Inadequate Hand Opening During Release -- Hyperextended Wrist and Finger Flexor Tenodesis -- Joint and Muscle Contractures -- The Intrinsic plus Hand -- The Flexed Thumb -- Reach Dysfunction -- Inadequate Scapular Rotation -- Inadequate Shoulder Movement -- Inadequate Elbow Movement -- Inadequate Forearm Orientation of the Hand -- Inadequate Vernier Adjustments of the Wrist -- Functional Consequences in the Lower Limb -- Skin and Footwear Problems -- Striatal Toe -- Painful Toe Flexion -- Problems of Limb Clearance -- Stiff Knee with and without Equinovarus -- Inadequate Hip Flexion -- Problems of Foot Loading -- Loading on the Lateral Border of the Foot -- Forefoot First Loading -- Problems of Limb Advancement -- Insufficient Hip Flexion -- Stiff Knee (Inadequate Knee Flexion in Swing Phase) -- Toe Drag -- Inadequate Knee Extension in Terminal Swing -- Problems of Single Limb Support -- Knee Flexion in Stance -- Weak Knee Extensors -- Painful Toe Flexors During Loading and Weightbearing -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Treatment -- 8: Framework for the Treatment of Spasticity and Muscle Stiffness -- Introduction -- Rehabilitation Based on Principles of Motor Learning -- Medical and Pharmacologic Treatment Algorithm -- The Patient's Experience -- Spasticity Versus Muscle Stiffness -- The Five-Step Assessment -- Generalized and Focal Treatments -- Emerging Non-Pharmacologic Treatments -- Conclusion -- References -- 9: Medical Exacerbation of Spasticity -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of Autonomic Dysfunction in Individuals with Spasticity -- Medical Conditions that Exacerbate Spasticity -- The Genitourinary Tract -- The Gastrointestinal System -- Skin Conditions -- Heterotopic Ossification -- Venous Thromboembolism -- Fractures. ; Management of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity -- Miscellaneous Causes -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: Oral Spasmolytics -- Introduction -- GABA Agonists/GABA Mimetics -- Baclofen -- Mechanisms of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Benzodiazepines -- Mechanism of Action -- Diazepam -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Clonazepam -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Tiagabine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Alpha 2 Agonists -- Tizanidine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Clonidine -- Mechanism of Action and Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Dantrolene Sodium -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Sodium and/or Calcium Channel Blocking Agents -- Mechanism of Action -- Sodium Channel Blocking Agents -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use/Dosing -- Calcium Channel Blocking Agents -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use/Dosing -- Combination of Sodium and Calcium Channel Blocking Agents -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use/Dosing -- Potassium Channel Blocking Agent -- 4-Aminopyridine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Serotonergic/Alpha Receptor Antagonist -- Cyproheptadine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Cannabis -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use/Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Medications with Unknown Mechanism of Action for Muscle Spasms -- Cyclobenzaprine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use/Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Orphenadrine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Mexiletine -- Mechanism of Action -- Clinical Use -- Dosing -- Side Effect Profile -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy -- Introduction. ; Components of Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy -- Patient Selection -- Patient Characteristics -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy -- Intrathecal Baclofen Trial -- Successful Trial -- Skipping a Trial -- Adverse Events During a Trial -- Pump Implantation -- Pump Options -- Initiation of ITB Therapy -- Modes of Dose Delivery -- Dose Titration -- Post-implant Rehabilitation -- Patient and Caregiver Education -- Pump Refill and Therapy Maintenance -- Refill Appointments -- Refill Procedure -- Baclofen Withdrawal -- Baclofen Overdose -- Troubleshooting -- Diagnosis of Pump Catheter Malfunction -- Bolus Dosing -- Residual Volume Mismatch -- Catheter Access Port Aspiration -- Imaging -- Pump Replacement and Explantation -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: Treatment of Focal Muscle Overactivity Using Botulinum Toxin Injections -- Introduction -- Structure -- Mechanism of Action -- Binding -- Internalization -- Translocation -- Cleavage -- Pharmacology -- Review of AAN Guidelines for the Utility of BoNT in Spasticity -- Adult Upper Limb Spasticity -- Adult Lower Limb Spasticity -- Cerebral Palsy -- Emerging Evidence -- Review of Dose Recommendations -- Upper Limb Spasticity -- Lower Limb Spasticity -- Patient and Muscle Selection for Treatment -- The Preinjection Consultation -- Planning the Injection -- Localization of Muscles -- After Injection -- Measuring Outcomes -- Goal Attainment -- Measures of Spasticity -- Caregiver Burden and Quality of Life -- Conclusion -- References -- 13: Treatment of Focal Muscle Stiffness with Hyaluronidase Injections -- Introduction -- Catabolism of Hyaluronan by Hyaluronidases -- Pharmacology and Uses of Exogenous Hyaluronidases -- Novel Off-Label Use of Hyaluronidase for Treatment of Muscle Stiffness -- Upper Limb Muscle Stiffness -- Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of a Single Injection Treatment. ; Safety and Dose-Response of Multiple Injection Treatments.
• Titolo autorizzato: Spasticity and Muscle Stiffness
• ISBN: 9783030969004; 9783030968991
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910592989003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II