Explorations in empirical translation process research / / edited by Michael Carl

• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (436 pages)
• Disciplina: 418.020285
• Soggetto topico: Machine translating; Translating and interpreting - Research; Traducció; Traducció automàtica
• Soggetto genere / forma: Llibres electrònics
• Persona (resp. second.): CarlMichael
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Series Editor Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Empirical Translation Process Research -- 1.1 Size of Data Collection -- 1.2 Higher Sampling Rates, New Measures, and Theories -- 1.3 Translation Technology -- 2 Structure of the Volume -- 2.1 Translation Technology, Quality, and Effort -- 2.1.1 Chapter "Editing Actions: A Missing Link Between Translation Process Research and Machine Translation Research" by Félix do Carmo -- 2.1.2 Chapter "Word-Based Human Edit Rate (WHER) as an Indicator of Post-editing Effort" by Jie Huang and Michael Carl -- 2.1.3 Chapter "What Do You Say? Comparison of Metrics for Post-editing Effort" by Cristina Cumbreño and Nora Aranberri -- 2.1.4 Chapter "Measuring Effort in Subprocesses of Subtitling: The Case of Post-editing via Pivot Language" by Anke Tardel -- 2.2 Translation and Entropy -- 2.2.1 Chapter "Information and Entropy Measures of Rendered Literal Translation" by Michael Carl -- 2.2.2 Chapter "redBird: Rendering Entropy Data and ST-Based Information into a Rich Discourse on Translation" by Haruka Ogawa, Devin Gilbert, and Samar Almazroei -- 2.2.3 Chapter "Entropy and Eye Movement: A Micro-analysis of Information Processing in Activity Units During the Translation Process" by Yuxiang Wei -- 2.2.4 Chapter "Analyzing the Effects of Lexical Cognates on Translation Properties: A Multi-variate Product- and Process-Based Approach" by Arndt Heilmann and Carme Llorca-Bofí -- 2.3 Translation Segmentation and Translation Difficulty -- 2.3.1 Chapter "Micro Units and the First Translational Response Universal" by Michael Carl -- 2.3.2 Chapter "Metrics of Syntactic Equivalence to Assess Translation Difficulty" by Bram Vanroy, Orphée De Clercq, Arda Tezcan, Joke Daems, and Lieve Macken. ; 2.3.3 Chapter "Using a Product Metric to Identify Differential Cognitive Effort in Translation from Japanese to English and Spanish" by Isabel Lacruz, Haruka Ogawa, Rika Yoshida, Masaru Yamada, and Daniel Ruiz Martinez -- 2.3.4 Chapter "Translating Chinese Neologisms Without Knowledge of Context: An Exploratory Analysis of an Eye-Tracking and Key-Logging Experiment" by Jinjin Chen -- 2.4 Translation Process Research and Post-cognitivism -- 2.4.1 Chapter "Computation and Representation in Cognitive Translation Studies" by Michael Carl -- 2.4.2 Chapter "Translation Norms, Translation Behavior, and Continuous Vector Space Models" by Michael Carl -- 2.4.3 Chapter "A Radical Embodied Perspective on the Translation Process" by Michael Carl -- References -- About the Book -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Part I Translation Technology, Quality and Effort -- Editing Actions: A Missing Link Between Translation Process Research and Machine Translation Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Editing as a Research Subject -- 2.1 Processes, Tasks and Actions -- 2.2 Reasons to Study Editing -- 2.3 Data Collection and Processing in TPR and MT -- 2.4 Edit Distances -- 3 Tools for the Analysis of Editing -- 3.1 Process Data from Common Tools and Keyloggers -- 3.2 From Simple to Complex Editing -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Current Uses of Process Data and of Error/Edit Rates -- 4.2 Best Methods to Study Editing -- 4.3 Open Questions for Research -- 4.4 Why Should TPR and MT Communicate? -- 5 Closing Remarks -- References -- Word-Based Human Edit Rate (WHER) as an Indicator of Post-editing Effort -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Research -- 2.1 Process Indicators -- 2.2 Product Indicators -- 3 Method -- 3.1 Material -- 3.2 Participants -- 3.3 Apparatus -- 3.4 Data Alignment -- 3.5 Computation of WHER -- 3.6 Features -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Process Features. ; 4.2 Product Features -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- What Do You Say? Comparison of Metrics for Post-editing Effort -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Experimental Setup -- 3.1 Data Set and Error Categories -- 3.2 Metrics -- 3.3 Participants -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Inconsistencies in Editing Work -- 4.2 Comparison of Metric Results -- 4.3 Distributions of Errors Per Metric -- 4.3.1 Temporal Effort -- 4.3.2 Cognitive Effort -- 4.3.3 Technical Effort -- 4.3.4 Discussion of Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Measuring Effort in Subprocesses of Subtitling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research on Computer-Assisted Subtitling -- 3 COMPASS Project -- 3.1 A Proposed Workflow for Subtitling -- 3.2 Study on Subprocesses in Subtitling -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Study Design and Procedure -- 5.1 Sampling -- 5.2 Material -- 5.3 Data Analysis -- 6 Results -- 6.1 Temporal Effort -- 6.2 Technical Effort -- 6.3 Cognitive Effort and Visual Attention -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part II Translation and Entropy -- Information and Entropy Measures of Rendered Literal Translation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rendered Literal Translation -- 3 Translation Literality Measures -- 4 Literal Word Translation across Languages -- 4.1 Size of Alignment Groups -- 4.2 Distortion Probabilities -- 4.3 HTra across Languages -- 4.4 Correlation of Translation Information, Entropy, and Literality -- 4.5 Effects of Literality Measures on Translation Duration -- 5 Segment-Level Literality Measures -- 5.1 Segment-Based Total Translation Entropy -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: The multiLing Corpus -- Appendix 2: Literality Values for Alternative Spanish Translations -- References -- RedBird: Rendering Entropy Data and ST-Based Information into a Rich Discourse on Translation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Literature -- 3 Procedure. ; 4 Correlations Among HTra -- 5 Exploratory Analyses -- 5.1 Word Class -- 5.2 Figurative -- 5.3 Voice -- 5.4 Anaphora -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- A LMEM -- References -- Entropy and Eye Movement: A Micro-analysis of Information Processing in Activity Units During the Translation Process -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Entropy and Uncertainty -- 2.2 Relative Entropy and Cognitive Load -- 2.3 Systems Theory Perspective of the Translation Process -- 2.4 Activity Units in Translation -- 3 Entropy and Fixations in Activity Units -- 3.1 Machine Translation Post-editing -- 3.2 Effect of Averaging -- 3.3 An Example of Scanpath -- 4 "Cough Up": Analysis on Activity Units -- 4.1 HTra Values for AUs Containing "Cough" -- 4.2 -- 4.3 Translation Tasks into Different Languages -- 4.4 Dynamic Change of HTra Within the AU -- 5 General Discussion -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Analyzing the Effects of Lexical Cognates on Translation Properties: A Multivariate Product and Process Based Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measuring Formal Correspondence -- 3 Data and Participants -- 3.1 Prediction of Translation Choice -- 3.1.1 Predictability of (Cognate) Translation Choices -- 3.2 Prediction of Translation Process Properties -- 3.2.1 Reading Time and Formal Similarity of ST and TT -- 3.2.2 Transl. Duration and ST Cognate Status -- 3.2.3 Follow-Up Model to Transl. Duration: Number of Revisions -- 3.2.4 Translation Duration and Formal Similarity of ST and TT -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part III Translation Segmentation and Translation Difficulty -- Micro Units and the First Translational Response Universal -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Micro Units and Revision Behavior -- 2.1 Alignment Groups, Production Unit, and Micro Units -- 2.2 Examples of Verbal and Nominal Translation -- 3 Determinants of Pause1 Duration. ; 3.1 Source and Target Text Reading Patterns During Pause1 -- 3.2 Pause1 and the Translation Product -- 4 Munits and Revision Patterns -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Metrics of Syntactic Equivalence to Assess Translation Difficulty -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Research -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Word Alignment -- 2.3 Existing Word-Reordering Metrics -- 3 Metrics -- 3.1 Universal Dependencies -- 3.2 Syntactically Aware Cross -- 3.2.1 Cross Summary -- 3.3 Label Changes -- 3.4 Aligned Syntactic Tree Edit Distance -- 3.4.1 Constructing Dependency Trees -- 3.4.2 Merge Grouped Tokens and Update Labels -- 3.4.3 Modify Dependency Trees -- 3.4.4 Calculate Tree Edit Distance -- 3.5 Metrics Overview -- 4 Discussion with Examples -- 4.1 Subject-Verb Word Order and the Future Tense -- 4.2 English Gerund, Verb Order and Null Alignment -- 5 Proof of Concept -- 6 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Using a Product Metric to Identify Differential Cognitive Effort in Translation from Japanese to English and Spanish -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rationale -- 3 Participants and Materials -- 4 Alignment Process -- 5 Method and Analysis -- 6 Results -- 7 Discussion -- 8 General Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Translating Chinese Neologisms Without Knowledge of Context: An Exploratory Analysis of an Eye-Tracking and Key-Logging Experiment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Knowledge of Context in Translation and Interpreting Studies -- 3 A Recursive Model of Translation -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Participants -- 4.2 Stimuli -- 4.3 Procedure -- 4.4 Data Processing -- 5 Effort for CNEO Translation and NNEO Translation -- 5.1 Objective Measures of Effort -- 5.1.1 ST Gaze Measures -- 5.1.2 TT Gaze Measures -- 5.1.3 Keystroke Measures -- 5.2 Subjective Assessment of Effort. ; 5.3 Early Processing Effort and Late Processing Effort for CNEO Translation and NNEO Translation.
• Titolo autorizzato: Explorations in Empirical Translation Process Research
• ISBN: 3-030-69777-0; 9783030697761
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910495171603321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications