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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910658893003321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Lattanzio Richard K."]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Aviation and climate change / / George T. Blumenthal, editor"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"New York, : Nova Science Publishers, c2010"]
[{"$nulls":4},"[Washington, D.C.] : , : Congressional Research Service, , 2020-"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-61324-457-6"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[[Library of Congress public edition].]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (254 p.)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Environmental science, engineering and technology"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Climate change and its causes, effects and prediction"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"363.738/74"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Aircraft exhaust emissions - Environmental aspects - United States"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Aeronautics, Commercial - Environmental aspects - United States"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Greenhouse gases - Environmental aspects - United States"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Climatic changes - United States"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Description based upon print version of record."]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1  AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE:  AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS EXPECTED TO GROW, BUT TECHNOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES CAN HELP CONTROL EMISSIONS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- AVIATION EMISSIONS REPRESENT A SMALL  BUT GROWING SHARE OF ALL EMISSIONS -- Aviation Contributes about 2 Percent of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- Aviation Contributes about 3 Percent of All Human- Generated Emissions -- Global Aviation Emissions Are Expected to Grow but Forecasts Vary, Primarily Reflecting Different Economic Growth Assumptions -- Forecasts of global economic growth and air traffic primarily drive IPCC's emissions estimates -- Other forecasts show continued long-term growth, but emissions could fall below estimated levels during the current economic downturn -- Assumptions about other factors could affect IPCC's forecasts -- EXPERTS BELIEVE FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL  AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE LIKELY  TO HELP REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT, BUT LIKELY NOT BY ENOUGH TO FULLY OFFSET ESTIMATED MARKET GROWTH -- Experts Believe That Although Many Technologies Are Expected to Help Reduce Emissions Growth in the Future, They Involve Trade-offs -- Aircraft Engine Improvements -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Aircraft Improvements -- Experts Also Expect Operational Improvements to Help Reduce Aircraft Emissions in the Future, but Reductions May Be Limited -- Air Traffic Management Improvements through NextGen Will Incorporate Technological and Operational Improvements to Help Reduce Aircraft Emissions According to Experts -- Alternative Fuel Sources Have Potential for Reducing Aircraft Greenhouse Gas Emissions, but Challenges Exist."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Improvements to Reduce Emissions from Aircraft Face Challenges and According to Experts Adopting Them May Not Be Enough to Offset Future Market and Emissions Growth -- GOVERNMENTS CAN USE A VARIETY OF POLICY OPTIONS TO HELP REDUCE COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS, BUT THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EACH VARY -- Market-Based Policies Could Be Used to Provide Airlines  and Other Sources with an Economic Incentive to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Cap-and-Trade Program -- Cap-and-Trade Plans and Legislation -- Emissions Taxes -- Subsidies -- Distribution of Costs under Market-based Measures -- EMISSIONS STANDARDS COULD LIMIT EMISSIONS  FROM SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES, BUT ARE GENERALLY NOT AN ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT APPROACH  FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS -- Government-Sponsored Research and Development Can Help Encourage the Development and Adoption of Low-Emissions Technologies, but May Be Costly to Governments -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME -- EU ETS Law -- Legal Implications of the ETS -- Stakeholder Positions on Legal Issues -- Stakeholder Positions within the United States -- Stakeholder Positions outside the United States -- Legal Scholar/Researcher Views -- Potential Legal Challenges and Dispute Resolution -- APPENDIX II. LIST OF EXPERTS -- APPENDIX III. DETAILED SURVEY RESULTS -- Introduction -- Instructions for Completing This Tool -- Part 1. Technology Options -- Part 2. Operational Options -- Part 3. Alternative Fuel Options -- APPENDIX IV: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX V: COMMENTS FROM THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION -- APPENDIX VI: COMMENTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY -- END NOTES -- Chapter 2   AVIATION &amp -- EMISSIONS - A PRIMER -- WHAT EMISSIONS COME FROM AVIATION? -- WHAT DETERMINES AVIATION EMISSIONS?."]
[{"$nulls":4},"WHAT HAVE BEEN THE TRENDS ON AVIATION EMISSIONS? -- HOW DO AVIATION EMISSIONS COMPARE TO GENERAL TRENDS IN LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS? -- HOW DO AVIATION LOCAL EMISSIONS COMPARE  TO OTHER TRANSPORTATION SOURCES? -- CAN A COMPARISON BE MADE BETWEEN AVIATION EMISSIONS AND NON-TRANSPORTATION SOURCES? -- WHAT ROLE DOES AVIATION EMISSIONS PLAY WITH REGARD TO GREENHOUSE GAS ISSUES? -- HOW DO AVIATION'S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COMPARE TO OTHER TRANSPORTATION SOURCES? -- HOW ARE AVIATION EMISSIONS REGULATED? -- WHAT IS BEING DONE TODAY TO REDUCE  AVIATION EMISSIONS? -- WHAT STEPS ARE BEING TAKEN TO REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS IN THE LONGER-TERM? -- AVIATION EMISSIONS ARE BEING  RESPONSIBLY CONTROLLED -- End Notes -- Chapter 3  HEARING ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS -- Chapter 4  HEARING ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS -- BACKGROUND -- NATA CLIMATE INITIATIVE -- PUBLIC RELATIONS CAMPAIGN -- INDUSTRY ACTIONS -- NetJets Inc. -- DayJet Corporation -- Introduction -- Tropospheric Flight -- LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS -- End Notes -- Chapter 5  STATEMENT OF DANIEL K. ELWELL  ON AVIATION EMISSIONS -- End Notes -- Chapter 6  WRITTEN TESTIMONY  OF DR. DAVID W. FAHEY ON AVIATION  AND THE "]
[{"$nulls":4},"ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF AVIATION OPERATIONS THAT LEAD TO CLIMATE FORCING (OR CHANGE)? -- WHAT ARE THE UNCERTAINTIES IN EVALUATING  THE IMPACT OF AVIATION OPERATIONS  ON CLIMATE FORCING (OR CHANGE)? -- WHAT ARE THE GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE ON CLIMATE FORCING FROM AVIATION? -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7  AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS AND THE COMMERCIAL AIRLINES' CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITMENT -- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW -- Commercial Aviation is Extremely GHG Efficient -- ATA Airlines Are Proactively Committed to Further Limiting Their Emissions Footprint -- Congress Has a Positive, Partnering Role to Play -- CONCLUSION."]
[{"$nulls":4},"End Notes -- Chapter 8  AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT:  NEXTGEN AND RESEARCH  AND DEVELOPMENT ARE KEYS  TO REDUCING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH AND CLIMATE -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- SUMMARY -- AVIATION'S SMALL BUT GROWING PROPORTION  OF TOTAL EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH  AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- KEY FEDERAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS AVIATION EMISSIONS INCLUDE NEAR-TERM OPERATIONAL CHANGES AND LONGER-TERM R&amp -- D INITIATIVES -- NextGen Initiatives Have the Potential to Help Reduce Emissions -- Federal R&amp -- D Focuses on Long-Term Approaches to Addressing Aviation Emissions -- FAA Supports Research on Improving the Scientific Understanding of Aviation Emissions and on Alternative Fuels -- NASA Conducts Fundamental Aeronautics R&amp -- D in Support of NextGen, Including Efforts That Can Help Lower Emissions -- SEVERAL STEPS CAN BE TAKEN TO HELP REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS, BUT CHALLENGES REMAIN  TO BE ADDRESSED -- Expediting the Implementation of NextGen Can Help Reduce Aviation Emissions -- Management improvements can move nextgen forward more efficiently -- Deploying available NextGen components can demonstrate their ability to operate together and achieve anticipated efficiencies -- Resolving Aeronautics R&amp -- D Funding Issues Is a Further Step  in Addressing Aviation Emissions -- Reducing the Impact of Aviation Emissions Poses Technical, Financial, and Regulatory Challenges -- Simultaneously Addressing Air Pollutants, Greenhouse Gases, and Noise from Aircraft Presents Technical Challenges -- The Financial Condition of the Airline Industry Creates a Challenge to Implementing Emissions-Reduction Technologies -- More Stringent Regulatory Standards Pose Challenges for Airport Expansion Projects."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Market-Based Initiatives to Reduce Aviation Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Could Pose Challenges for U.S. Airlines  by Increasing Their Costs -- APPENDIX I. FEDERAL AGENCY VIEWS ON HEALTH  AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION -- APPENDIX II. EXAMPLES OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS SUPPORTING NEXTGEN -- End Notes -- Chapter 9   AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS -- REDUCING EMISSIONS: NON-REGULATORY FACTORS -- Fuel Cost -- Air Traffic Control -- REGULATING AIRCRAFT UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT -- PROPOSED CAP-AND-TRADE LEGISLATION -- INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS -- European Union -- ICAO -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aviation accounts for about 2 per cent of human-generated global carbon dioxide emissions. This book discusses the IPCC's medium-range estimate forecasts that by 2050 the global aviation industry can "]
[{"$nulls":4},"emit about 3 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions."]