People flow in buildings / / Marja-Liisa Siikonen

• Autore: Siikonen Marja-Liisa
• Pubblicazione: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , [2021]; ©2021
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (450 pages)
• Disciplina: 621.877
• Soggetto topico: Elevators - Planning; Corridors
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Symbols and Abbreviations -- Preface -- Scope of the Book -- Part I Measured People Flow in Buildings -- Chapter 1 Building Design Population -- 1.1 Office Building Population -- 1.2 Number of Inhabitants in Residential Buildings -- 1.3 Number of Hotel Guests -- 1.4 People Arriving from Parking Areas -- 1.5 Population in Hospitals -- 1.6 Other Types of Populated Buildings -- Chapter 2 People Counting Methods -- 2.1 Counting Technology Inside and Outside Buildings -- 2.2 Passenger Traffic Components -- 2.3 Manual People-counting -- 2.4 Use of Optical Vision -- 2.5 Visitor-counting with Photocell Signals and Infra-red Beams -- 2.6 People-counting with Access Control System -- 2.7 Passenger-counting by Load-weighing Device -- 2.8 Elevator Monitoring Systems -- 2.9 External Traffic Measurement Devices -- 2.10 Smart Sensing and Mobile Computing -- Chapter 3 Passenger Arrival Process in Buildings -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Poisson Arrival Process -- 3.2.1 Probability Density Function -- 3.2.2 Example of Passenger Arrivals Through Security Cages -- 3.3 Passenger Arrivals in Batches -- 3.3.1 Batch Arrivals in Elevator Lobbies -- 3.3.2 Batch Arrivals in Escalators -- 3.3.3 Observed Batch Sizes in Several Building Types -- 3.3.4 Batch Size Variation in Elevator Lobbies During the Day -- 3.3.5 Modelling of Batch Size Distribution -- Chapter 4 Daily Vertical Passenger Traffic Profiles -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vertical Building Traffic Components -- 4.3 Two-Way Traffic and Effect of Measurement Interval -- 4.4 Effect of Inter-Floor Traffic -- 4.5 Occupancy in Buildings -- 4.6 Passenger Trips with Elevators -- 4.7 People Flow in Office Buildings -- 4.7.1 Traffic in Offices -- 4.7.2 Observed Daily Two-Way Traffic Profiles -- 4.7.3 Daily Traffic Profiles with Inter-Floor Traffic -- 4.8 People Flow in Hotels. ; 4.8.1 Traffic in Hotels -- 4.8.2 Daily Traffic Profiles in Hotels -- 4.9 People Flow in Residential Buildings -- 4.9.1 Traffic in Residential Buildings -- 4.9.2 Traffic Profiles in Residential Buildings -- 4.10 People Flow Profiles in Hospitals -- 4.10.1 Hospital Traffic -- 4.10.2 Daily Traffic in Hospitals -- 4.11 People Flow in Commercial and Public Buildings -- 4.11.1 Traffic in Commercial and Public Buildings -- 4.11.2 Daily People Flow in Escalators -- 4.11.3 Daily People Flow in Elevators in Shopping Centres -- 4.11.4 Duration of a Visit in a Shopping Centre -- 4.11.5 People Flow by GPS in Public Buildings -- 4.12 People Flow on Cruise Ships -- 4.12.1 Traffic in Cruisers -- 4.12.2 Daily Traffic Profiles for Typical Days -- Chapter 5 Monitored Elevator Traffic Data -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Service Quality Parameters -- 5.3 Measured Passenger Service Level -- 5.3.1 Measured Passenger Traffic with External Device -- 5.3.2 Call Time Distribution -- 5.3.3 Waiting Time Distribution with Destination Control -- 5.3.4 Monthly Service Times -- 5.4 Measured Elevator Performance -- 5.4.1 Number of Starts During a Month -- 5.4.2 Correlation Between Cycle Time and Round Trip Time -- Part II People Flow Solutions -- Chapter 6 Historical Overview -- Chapter 7 Push-Button Control Systems -- 7.1 Signal Operation -- 7.2 Single-Button Collective Control -- 7.3 Down Collective Control -- 7.4 Interconnected Full Collective Control Principle -- Chapter 8 Collective Group Control System -- 8.1 Software-Based Collective Control System -- 8.2 Bunching -- 8.3 Next Car Up -- 8.4 Dynamic Sub-zoning -- 8.5 Channelling -- 8.6 Queue Selective Control System -- Chapter 9 Intelligent Group Control Systems -- 9.1 Performance Requirements -- 9.2 Control System Architectures -- Chapter 10 Artificial Intelligence in Elevator Dispatching -- 10.1 Introduction. ; 10.2 AI Architectures -- 10.3 Traffic Forecasting -- 10.4 Fuzzy Logic -- 10.5 Genetic Algorithm -- 10.6 Neural Networks -- 10.7 Optimization Objective Functions -- 10.8 Elevator Lobby with Collective Control System -- 10.9 Hospital Service Modes -- Chapter 11 Destination Control System -- 11.1 Adaptive Call Allocation Algorithm -- 11.2 Destination Control System -- 11.3 Hybrid Destination Control System -- 11.4 `Harmonized´ Elevator Dispatching -- 11.5 Elevator Lobby with Destination Control System -- Chapter 12 Multi-Car Control Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Paternoster -- 12.3 Odyssey -- 12.4 Double-Deck Elevators -- 12.4.1 Functional Principle of Double-Deck Elevators -- 12.4.2 Conventional Double-Deck Control -- 12.4.3 Double-Deck Destination Control -- 12.4.4 Harmonized Dispatching for Double-Deck Elevators -- 12.5 TWIN -- 12.6 MULTI -- 12.7 Other Possible Multi-Car Elevator Control Systems -- Chapter 13 Access Control Systems -- 13.1 Application Areas -- 13.2 Access Control by an External Provider -- 13.3 Access Control Embedded in an Elevator Control -- Chapter 14 Architectural Considerations of Elevators -- 14.1 Layouts with Conventional Control -- 14.2 Layouts with Destination Control System -- 14.3 Dimensions of Passenger Elevators -- 14.4 Vertical Elevator Dimensions -- 14.5 Lobby Arrangement with Double-Deck Elevators -- Chapter 15 Architectural Considerations of Other People Flow Solutions -- 15.1 Escalator Arrangements -- 15.2 Horizontal Escalator Dimensions -- 15.3 Vertical Escalator Dimensions -- 15.4 Dimensions of Moving Walkways -- 15.5 Staircase Dimensions -- 15.6 Building Door Types -- Part III People Flow Calculation Methods -- Chapter 16 Introduction -- Chapter 17 Elevator Traffic Calculation Methods -- 17.1 Elevator Performance Parameters -- 17.2 Elevator Handling Capacity Equation -- 17.3 Elevator Kinematics. ; 17.3.1 Elevator Rated Speed -- 17.3.2 Flight Time Calculation -- 17.4 Up-Peak Round Trip Time Equations -- 17.4.1 Uniform Passenger Arrivals -- 17.4.2 Poisson Arrival Process -- 17.4.3 Uniform Arrival Process for r-Floor Elevator Jumps -- 17.4.4 Poisson Arrival Process for r-Floor Elevator Jumps -- 17.4.5 Uniform Arrival Process for Elevator Jumps Between Floor Pairs -- 17.4.6 Poisson Arrival Process for Elevator Jumps Between Floor Pairs -- 17.4.7 A Generalized Round Trip Time Formula -- 17.5 Round Trip Time-Related Equations -- 17.5.1 Shuttle Elevators -- 17.5.2 Express Zones -- 17.5.3 Dynamic Zoning in Up-peak -- 17.5.4 Unsymmetric Elevator Groups -- 17.5.5 Multiple Entrance Floors -- 17.5.6 Two-Way Traffic -- 17.6 Multi-Car Traffic Analysis -- 17.6.1 Paternoster Performance -- 17.6.2 Double-Deck Performance -- 17.6.3 Number of MULTI Cabins and Shafts -- 17.7 Egress Time with Elevators -- Chapter 18 Passenger Service Level -- 18.1 Queuing Theoretical Approach -- 18.1.1 Waiting Times -- 18.1.2 Transit Times -- 18.1.3 Journey Time -- 18.2 Queuing at Hot Spots -- Chapter 19 Pedestrian Traffic -- 19.1 People Flow Density -- 19.1.1 Level of Service -- 19.1.2 Human Body Size -- 19.1.3 Passenger Characteristics -- 19.1.4 Passenger Space Demand in Elevators -- 19.2 Escalator Handling Capacity -- 19.3 Handling Capacity of Moving Walkways -- 19.4 People Flow in Walkways -- 19.5 People Flow in Staircases -- 19.6 People Flow in Corridors and Doorways -- 19.7 Handling Capacities of Turnstiles and Ticket Counters -- 19.8 Number of Destination Operation Panels -- Part IV People Flow Simulation Methods -- Chapter 20 Introduction -- Chapter 21 Traffic Simulation Methods -- 21.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 21.2 Passenger Traffic Generation -- 21.3 Traffic Simulation of an Elevator Group -- 21.4 Building Traffic Simulation -- 21.5 People Flow Simulation. ; 21.5.1 Simulation Software Architecture -- 21.5.2 Passenger Routing Model -- Chapter 22 Simulation Procedure -- 22.1 Simulated Handling Capacity -- 22.2 Initial Transient -- 22.3 Stepwise or Ramp Arrival Profiles -- 22.4 Traffic Patterns -- 22.4.1 Introduction -- 22.4.2 Office Traffic Templates -- 22.4.3 Hotel Traffic Templates -- 22.4.4 Traffic Templates of Residential Buildings -- Chapter 23 Validation of Elevator Traffic Simulation Software -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Verification of Simulator Models -- 23.3 Validation of the Elevator Traffic Simulator -- Chapter 24 Simulated Elevator Performance and Passenger Service Level -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Up-Peak Boosting -- 24.2.1 Traffic Boosting with Destination Control -- 24.2.2 Boosting with Double-Deck System -- 24.2.3 Effect of Elevator Group Size -- 24.3 Traffic Simulations with Diverse Control Systems -- 24.3.1 Simulation Setup for an Example Building -- 24.3.2 Conventional Control with Single-Car Elevator System -- 24.3.3 Destination Control with Single-Car Elevator System -- 24.3.4 Conventional Control Double-Deck System -- 24.3.5 Destination Control Double-Deck System -- 24.4 Comparison Handling Capacities -- 24.5 Service Time Distributions with Conventional System -- Part V People Flow Planning and Evacuation -- Chapter 25 Introduction -- Chapter 26 ISO 8100-32 -- 26.1 Background -- 26.2 Design Process -- 26.3 ISO Calculation Method -- 26.4 ISO Simulation Method -- 26.5 Selection of Rated Load Based on Mass -- 26.6 Selection of Rated Load Based on Area and Mass -- Chapter 27 Design Criteria -- 27.1 ISO 8100-32 Design Criteria -- 27.2 BCO Design Criteria for Offices -- 27.3 Other Design Criteria -- Chapter 28 Elevatoring Low- and Mid-Rise Buildings -- 28.1 Offices -- 28.2 Hotels -- 28.3 Residential Buildings -- 28.4 Hospitals -- 28.5 Parking Areas. ; Chapter 29 People Transportation in Commercial and Public Buildings.
• Sommario/riassunto: "In this new book, vertical transportation devices will be described more from a software than a hardware perspective. The book will describe how to plan and design transportation systems to make passenger journeys pleasant and smooth in buildings. It illustrates measured passenger traffic profiles in different types of buildings and explains how elevator control systems and modern trends of building usage affect passenger service. Methods of measuring passenger journeys and utilization of this information in traffic planning are described. There are no simple equations to calculate passenger service levels. These are usually investigated and described by traffic simulation. Building traffic simulation includes modelling of building passenger traffic using agents, behavioural models and movement vertically and horizontally, and then modelling the impact of transportation equipment with their control systems. The book also provides a starting point for selection of proper transportation equipment for new buildings and for modernization or refurbishment, as well as utilizing simulated occupant evacuation times in elevator design. Energy consumption of transportation equipment will be briefly discussed"--
• Titolo autorizzato: People Flow in Buildings
• ISBN: 1-119-54558-7; 1-119-54559-5; 1-119-54555-2
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910555109903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II