Essentials of geology [[electronic resource] /] / Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa

• Autore: Lutgens Frederick K.
• Pubblicazione: Boston : , : Pearson, , 2015
• Edizione: Twelfth edition, Global edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (592 pages) : color illustrations, maps
• Disciplina: 550
• Soggetto topico: Geology
• Persona (resp. second.): TarbuckEdward J.; TasaDennis
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 An Introduction to Geology -- 1.1 Geology: The Science of Earth -- Physical and Historical Geology -- Geology, People, and the Environment -- 1.2 The Development of Geology -- Catastrophism -- The Birth of Modern Geology -- Geology Today -- The Magnitude of Geologic Time -- 1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry -- Hypothesis -- Theory -- Scientific Methods -- Plate Tectonics and Scientific Inquiry -- 1.4 Earth's Spheres -- Hydrosphere -- Atmosphere -- Biosphere -- Geosphere -- 1.5 Earth as a System -- Earth System Science -- The Earth System -- 1.6 Early Evolution of Earth -- Origin of Planet Earth -- Formation of Earth's Layered Structure -- 1.7 Earth's Internal Structure -- Earth's Crust -- Earth's Mantle -- Earth's Core -- 1.8 Rocks and the Rock Cycle -- The Basic Cycle -- Alternative Paths -- 1.9 The Face of Earth -- Major Features of the Continents -- Major Features of the Ocean Floor -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 2 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds -- 2.1 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics -- 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time -- Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle -- Evidence: Fossils Matching Across the Seas -- Evidence: Rock Types and Geologic Features -- Evidence: Ancient Climates -- 2.3 The Great Debate -- Rejection of the Drift Hypothesis -- 2.4 The Theory of Plate Tectonics -- Rigid Lithosphere Overlies Weak Asthenosphere -- Earth's Major Plates -- Plate Boundaries -- 2.5 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading -- Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading -- Continental Rifting -- 2.6 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction -- Oceanic-Continental Convergence -- Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence -- Continental-Continental Convergence -- 2.7 Transform Plate Boundaries -- 2.8 How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?. ; The Breakup of Pangaea -- Plate Tectonics in the Future -- 2.9 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model -- Evidence: Ocean Drilling -- Evidence: Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots -- Evidence: Paleomagnetism -- 2.10 How Is Plate Motion Measured? -- Geologic Evidence for Plate Motion -- Measuring Plate Motion from Space -- 2.11 What Drives Plate Motions? -- Forces That Drive Plate Motion -- Models of Plate-Mantle Convection -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 3 Matter and Minerals -- 3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rock -- Defining a Mineral -- What Is a Rock? -- 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals -- Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons -- Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons -- 3.3 Why Atoms Bond -- The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds -- Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred -- Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing -- Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move -- 3.4 Properties of a Mineral -- Optical Properties -- Mineral Strength -- Density and Specific Gravity -- Other Properties of Minerals -- 3.5 Mineral Groups -- Classifying Minerals -- Silicate Versus Nonsilicate Minerals -- 3.6 The Silicates -- Silicate Structures -- Joining Silicate Structures -- 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals -- The Light Silicates -- The Dark Silicates -- 3.8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals -- 3.9 Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource -- Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Resources -- Mineral Resources and Ore Deposits -- Concepts in Review: -- Give It Some Thought -- 4 Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity -- 4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock -- The Nature of Magma -- From Magma to Crystalline Rock -- Igneous Processes -- 4.2 Igneous Compositions -- Granitic (Felsic) Versus Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions -- Other Compositional Groups -- Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition -- 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? -- Types of Igneous Textures. ; 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks -- Granitic (Felsic) Igneous Rocks -- Andesitic (Intermediate) Igneous Rocks -- Basaltic (Mafic) Igneous Rocks -- Pyroclastic Rocks -- 4.5 Origin of Magma -- Generating Magma from Solid Rock -- 4.6 How Magmas Evolve -- Bowen's Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks -- Magmatic Differentiation and Crystal Settling -- Assimilation and Magma Mixing -- 4.7 Partial Melting and Magma Composition -- Formation of Basaltic Magma -- Formation of Andesitic and Granitic Magmas -- 4.8 Intrusive Igneous Activity -- Nature of Intrusive Bodies -- Tabular Intrusive Bodies: Dikes and Sills -- Massive Intrusive Bodies: Batholiths, Stocks, and Laccoliths -- 4.9 Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes -- Magmatic Segregation and Ore Deposits -- Hydrothermal Deposits -- Origin of Diamonds -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 5 Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards -- 5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea -- 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions -- Factors Affecting Viscosity -- Quiescent Versus Explosive Eruptions -- 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption -- Lava Flows -- Gases -- Pyroclastic Materials -- 5.4 Anatomy of a Volcano -- 5.5 Shield Volcanoes -- Mauna Loa: Earth's Largest Shield Volcano -- Kilauea, Hawaii: Eruption of a Shield Volcano -- 5.6 Cinder Cones -- Parícutin: Life of a Garden-Variety Cinder Cone -- 5.7 Composite Volcanoes -- 5.8 Volcanic Hazards -- Pyroclastic Flow: A Deadly Force of Nature -- Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones -- Other Volcanic Hazards -- 5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms -- Calderas -- Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus -- Lava Domes -- Volcanic Necks and Pipes -- 5.10 Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity -- Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries -- Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries -- Intraplate Volcanism -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought. ; 6 Weathering and Soils -- 6.1 Weathering -- 6.2 Mechanical Weathering -- Frost Wedging -- Salt Crystal Growth -- Sheeting -- Biological Activity -- 6.3 Chemical Weathering -- Water and Carbonic Acid -- How Granite Weathers -- Weathering of Silicate Minerals -- Spheroidal Weathering -- 6.4 Rates of Weathering -- Rock Characteristics -- Climate -- Differential Weathering -- 6.5 Soil -- An Interface in the Earth System -- What Is Soil? -- 6.6 Controls of Soil Formation -- Parent Material -- Time -- Climate -- Plants and Animals -- Topography -- 6.7 The Soil Profile -- 6.8 Classifying Soils -- 6.9 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil -- Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest-A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil -- Soil Erosion: Losing a Vital Resource -- 6.10 Weathering and Ore Deposits -- Bauxite -- Other Deposits -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 7 Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.1 The Importance of Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.2 Origins of Sedimentary Rock -- 7.3 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks -- Shale -- Sandstone -- Conglomerate and Breccia -- 7.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks -- Limestone -- Dolostone -- Chert -- Evaporites -- 7.5 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock -- 7.6 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification -- Diagenesis -- Lithification -- 7.7 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.8 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments -- Importance of Sedimentary Environments -- Sedimentary Facies -- Sedimentary Structures -- 7.9 Resources from Sedimentary Rocks -- Nonmetallic Mineral Resources -- Energy Resources -- 7.10 The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 8 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks -- 8.1 What Is Metamorphism? -- 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism? -- Heat as a Metamorphic Agent -- Confining Pressure -- Differential Stress -- Chemically Active Fluids. ; The Importance of Parent Rock -- 8.3 Metamorphic Textures -- Foliation -- Foliated Textures -- Other Metamorphic Textures -- 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks -- Foliated Metamorphic Rocks -- Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks -- 8.5 Metamorphic Environments -- Contact or Thermal Metamorphism -- Hydrothermal Metamorphism -- Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism -- Regional Metamorphism -- Other Metamorphic Environments -- 8.6 Metamorphic Zones -- Textural Variations -- Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 9 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior -- 9.1 What Is an Earthquake? -- Discovering the Causes of Earthquakes -- Aftershocks and Foreshocks -- Faults and Large Earthquakes -- 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves -- Instruments That Record Earthquakes -- Seismic Waves -- 9.3 Locating the Source of an Earthquake -- 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes -- Intensity Scales -- Magnitude Scales -- 9.5 Earthquake Destruction -- Destruction from Seismic Vibrations -- Landslides and Ground Subsidence -- Fire -- What Is a Tsunami? -- 9.6 Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur? -- Earthquakes Associated with Plate boundaries -- Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies -- 9.7 Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? -- Short-Range Predictions -- Long-Range Forecasts -- 9.8 Earth's Interior -- Formation of Earth's Layered Structure -- Probing Earth's Interior: "Seeing" Seismic Waves -- 9.9 Earth's Layers -- Crust -- Mantle -- Core -- Concepts in Review -- Give It Some Thought -- 10 Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor -- 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor -- Mapping the Seafloor -- Provinces of the Ocean Floor -- 10.2 Continental Margins -- Passive Continental Margins -- Active Continental Margins -- 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins -- Deep-Ocean Trenches -- Abyssal Plains -- Volcanic Structures on the Ocean Floor. ; Explaining Coral Atolls-Darwin's Hypothesis.
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• Titolo autorizzato: Essentials of geology
• ISBN: 1-292-07736-0
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910154783803321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Always learning.