Catalysis for clean energy and environmental sustainability . Volume 2 : petrochemicals and refining processes / / edited by K. K. Pant, Sanjay Kumar Gupta, Ejaz Ahmad

• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (754 pages) : illustrations
• Disciplina: 665.53
• Soggetto topico: Green chemistry
• Persona (resp. second.): PantK. K.; AhmadEjaz; GuptaSanjay Kumar
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Recent Advances in Hydrotreating/Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts: Part I: Nature of Active Phase and Support -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemistry of Deep Hydrotreating/Hydrodesulfurization -- 3 Process Description -- 4 Physicochemical Properties -- 4.1 Chemical Composition of Catalysts -- 4.2 Structure of Support -- 4.3 Acidity -- 4.4 Textural Properties -- 5 Characterization and Testing of HDT Catalysts -- 6 Advances in Hydrotreating Catalysts -- 6.1 Nature of Active Phase in HDT/HDS Catalysts -- 6.2 Supports or Carriers -- 6.3 Unsupported Catalysts -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Recent Advances in Hydrotreating/Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts: Part II-Catalyst Additives, Preparation Methods, Activation, Deactivation, and Regeneration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preparation of Hydrotreating Catalysts -- 3 Advances in Hydrotreating Catalysts -- 3.1 Additives/Modifiers and Their Effects -- 3.2 Catalyst Preparation Methods -- 4 Catalyst Activation/Sulfidation -- 5 Catalyst Deactivation -- 5.1 Deactivation Due to Coke -- 5.2 Deactivation Due to Metals -- 5.3 Deactivation by Poisoning of Active Sites -- 5.4 Change in the Structure of the Catalyst (Metal Sintering/Agglomeration) -- 6 Catalyst Regeneration -- 7 Catalysts for Different Hydrotreating Feedstocks -- 7.1 Selection of Hydrotreating Catalysts for Gasoline and Gas Oils -- 7.2 Selection of Hydrotreating Catalysts for Heavy Feedstocks Such as Residue -- 8 Commercial HDT/HDS Catalysts -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Recent Developments in FCC Process and Catalysts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fluid Catalytic Cracker -- 3 History of the FCC Process -- 4 The FCC Process -- 4.1 Feed Selection and Pretreatment -- 4.2 Reactor-Stripper-Regenerator Section -- 4.3 Catalyst Separation -- 4.4 Main Fractionation of Products and Gas Recovery -- 4.5 Modified Catalytic Cracking Processes. ; 4.6 Catalyst Deactivation and Coke Formation -- 5 The FCC Catalyst -- 5.1 Zeolite -- 5.2 Matrix -- 5.3 Binder and Filler -- 5.4 FCC Catalyst Additives -- 5.4.1 CO Combustion Promoter -- 5.4.2 NOx Reduction Additives -- 5.4.3 SOx-Reduction Additives -- 5.4.4 Metal Passivators -- 5.4.5 ZSM-5 -- 5.4.6 Gasoline Sulfur Reduction Additive -- 5.4.7 Bottom-Cracking Additives -- 6 Chemistry -- 6.1 Cracking Reactions -- 6.2 Isomerization Reactions -- 6.3 Coke Formation -- 6.4 Hydrogen Transfer Reactions -- 6.5 Undesirable Reactions -- 7 Propylene Maximization -- 7.1 Operational Modifications for Propylene Manufacture -- 7.2 ZSM-5 Addition -- 8 Resid Processing -- 9 Summary -- References -- Emerging Trends in Solid Acid Catalyst Alkylation Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 C4-Alkylation -- 1.1.1 C4-Alkylation Fundamentals -- 1.1.2 Current/Conventional Alkylation Processes: Mineral Acids -- 1.1.3 Development of Environmentally Friendly Solid Catalysts for Alkylation Processes -- 1.1.4 Challenges of Zeolite-Based Catalysts: Deactivation -- 1.1.5 Zeolite-Based Commercial C4 Alkylation Processes: Key Feature Requirement -- CB& -- I, Albemarle Corp., and Neste Corp. AlkyClean™ Process -- LURGI EUROFUEL® Process -- KBR K-SAAT™ Process -- 1.2 Aromatic Alkylation: Industrial Importance -- 1.2.1 Hydroalkylation of Benzene to Cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) -- 1.2.2 Conventional Process for Synthesis of CHB -- 1.2.3 Alternative Route for Hydroalkylation of Benzene -- 1.3 Toluene Alkylation with Methanol to Styrene -- 1.3.1 Conventional Process for Production of Styrene -- Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene Under Adiabatic Conditions -- Auto-oxidation of Ethylbenzene, Followed by Dehydration (SMPO Process) -- 1.3.2 Development of Alternate Process for Styrene Production -- 1.3.3 Chemistry of Side-Chain Methylation of Toluene with Methanol. ; 1.3.4 Industrial Process for Toluene Alkylation with Methanol to Styrene: Exelus Process -- 1.4 Future Prospective -- 1.4.1 C4 Alkylation -- 1.4.2 Hydroalkylation of Benzene -- 1.4.3 Toluene Alkylation with Methanol to Styrene -- References -- C3-Based Petrochemicals: Recent Advances in Processes and Catalysts -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Natural Sources of C3 Molecule: Current Scenario -- 2 Propylene Production -- 2.1 Traditional Sources -- 2.1.1 Non-catalytic Route: Thermal Steam Cracking (TSC) Process -- 2.1.2 Catalytic Routes -- 2.2 Alternative Sources/Processes: On-Purpose Propylene Production -- 2.2.1 Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH) -- 2.2.2 Olefin Inter-conversion and Metathesis -- 2.2.3 Methanol to Olefins (MTO)/Methanol-to-Propylene (MTP) Process -- 3 Commercial Propylene Production with Feed Suitability -- 4 Propylene Derivatives -- 4.1 Propylene Oxide (PO) -- 4.1.1 Propylene Oxide (PO) Production: Commercial Processes -- 4.1.2 Future Outlook of PO Production -- 4.2 Acrylonitrile (ACN) -- 4.2.1 Acrylonitrile Production: Commercial Advancement -- Acetylene Route -- Ammoxidation Route -- 4.2.2 Recent Advances in Ammoxidation Catalyst -- 4.2.3 Emerging Alternatives: Propane Ammoxidation and Its Catalyst -- 4.3 Acrylic Acid -- 4.3.1 Chemical and Technical Aspects of Acrylic Acid -- 4.3.2 Global Acrylic Acid Market Overview -- 4.3.3 Acrylic Acid Production: Recent Trend vs. Conventional Production -- 4.3.4 Processes for the Production of Acrylic Acid: Commercial Perspective -- Acrylic Acid Production from Propylene by Catalyzed Oxidation -- Acrylic Acid from Propane -- 4.4 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and Its Industrial Importance -- 4.4.1 Industrial Journey of IPA Production Processes -- Indirect Hydration of Propylene -- Direct Hydration of Propylene -- Emerging Alternative: IPA from Acetone -- Upcoming Trend with Respect to Current Research. ; 5 Concluding Remarks and Industrial Outlook -- References -- Selective Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene to 1-Butene: Review on Catalysts, Selectivity, Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Significance and Background -- 2 Selective Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene: Key Factors in Catalysts Design -- 2.1 Kinetic Study and Reaction Pathway -- 2.2 Reaction Order of Reactants: 1.3-Butadiene, Hydrogen, 1-Butene -- 2.3 DFT Studies on Catalytic Hydrogenation of Butadiene -- 2.4 Influence of the Support on Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene -- 2.5 Structure Sensitive and the Effect of Metal Dispersion -- 2.6 The Use of Additives, Adspecies and Promoters -- 3 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Thermocatalytic Conversion of Natural Gas to Petrochemical Feedstocks Via Non-oxidative Methods: Theoretical and Experimental Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Thermodynamics of MDA -- 1.1.1 Effect of Co-feeding Agents -- 1.1.2 Effect of Hydrogen Removal in MDA -- 1.2 Catalysts for MDA Reaction -- 1.2.1 Effect of Mo Dispersion -- 1.2.2 Effect of Zeolite Acidity -- 1.2.3 Promoter Effect over MDA Catalyst -- 1.2.4 Induction Effect: Carburization -- 1.3 Mechanistic Insights of MDA Reaction -- 1.4 Reaction Parameters -- 1.4.1 Effect of Temperature -- 1.4.2 Effect of Pressure -- 1.4.3 Effect of Space Velocity -- 1.5 Reactor Configuration -- 1.5.1 Circulating Fluidized-Bed Reactor Setup -- 1.5.2 Membrane Reactor -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- Insights into Sustainable C-H Bond Activation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 C-H Activation: A Green and Economical Synthetic Protocol -- 1.2 Challenges in C-H Activation Reactions -- 2 C-H Activations Using Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.1 C-H Arylation -- 2.2 Addition of C-H Bond to Vinylsilanes -- 2.3 C-H Acylation -- 2.4 C-H Cyanation -- 2.5 C-H Oxygenation -- 2.6 C-H Nitrogenation -- 2.7 C-H Halogenation. ; 2.8 Fujiwara-Moritani Reaction -- 2.9 Miscellaneous Reaction -- 3 Homogeneous Reusable Media for C-H Functionalization Reactions -- 4 Oxidizing Directing Groups for C-H Functionalizations -- 4.1 N−O Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.2 O−O Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.3 N-N Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.4 N-S Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.5 N-C Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.6 S-Cl Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.7 Si-H Bond as an Internal Oxidant -- 4.8 Other Internal Oxidizing Directing Groups -- 5 Synthesis in Green Solvents Using C-H Activation -- 5.1 Water -- 5.2 Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) -- 5.3 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) -- 5.4 γ-Valerolactone (GVL) -- 6 Photocatalytic C-H Bond Activations -- 7 Microwave-Assisted C-H Activation Reactions -- 8 Electrochemical C-H Functionalization -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flue Gas Treatment via Dry Reforming of Methane -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Thermodynamics Equilibrium Aspects of the DRM Reaction -- 2.1 Temperature Has an Effect on Methane Conversion at Equilibrium -- 2.2 Temperature Also Has an Effect on Product Yield at Equilibrium -- 3 Effect of Changing Operating Conditions of the Reactor on Conversions, H2/CO Ratio and Carbon Deposition from Experimental Observations Using a Ni/MgAl2O4 Catalyst -- 3.1 Increasing Reactor Temperature Increases Conversion -- 3.2 Increasing Reactor Temperature Marginally Increases the H2/CO Ratio -- 3.3 More Carbon Formed on Catalyst at Low Temperature -- 3.4 Adding O2 Reduces CO2 Conversion Without Affecting CH4 Conversion Significantly -- 3.5 H2/CO Ratio Marginally Increases with Increase in O2 Concentration -- 3.6 O2 Reduces Carbon Deposition on the Catalyst -- 3.7 XPS Analysis of the Spent Catalyst -- 4 Catalyst Improvement Strategies to Alleviate Coking -- 4.1 Adding Basic Component to Ni Catalyst System May Reduce Coke Deposition. ; 4.2 Potassium Aluminate Shown to Enhance Coke Resistance Property of NiAl2O4.
• Titolo autorizzato: Catalysis for clean energy and environmental sustainability
• ISBN: 3-030-65021-9
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910483146203321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II