Air pollution, the automobile, and public health / / Ann Y. Watson, Richard R. Bates, Donald Kennedy, editors ; sponsored by the Health Effects Institute

• Pubblicazione: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1988
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (702 pages)
• Disciplina: 363.7/392
• Soggetto topico: Automobiles - Motors - Exhaust gas - Toxicology - United States; Automobiles - Motors - Exhaust gas - Physiological effect - United States; Automobiles - Motors - Exhaust gas - Environmental aspects - United States
• Altri autori: WatsonAnn Y BatesRichard R KennedyDonald <1931->
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: AIR POLLUTION, THE AUTOMOBILE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Contents -- Part I: Overview -- Automotive Emissions Research -- EMISSIONS CONTROL: THE HISTORY OF CONFLICT -- BENEFITS OF REGULATION -- CURRENT PROBLEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES -- IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING HEALTH RESEARCH -- Regulations: Form or Substance? -- Safety Margins and Susceptible Groups -- Costs and Benefits -- Emergence of a New Regulatory Structure in Mobile Source Emission Regulation -- Research and Comprehensive Risk Management -- Regulatory Credibility and the Maturation of Toxicology -- THE HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT -- Project History and Organization -- RATIONALE -- ORGANIZATION -- MESSAGES TO AND FROM THE AUTHORS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- STEERING COMMITTEE -- EXPOSURE ANALYSIS SUBCOMMITTEE -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUBCOMMITTEE -- PEER REVIEWERS -- Motor Vehicle Emissions: A Strategy for Quantifying Risk -- AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE -- UNDERSTANDING THE COMPONENTS OF RISK -- Chemical and Physical Properties of Pollutants -- Pollutant Exposure and Dose to Biological Tissues -- Biological Responses to Pollutants -- Sensitive Individuals -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- Epidemiology -- Experimental Methods -- Mathematical Models -- Physical Models -- PURSUING QUANTITATIVE TOXICOLOGY: A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH -- Highlights of the Authors' Recommendations -- Criteria for Prioritization -- A Proposed Research Strategy -- Summary -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Part II: Exposure Analysis -- Automotive Emissions -- POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES-PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS -- Emissions Standards and Control Approaches -- Fuel Economy -- In-Use Passenger Car Emissions -- EMISSIONS REGULATIONS -- Emission Test Procedures -- Emission Standards -- U.S. Fuel Economy Standards -- VEHICLE AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY. ; Spark-Ignition Gasoline-Powered Vehicles -- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars: Particulate Control -- Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Vehicles -- IN-USE VEHICLE AND ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS -- Gasoline-Powered Passenger Cars and Trucks -- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars -- Diesel-Powered Trucks -- MODELS FOR PREDICTING FUTURE EMISSIONS -- FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES -- Trends in Gasoline Fuel Properties -- Fuel Usage Trends -- Methanol-Fueled Vehicles -- Trends in Diesel Fuel Properties -- Refueling Emissions -- Additives -- METHODS FOR MEASURING THE UNREGULATED POLLUTANTS* -- Sampling -- Analytical Methods -- CURRENT REGULATED AND UNREGULATED EMISSIONS -- Regulated Emissions -- Unregulated Emissions -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants Associated with Vehicular Emissions -- DEFINITIONS OF TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION -- Meteorological Parameters -- Scales of Motion -- TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS -- Near Field -- Urban-Scale Transport and Dispersion -- Regional-Scale Transport -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Atmospheric Transformations of Automotive Emissions -- COMPONENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS -- Physical Removal Processes -- Chemical Removal Processes -- ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES, FATES, AND PRODUCTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS -- Atmospheric Lifetimes -- Atmospheric Transformations -- Analytical Techniques -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Ambient Levels of Anthropogenic Emissions and Their Atmospheric Transformation Products -- CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE CONSTITUENTS -- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Primary Gases -- Selected Particle Constituents. ; Photochemical Products and Unregulated Emittants -- INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS -- Principal Trace Gases -- Minor Emittants and Products -- EMITTANTS WITH POTENTIAL GLOBAL INFLUENCE -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Methane -- SUMMARY -- Data Adequacy -- Trends -- Concentrations -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmospheric Pollutant Concentrations -- DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Components of Exposure -- Source/Receptor Relationships -- Historical Perspective -- EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS -- CATEGORIES OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Empirical/Statistical Models -- Deterministic Models -- Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Empirical and Analytical Models -- MODELING APPROACHES FOR INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES -- Turbulent Transport and Diffusion -- Complex Terrain: Street Canyons -- Removal Processes -- Representation of Atmospheric Chemistry Through Chemical Mechanisms -- Aerosol Dynamics -- MODEL EVALUATION -- Approaches for Testing Model Performance -- Data Requirements -- Analysis of Model Performance -- APPLICATION OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Population Exposure Calculations -- Source Apportionment and Control Strategies -- Future Uses -- SPECIAL TOPICS AND EMERGING ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MODELING -- Modeling Large-Scale Processes -- Modeling Small-Scale Processes -- Indoor/Outdoor Pollutant Relationships -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods, Measurements, and Models -- HUMAN EXPOSURE: INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- Concentration, Exposure, and Dose -- Components of Exposure -- Types of Exposure Information -- Individual Exposure Versus Population Exposure -- METHODS -- Air Monitoring -- Biological Monitoring -- Research Recommendations. ; MEASUREMENTS -- Air Monitoring -- Research Recommendation -- Biological Monitoring -- Research Recommendation -- MODELING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION -- Statistical Modeling -- Physical Modeling -- Physical-Stochastic Modeling -- Source Apportionment -- Validation and Generalization -- Research Recommendation -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Biological Disposition of Airborne Particles: Basic Principles and Application to Vehicular Emissions -- STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Upper Respiratory Tract -- Tracheobronchial Tree -- Pulmonary Region -- Research Recommendations -- VENTILATION -- Ventilatory Parameters -- Comparative Aspects of Ventilation -- Airflow Patterns -- Research Recommendations -- DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Deposition Mechanisms and Controlling Factors -- Measurement of Deposition -- Factors Modifying Deposition -- Localized Patterns of Deposition -- Mathematical Modeling -- Research Recommendations -- RETENTION OF DEPOSITED PARTICLES -- Clearance Mechanisms: Basic Structure and Function -- Clearance Kinetics -- Factors Modifying Clearance -- Research Recommendations -- DISPOSITION OF VEHICULAR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS -- Diesel Exhaust Particles -- Metals -- Sulfates -- Research Recommendations -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITIES -- References -- Biological Disposition of Vehicular Airborne Emissions: Particle-Associated Organic Constituents -- SIGNIFICANCE OF CARRIER PARTICLES -- CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED AIR POLLUTANTS -- INHALATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES -- Disposition of Inhaled Particle-Associated Organic Compounds -- Bio availability of Particle-Associated Organic Compounds -- TOXICITY OF INHALED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. ; Varieties of Toxic Responses -- Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens -- Effects on the Immune System -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Transport and Uptake of Inhaled Gases -- IMPLICATIONS OF LUNG ANATOMY -- Upper Airways -- Conducting Airways -- Respiratory Zone -- Nonuniformities in Ventilation and Perfusion -- FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSPORT -- Thermodynamic Equilibria -- Diffusion and Reaction Rates -- Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients -- Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients -- Longitudinal Gas Transport -- MATHEMATICAL MODELS -- Compartment Models -- Distributed-Parameter Upper Airway Models -- Distributed-Parameter Lower Airway Models -- EXPERIMENTS -- In Vitro Methods -- In Vivo Animal Experiments -- In Vivo Human Subject Studies -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Dosimetry Modeling of Inhaled Toxic Reactive Gases -- APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY MODELING -- ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Anatomical Models -- Liquid Lining of the Respiratory Tract -- Lung Tissue and Blood -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF REACTIVE GASES -- Solubility -- Molecular Diffusion -- Convection in Respiratory Tract Fluids -- Chemical Reactions -- DOSIMETRY MODELING -- Upper Respiratory Tract and Total Respiratory Tract Models -- Lower Respiratory Tract Models -- Influence of Anatomical and Physiological Factors -- Influence of Physicochemical Factors -- Importance of Experimental Data -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Part III: Biological Effects -- Epidemiologic Studies of Effects of Oxidant Exposure on Human Populations -- ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH -- PRIOR AND ONGOING STUDIES-DESIGNS, FINDINGS, AND PROBLEMS -- Cross-Sectional Studies of Pulmonary Function and Symptoms. ; Prospective Cohort Studies.
• Sommario/riassunto: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking."--William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is known--and not known--about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
• Titolo autorizzato: Air pollution, the automobile, and public health
• ISBN: 9786610221424; 9781280221422; 1280221429; 9780309568265; 0309568269; 9780585037622; 0585037620
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910960840103321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II