Pharmaceuticals

• Autore: Agarwal Neha
• Pubblicazione: New York : , : Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, , 2023; ©2023
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (282 pages)
• Disciplina: 615.1028/6
• Soggetto topico: Drugs - Environmental aspects; Pharmaceutical industry - Waste disposal
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Release and Accumulation of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Critical Risk Assessment and Challenges for Environment, Ecosystem and Human Health -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Occurrence and Hypostatization of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -- 3. Active Pharmaceuticals (APIs) in the Environment -- 4. Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Transformation Products -- 5. Ecological and Human Risk Assessment: Trends and Future Requirements -- 6. Possible Measures, Activities, and Future Approaches to Reduce the Input of Pharmaceuticals into the Environment -- 7. Move towards Green and Sustainable Pharmacy -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- A Comprehensive Insight into Historical, Structural and Mechanistic Aspects of Some Commonly Used Pharmaceutics and Their Impact on Human Health -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Evolution of Drugs -- 3. Biological Transformation of Drugs -- 4. Routes, Administration and Dosage of Drugs -- 5. Binding of Drugs -- 5.1. Drug Receptor Complex -- 5.2. Receptor Site -- 5.3. Receptor Theory of Drug Action -- 5.4. Drug-Receptor Interactions -- 5.4.1. Covalent Interactions -- 5.4.2. Ionic Interactions -- 5.4.3. Hydrogen Bonding Interactions (Non-Ionic or Neutral) -- 5.4.4. Vander Waals Interaction -- 5.4.5. Lipophilic Interactions -- 6. Representative Drugs -- 6.1. Antipyretics -- 6.2. Analgesics -- 6.2.1. Narcotics -- 6.2.2. Non-Narcotics -- a. Aspirin -- b. Paracetamol -- 6.3. Antibiotics -- a. Chloramphenicol -- b. Streptomycin -- 6.4. Antineoplastics -- 6.4.1. Cancer-Causing Agents -- 6.4.2. Cancer Treatments -- 6.5. Antiviral Agents -- 6.5.1. Idoxuridine -- 6.5.2. Methisazone (Methisazone) -- 6.5.3. Amantadine Hydrochloride -- 6.5.4. Cytarabine -- 6.6. HIV-AIDS Related Drugs -- 6.6.1. Zidovudine -- Mode of Action. ; Side-Effects of Zidovudine -- Uses of Zidovudine -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Pollution by Pharma Industries: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Occurence/Generation of Pharmaceutical Waste -- 3. Adverse Outcomes of Pharmaceutical Pollution -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Emerging Trends in the Pharmaceutical Waste Generation and Disposal after COVID-19 -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biomedical Waste and Its Classification -- 2.1. Sources of Biomedical Wastes -- 2.1.1. Primary/Major Sources -- 2.1.2. Secondary/Minor Sources -- 2.2. Types of Biomedical Waste -- 2.2.1. Non-Hazardous Waste -- 2.2.2. Hazardous Waste -- 2.2.2.1. Infectious Waste -- 2.2.2.2. Other Hazardous/Non-Infectious Waste -- 2.2.2.3. Pathological Waste -- 2.2.2.4. Pharmaceutical Waste -- 2.2.2.5. Genotoxic/Cytotoxic Waste -- 2.2.2.6. Chemical Waste -- 2.2.2.7. Radioactive Waste/Substances -- 3. Pharmaceutical Waste Sources and Laws -- 3.1. Types of Pharmaceutical Waste -- 3.2. Features of Pharmaceutical Waste -- 4. Color Coding for Storage of Pharmaceutical/ Biomedical Waste -- 5. Generation of Pharmaceutical Waste Due to COVID-19 -- 6. Pharmaceutical Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods -- 6.1 Autoclaving -- 6.2. Incineration -- 6.3. Microwave Irradiation -- 6.4. Chemical Disinfection -- 6.5. Deep Burial -- 6.6. Secure/Safe Land Filling -- 6.7. Encapsulation -- 6.8. Medical Waste Segregation -- 7. Role of Pharma Industry and Government Agencies in Minimizing Risk -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Critical Risk Assessment of Adverse Effects Associated with Long Term Usage of Various Analgesics on Human Health -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Understanding the Use of Analgesics -- 2.1. Non Opioids Painkiller-Acetaminophen -- 2.1.1. A Study of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. ; 2.1.2. A Study of Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics as Related to Age -- 2.2. Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) -- 2.2.1. Probable Side Effects of NSAIDs Include -- 2.2.2 Interactions of NSAIDs with Other Kinds of Medicine -- 2.2.3. A Study of NSAID Pharmacokinetics as Related to Age -- 2.2.4. Adverse Effects of NSAIDs on Cerebrovascular or Cardiovascular System -- 2.2.5. Renal Adverse Drug Effect Caused by NSAID -- 2.2.6. Other Adverse Drug Effects Associated with NSAIDs -- 3. Opioids -- 3.1. A Study of Opioids Pharmacokinetics in Relation to Age -- 3.2. Adverse Effects of Drug-Delirium in Opioid-Treated Patients -- 3.3. Adverse Drug Effects in Opioid-Treated Patients -- 3.4. Other Adverse Drug Effects of Opioid-Addicted Patients -- 4. Environmental Impacts -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- A Study of Diclofenac Economy in the Light of Its Indirect Harmful Effects on Vultures, Fishes, and Human Beings -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Objective of Study -- 2.1. Hypothesis -- 2.2. Methodology -- 2.3. The Environmental Concerns -- 3. Terrestrial Effects of Diclofenac -- 4. Significance of Tolfenamic Acid -- 4.1. Diclofenac and Human -- 5. Diclofenac Market -- 5.1. DCF Market Size in India -- 5.2. Competition in the Diclofenac Market -- 5.3. Findings -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Cocrystals of Pharmaceutical Drugs: A Case Study of Paracetamol Cocrystals with Oxalic Acid and 4, 4, Bipyridine -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Salient Properties of Drugs -- 2.1. Solubility -- 2.2. Stability -- 2.3. Bioavailability -- 2.4. Permeability -- 2.5. Melting Point -- 2.6. Tabletability -- 2.7. Metabolism -- 3. Cocryslallization: A Method to Improve Physiochemical Properties of Drugs -- 3.1. What are API and Coformer? -- 3.2. What is Pharmaceutical Cocrystal? -- 3.3. Advantages of Cocrystals -- 4. Paracetamol. ; 4.1. Crystallization in Paracetamol -- 4.2. Geometric Structure and Energies -- 4.3. Stability and Interactions in Co-Crystal Units -- 4.4. Reactivity of Co-Crystals and Their Comparison with PRA -- 4.5. Mechanical Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Adverse Effects of Pharmaceutical Industry Waste and Effluent on Ecology -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of Antibiotic Residues on the Ecology -- 2.1. Evolutionary Consequences on Microbial Population -- 2.2. Adverse Effects of Antibiotics on Non-Microbial Population -- 2.3. Adverse Effects on the Human Health -- 2.4. Adverse Effects of Antibiotics on Plants -- 2.5. Adverse Effects on Fish -- 3. Pharmaceuticals Induced Antimicrobial Resistance -- 4. Presence of Pharmaceuticals in Water -- 5. Ecological and Environmental Risks -- 6. Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants -- 7. Pharmaceuticals Removal Efficiency -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Photocatalytic Mineralization of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Water by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Presence of LED-Irradiation: A Green and Sustainable Approach -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -- 3. Frequently Prescribed Antibiotics during COVID 19 Pandemic -- 3.1. Some Important Antibiotics -- 3.1.1. Penicillins -- 3.1.2. Tetracyclines -- 3.1.3. Cephalosporins -- 3.1.4. Fluoroquinolones -- 3.1.5. Lincomycins -- 3.1.6. Macrolides -- 3.1.7. Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.1.8. Aminoglycosides -- 3.1.9. Carbapenems -- 3.1.10. CeftriaxoneSodium -- 3.1.11. Sulfamethoxazole -- 4. Environmental Contamination by Antibiotics -- 5. How to Save the Environment from the Antibiotics -- 6. Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Pollutants -- 7. Photocatalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) -- 7.1. Non-Photochemical AOPs -- 7.2. Photochemical AOPs -- 7.2.1. O3/UV. ; 7.2.2. H2O2/UV -- 7.2.3. O3/ H2O2/UV -- 7.3. Photo-Fenton/Fenton-Like Systems -- 7.4. Advantages of AOPs -- 8. Principles of Photocatalysis and Its Types -- 8.1. Advantages of LEDs Light -- 9. Move towards Green Chemistry -- 10. Mechanism of Degradation of Antibiotics and Other Organic Pollutants -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 -- A Critical Review on Treatment of Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents in Waterbodies -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Wastewater -- 2.1. Stormwater Runoff Wastewater -- 2.2. Domestic Wastewater -- 2.2.1. Blackwater -- 2.2.2. Greywater -- 2.2.3. Yellow Water -- 2.3. Agricultural Wastewater -- 2.4. Industrial Wastewater -- 3. Wastewater and Its Risk to Human Health -- 4. Treatment of Industrial Wastewater -- 4.1. Containing Heavy Metals -- 4.2. Containing Phenolic Compounds -- 4.3. Released from the Paper and Pulp Industry -- 4.4. Released from the Textile Industry -- 4.5. Treatment of Hypersaline Effluents -- 5. Emerging Policy Instruments for Controlling Discharge of Pharmaceutical Instruments -- 5.1. Source Directed Methods -- 5.2. Use Oriented Approach -- 5.3. End-of-Pipe Pharmaceutical Management Strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 -- The Latest Trends in Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Contaminants: Limitations and Future Prospects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Treatment Approaches Used in Pharmaceutical Industries -- 2.1. Physicochemical Processes -- 2.2. Bioremediation Techniques -- 2.2.1. What Is Bioremediation? -- 2.2.2. Microbes Involved in Bioremediation -- 2.2.3. Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals and Other Effluents -- 2.2.4. Anaerobic Treatment -- 2.2.5. Aerobic Treatment -- 2.2.6. Bacterial Degradation -- 2.2.7. Fungal Degradation -- 2.2.8. Algal Degradation -- 3. Latest Trends and Advances -- 3.1. Genetically Modified Microorganism for Bioremediation. ; 3.2. Microbial Fuel Cells.
• Sommario/riassunto: "In recent years pharmaceuticals have come into focus as one of the major contaminants of the environment from various anthropogenic sources and are distributed widely throughout global environmental matrices. The continuous discharge of hazardous pharmaceutical waste by human activities in the natural environment often cause major environmental contamination problems and poses risks for human health and the ecosystem, although advances have been made to detect and analyze the trace pollutants in last few decades. With the continuous development and advancement in specific techniques a wide range of undetected pollutants of emerging environmental concern need identification and quantification in environment and biological systems. Even at low concentrations these pollutants may be persistent in air, water, soil, sediments and ecological receptors and may be detrimental to the environment and human health. In this book the focus will be on environmental issues due to continuous discharge and accumulation of pharmaceutical contaminants into water bodies and their impact on global health. The impact of NSAIDs on the various species of fishes & vulture, the generation of huge pharmaceutical waste post COVID-19 pandemic and ways to prevent accidental outbreak of diseases are specially covered. The objective of this book is to comprehend and discuss unpropitious effects associated with long term usage of various categories of drugs like analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and their metabolites on human health, the environment and ecology. This book will address all the issues of urgent concern and will be dealing with this important topic in a simple manner. Furthermore, it also aims to improve the knowledge of the possible ways to degrade these compounds after their release into the environment and obtain robust and cost efficient techniques and measures to be applied in removal of hazardous pharmaceutical contaminants from the environment. In recent times the issue of green and sustainable pharmacy has gained momentum. Sustainable pharmacy is a nascent approach which addresses environmental, economical and social aspects of pharmacy. The book covers various green and sustainable methods of treatment of pharmaceutical industrial effluents in water bodies, methods to mineralize pharmaceutical contaminants into simple substances and methods to improve the physical and chemical properties of drugs in order to make them more effective. It will also contribute to more rational and efficient use of pharmaceuticals with lesser burden on environment and reduced risk of drinking water contamination to save this planet"--
• Titolo autorizzato: Pharmaceuticals
• ISBN: 9798886975178; 9798886974874
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911008438703321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Environmental Remediation Technologies, Regulations and Safety