Aviation and climate change [[electronic resource] /] / George T. Blumenthal, editor

• Autore: Lattanzio Richard K.
• Pubblicazione: New York, : Nova Science Publishers, c2010; [Washington, D.C.] : , : Congressional Research Service, , 2020-
• Edizione: [Library of Congress public edition].
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (254 p.)
• Disciplina: 363.738/74
• Soggetto topico: Aircraft exhaust emissions - Environmental aspects - United States; Aeronautics, Commercial - Environmental aspects - United States; Greenhouse gases - Environmental aspects - United States; Climatic changes - United States
• Altri autori: BlumenthalGeorge T
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS EXPECTED TO GROW, BUT TECHNOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES CAN HELP CONTROL EMISSIONS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- AVIATION EMISSIONS REPRESENT A SMALL BUT GROWING SHARE OF ALL EMISSIONS -- Aviation Contributes about 2 Percent of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- Aviation Contributes about 3 Percent of All Human- Generated Emissions -- Global Aviation Emissions Are Expected to Grow but Forecasts Vary, Primarily Reflecting Different Economic Growth Assumptions -- Forecasts of global economic growth and air traffic primarily drive IPCC's emissions estimates -- Other forecasts show continued long-term growth, but emissions could fall below estimated levels during the current economic downturn -- Assumptions about other factors could affect IPCC's forecasts -- EXPERTS BELIEVE FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE LIKELY TO HELP REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT, BUT LIKELY NOT BY ENOUGH TO FULLY OFFSET ESTIMATED MARKET GROWTH -- Experts Believe That Although Many Technologies Are Expected to Help Reduce Emissions Growth in the Future, They Involve Trade-offs -- Aircraft Engine Improvements -- Aircraft Improvements -- Experts Also Expect Operational Improvements to Help Reduce Aircraft Emissions in the Future, but Reductions May Be Limited -- Air Traffic Management Improvements through NextGen Will Incorporate Technological and Operational Improvements to Help Reduce Aircraft Emissions According to Experts -- Alternative Fuel Sources Have Potential for Reducing Aircraft Greenhouse Gas Emissions, but Challenges Exist. ; Improvements to Reduce Emissions from Aircraft Face Challenges and According to Experts Adopting Them May Not Be Enough to Offset Future Market and Emissions Growth -- GOVERNMENTS CAN USE A VARIETY OF POLICY OPTIONS TO HELP REDUCE COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS, BUT THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EACH VARY -- Market-Based Policies Could Be Used to Provide Airlines and Other Sources with an Economic Incentive to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Cap-and-Trade Program -- Cap-and-Trade Plans and Legislation -- Emissions Taxes -- Subsidies -- Distribution of Costs under Market-based Measures -- EMISSIONS STANDARDS COULD LIMIT EMISSIONS FROM SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES, BUT ARE GENERALLY NOT AN ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT APPROACH FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS -- Government-Sponsored Research and Development Can Help Encourage the Development and Adoption of Low-Emissions Technologies, but May Be Costly to Governments -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME -- EU ETS Law -- Legal Implications of the ETS -- Stakeholder Positions on Legal Issues -- Stakeholder Positions within the United States -- Stakeholder Positions outside the United States -- Legal Scholar/Researcher Views -- Potential Legal Challenges and Dispute Resolution -- APPENDIX II. LIST OF EXPERTS -- APPENDIX III. DETAILED SURVEY RESULTS -- Introduction -- Instructions for Completing This Tool -- Part 1. Technology Options -- Part 2. Operational Options -- Part 3. Alternative Fuel Options -- APPENDIX IV: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX V: COMMENTS FROM THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION -- APPENDIX VI: COMMENTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY -- END NOTES -- Chapter 2 AVIATION & -- EMISSIONS - A PRIMER -- WHAT EMISSIONS COME FROM AVIATION? -- WHAT DETERMINES AVIATION EMISSIONS?. ; WHAT HAVE BEEN THE TRENDS ON AVIATION EMISSIONS? -- HOW DO AVIATION EMISSIONS COMPARE TO GENERAL TRENDS IN LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS? -- HOW DO AVIATION LOCAL EMISSIONS COMPARE TO OTHER TRANSPORTATION SOURCES? -- CAN A COMPARISON BE MADE BETWEEN AVIATION EMISSIONS AND NON-TRANSPORTATION SOURCES? -- WHAT ROLE DOES AVIATION EMISSIONS PLAY WITH REGARD TO GREENHOUSE GAS ISSUES? -- HOW DO AVIATION'S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COMPARE TO OTHER TRANSPORTATION SOURCES? -- HOW ARE AVIATION EMISSIONS REGULATED? -- WHAT IS BEING DONE TODAY TO REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS? -- WHAT STEPS ARE BEING TAKEN TO REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS IN THE LONGER-TERM? -- AVIATION EMISSIONS ARE BEING RESPONSIBLY CONTROLLED -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 HEARING ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS -- Chapter 4 HEARING ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS -- BACKGROUND -- NATA CLIMATE INITIATIVE -- PUBLIC RELATIONS CAMPAIGN -- INDUSTRY ACTIONS -- NetJets Inc. -- DayJet Corporation -- Introduction -- Tropospheric Flight -- LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS -- End Notes -- Chapter 5 STATEMENT OF DANIEL K. ELWELL ON AVIATION EMISSIONS -- End Notes -- Chapter 6 WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF DR. DAVID W. FAHEY ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF AVIATION OPERATIONS THAT LEAD TO CLIMATE FORCING (OR CHANGE)? -- WHAT ARE THE UNCERTAINTIES IN EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF AVIATION OPERATIONS ON CLIMATE FORCING (OR CHANGE)? -- WHAT ARE THE GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE ON CLIMATE FORCING FROM AVIATION? -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS AND THE COMMERCIAL AIRLINES' CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITMENT -- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW -- Commercial Aviation is Extremely GHG Efficient -- ATA Airlines Are Proactively Committed to Further Limiting Their Emissions Footprint -- Congress Has a Positive, Partnering Role to Play -- CONCLUSION. ; End Notes -- Chapter 8 AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: NEXTGEN AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ARE KEYS TO REDUCING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH AND CLIMATE -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- SUMMARY -- AVIATION'S SMALL BUT GROWING PROPORTION OF TOTAL EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- KEY FEDERAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS AVIATION EMISSIONS INCLUDE NEAR-TERM OPERATIONAL CHANGES AND LONGER-TERM R& -- D INITIATIVES -- NextGen Initiatives Have the Potential to Help Reduce Emissions -- Federal R& -- D Focuses on Long-Term Approaches to Addressing Aviation Emissions -- FAA Supports Research on Improving the Scientific Understanding of Aviation Emissions and on Alternative Fuels -- NASA Conducts Fundamental Aeronautics R& -- D in Support of NextGen, Including Efforts That Can Help Lower Emissions -- SEVERAL STEPS CAN BE TAKEN TO HELP REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS, BUT CHALLENGES REMAIN TO BE ADDRESSED -- Expediting the Implementation of NextGen Can Help Reduce Aviation Emissions -- Management improvements can move nextgen forward more efficiently -- Deploying available NextGen components can demonstrate their ability to operate together and achieve anticipated efficiencies -- Resolving Aeronautics R& -- D Funding Issues Is a Further Step in Addressing Aviation Emissions -- Reducing the Impact of Aviation Emissions Poses Technical, Financial, and Regulatory Challenges -- Simultaneously Addressing Air Pollutants, Greenhouse Gases, and Noise from Aircraft Presents Technical Challenges -- The Financial Condition of the Airline Industry Creates a Challenge to Implementing Emissions-Reduction Technologies -- More Stringent Regulatory Standards Pose Challenges for Airport Expansion Projects. ; Market-Based Initiatives to Reduce Aviation Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Could Pose Challenges for U.S. Airlines by Increasing Their Costs -- APPENDIX I. FEDERAL AGENCY VIEWS ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION -- APPENDIX II. EXAMPLES OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS SUPPORTING NEXTGEN -- End Notes -- Chapter 9 AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS -- REDUCING EMISSIONS: NON-REGULATORY FACTORS -- Fuel Cost -- Air Traffic Control -- REGULATING AIRCRAFT UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT -- PROPOSED CAP-AND-TRADE LEGISLATION -- INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS -- European Union -- ICAO -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.
• Titolo autorizzato: Aviation and climate change
• ISBN: 1-61324-457-6
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910658893003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Environmental science, engineering and technology series.; Climate change and its causes, effects, and prediction series.