LEADER 03835nam 22005775 450 001 9910148856703321 005 20231218233302.0 010 $a9783319414140 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-319-41414-0 035 $a(CKB)3710000000918133 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-319-41414-0 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4729926 035 $a(PPN)196325579 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000918133 100 $a20161027d2016 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn#008mamaa 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aAnalytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass /$fedited by Sílvio Vaz Jr 205 $a1st ed. 2016. 210 1$aCham :$cSpringer International Publishing :$cImprint: Springer,$d2016. 215 $a1 online resource (XI, 280 p. 82 illus., 42 illus. in color.) 311 $a3-319-41413-5 311 $a3-319-41414-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. 327 $aChapter 1 The Use of Analytical Chemistry to Understand the Biomass -- Chapter 2 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Lignins from Different Sources and Isolation Methods for an Application as a Biobased Chemical Resource and Polymeric Material -- Chapter 3 Analyses of Biomass Fibers by XRD, FTIR and NIR -- Chapter 4 Molecular Properties and Functions of Humic Substances and Humic-like Substances (HULIS) from Biomass and their Transformation Products -- Chapter 5 Mass Spectrometry for Metabolomics and Biomass Composition Analyses -- Chapter 6 Analysis of Biomass Products by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- Chapter 7 Microscopy Applied in Biomass Characterization -- Chapter 8 Analytical Strategies Using Chromatographic Methodologies to Analyze Lignocellulosic Feedstocks and their Value-added Compounds under Biorefinery Processes. 330 $aThis book deals with the application of techniques and methods of chemical analysis for the study of biomass and its conversion processes, aiming to fill the current gap in the book literature on the subject. The use of various techniques and analytical methods is presented and discussed in a straightforward manner, providing the reader with the possibility of choosing the most appropriate methodologies for analysis of the major classes of plant biomass and its products. In the present volume, a select group of international specialists describes different approaches to understand the biomass structure, their physical and chemical properties, the parameters of conversion processes, the products and by-products formation and quantification, quality parameters, etc. 606 $aRenewable energy resources 606 $aAnalytical chemistry 606 $aMaterials science 606 $aNatural resources 606 $aRenewable and Green Energy$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/111000 606 $aAnalytical Chemistry$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/C11006 606 $aCharacterization and Evaluation of Materials$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/Z17000 606 $aNatural Resources$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/U39000 615 0$aRenewable energy resources. 615 0$aAnalytical chemistry. 615 0$aMaterials science. 615 0$aNatural resources. 615 14$aRenewable and Green Energy. 615 24$aAnalytical Chemistry. 615 24$aCharacterization and Evaluation of Materials. 615 24$aNatural Resources. 676 $a621.042 702 $aVaz$b Si?lvio$cJr.$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910148856703321 996 $aAnalytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass$91933401 997 $aUNINA LEADER 12546nam 2200805 a 450 001 9910960840103321 005 20251017110053.0 010 $a9786610221424 010 $a9781280221422 010 $a1280221429 010 $a9780309568265 010 $a0309568269 010 $a9780585037622 010 $a0585037620 035 $a(CKB)110986584750774 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000100688 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11111652 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000100688 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10037059 035 $a(PQKB)10754671 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3377494 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3377494 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10071525 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL22142 035 $a(OCoLC)940510380 035 $a(Perlego)4735272 035 $a(DNLM)647778 035 $a(BIP)12806696 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584750774 100 $a19880329d1988 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aAir pollution, the automobile, and public health /$fAnn Y. Watson, Richard R. Bates, Donald Kennedy, editors ; sponsored by the Health Effects Institute 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1988 215 $a1 online resource (702 pages) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 0 $a9780309086820 311 0 $a0309086825 311 0 $a9780309037266 311 0 $a0309037263 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aAIR POLLUTION, THE AUTOMOBILE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Contents -- Part I: Overview -- Automotive Emissions Research -- EMISSIONS CONTROL: THE HISTORY OF CONFLICT -- BENEFITS OF REGULATION -- CURRENT PROBLEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES -- IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING HEALTH RESEARCH -- Regulations: Form or Substance? -- Safety Margins and Susceptible Groups -- Costs and Benefits -- Emergence of a New Regulatory Structure in Mobile Source Emission Regulation -- Research and Comprehensive Risk Management -- Regulatory Credibility and the Maturation of Toxicology -- THE HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT -- Project History and Organization -- RATIONALE -- ORGANIZATION -- MESSAGES TO AND FROM THE AUTHORS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- STEERING COMMITTEE -- EXPOSURE ANALYSIS SUBCOMMITTEE -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUBCOMMITTEE -- PEER REVIEWERS -- Motor Vehicle Emissions: A Strategy for Quantifying Risk -- AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE -- UNDERSTANDING THE COMPONENTS OF RISK -- Chemical and Physical Properties of Pollutants -- Pollutant Exposure and Dose to Biological Tissues -- Biological Responses to Pollutants -- Sensitive Individuals -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- Epidemiology -- Experimental Methods -- Mathematical Models -- Physical Models -- PURSUING QUANTITATIVE TOXICOLOGY: A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH -- Highlights of the Authors' Recommendations -- Criteria for Prioritization -- A Proposed Research Strategy -- Summary -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Part II: Exposure Analysis -- Automotive Emissions -- POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES-PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS -- Emissions Standards and Control Approaches -- Fuel Economy -- In-Use Passenger Car Emissions -- EMISSIONS REGULATIONS -- Emission Test Procedures -- Emission Standards -- U.S. Fuel Economy Standards -- VEHICLE AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY. 327 $aSpark-Ignition Gasoline-Powered Vehicles -- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars: Particulate Control -- Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Vehicles -- IN-USE VEHICLE AND ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS -- Gasoline-Powered Passenger Cars and Trucks -- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars -- Diesel-Powered Trucks -- MODELS FOR PREDICTING FUTURE EMISSIONS -- FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES -- Trends in Gasoline Fuel Properties -- Fuel Usage Trends -- Methanol-Fueled Vehicles -- Trends in Diesel Fuel Properties -- Refueling Emissions -- Additives -- METHODS FOR MEASURING THE UNREGULATED POLLUTANTS* -- Sampling -- Analytical Methods -- CURRENT REGULATED AND UNREGULATED EMISSIONS -- Regulated Emissions -- Unregulated Emissions -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants Associated with Vehicular Emissions -- DEFINITIONS OF TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION -- Meteorological Parameters -- Scales of Motion -- TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS -- Near Field -- Urban-Scale Transport and Dispersion -- Regional-Scale Transport -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Atmospheric Transformations of Automotive Emissions -- COMPONENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS -- Physical Removal Processes -- Chemical Removal Processes -- ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES, FATES, AND PRODUCTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS -- Atmospheric Lifetimes -- Atmospheric Transformations -- Analytical Techniques -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Ambient Levels of Anthropogenic Emissions and Their Atmospheric Transformation Products -- CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE CONSTITUENTS -- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Primary Gases -- Selected Particle Constituents. 327 $aPhotochemical Products and Unregulated Emittants -- INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS -- Principal Trace Gases -- Minor Emittants and Products -- EMITTANTS WITH POTENTIAL GLOBAL INFLUENCE -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Methane -- SUMMARY -- Data Adequacy -- Trends -- Concentrations -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmospheric Pollutant Concentrations -- DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Components of Exposure -- Source/Receptor Relationships -- Historical Perspective -- EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS -- CATEGORIES OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Empirical/Statistical Models -- Deterministic Models -- Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Empirical and Analytical Models -- MODELING APPROACHES FOR INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES -- Turbulent Transport and Diffusion -- Complex Terrain: Street Canyons -- Removal Processes -- Representation of Atmospheric Chemistry Through Chemical Mechanisms -- Aerosol Dynamics -- MODEL EVALUATION -- Approaches for Testing Model Performance -- Data Requirements -- Analysis of Model Performance -- APPLICATION OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Population Exposure Calculations -- Source Apportionment and Control Strategies -- Future Uses -- SPECIAL TOPICS AND EMERGING ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MODELING -- Modeling Large-Scale Processes -- Modeling Small-Scale Processes -- Indoor/Outdoor Pollutant Relationships -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods, Measurements, and Models -- HUMAN EXPOSURE: INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- Concentration, Exposure, and Dose -- Components of Exposure -- Types of Exposure Information -- Individual Exposure Versus Population Exposure -- METHODS -- Air Monitoring -- Biological Monitoring -- Research Recommendations. 327 $aMEASUREMENTS -- Air Monitoring -- Research Recommendation -- Biological Monitoring -- Research Recommendation -- MODELING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION -- Statistical Modeling -- Physical Modeling -- Physical-Stochastic Modeling -- Source Apportionment -- Validation and Generalization -- Research Recommendation -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Biological Disposition of Airborne Particles: Basic Principles and Application to Vehicular Emissions -- STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Upper Respiratory Tract -- Tracheobronchial Tree -- Pulmonary Region -- Research Recommendations -- VENTILATION -- Ventilatory Parameters -- Comparative Aspects of Ventilation -- Airflow Patterns -- Research Recommendations -- DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Deposition Mechanisms and Controlling Factors -- Measurement of Deposition -- Factors Modifying Deposition -- Localized Patterns of Deposition -- Mathematical Modeling -- Research Recommendations -- RETENTION OF DEPOSITED PARTICLES -- Clearance Mechanisms: Basic Structure and Function -- Clearance Kinetics -- Factors Modifying Clearance -- Research Recommendations -- DISPOSITION OF VEHICULAR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS -- Diesel Exhaust Particles -- Metals -- Sulfates -- Research Recommendations -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITIES -- References -- Biological Disposition of Vehicular Airborne Emissions: Particle-Associated Organic Constituents -- SIGNIFICANCE OF CARRIER PARTICLES -- CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED AIR POLLUTANTS -- INHALATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES -- Disposition of Inhaled Particle-Associated Organic Compounds -- Bio availability of Particle-Associated Organic Compounds -- TOXICITY OF INHALED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 327 $aVarieties of Toxic Responses -- Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens -- Effects on the Immune System -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Transport and Uptake of Inhaled Gases -- IMPLICATIONS OF LUNG ANATOMY -- Upper Airways -- Conducting Airways -- Respiratory Zone -- Nonuniformities in Ventilation and Perfusion -- FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSPORT -- Thermodynamic Equilibria -- Diffusion and Reaction Rates -- Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients -- Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients -- Longitudinal Gas Transport -- MATHEMATICAL MODELS -- Compartment Models -- Distributed-Parameter Upper Airway Models -- Distributed-Parameter Lower Airway Models -- EXPERIMENTS -- In Vitro Methods -- In Vivo Animal Experiments -- In Vivo Human Subject Studies -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Dosimetry Modeling of Inhaled Toxic Reactive Gases -- APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY MODELING -- ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Anatomical Models -- Liquid Lining of the Respiratory Tract -- Lung Tissue and Blood -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF REACTIVE GASES -- Solubility -- Molecular Diffusion -- Convection in Respiratory Tract Fluids -- Chemical Reactions -- DOSIMETRY MODELING -- Upper Respiratory Tract and Total Respiratory Tract Models -- Lower Respiratory Tract Models -- Influence of Anatomical and Physiological Factors -- Influence of Physicochemical Factors -- Importance of Experimental Data -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Part III: Biological Effects -- Epidemiologic Studies of Effects of Oxidant Exposure on Human Populations -- ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH -- PRIOR AND ONGOING STUDIES-DESIGNS, FINDINGS, AND PROBLEMS -- Cross-Sectional Studies of Pulmonary Function and Symptoms. 327 $aProspective Cohort Studies. 330 $a"The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking."--William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is known--and not known--about the human health risks of automotive emissions. 606 $aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xToxicology$zUnited States 606 $aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xPhysiological effect$zUnited States 606 $aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xEnvironmental aspects$zUnited States 615 0$aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xToxicology 615 0$aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xPhysiological effect 615 0$aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xEnvironmental aspects 676 $a363.7/392 701 $aWatson$b Ann Y$01809747 701 $aBates$b Richard R$01809748 701 $aKennedy$b Donald$f1931-$0296256 712 02$aHealth Effects Institute. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960840103321 996 $aAir pollution, the automobile, and public health$94360686 997 $aUNINA