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Intro -- Preface -- References -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Earthworm Morphology -- 1.1 Segmentation -- 1.2 Chaetotaxy -- 1.3 Genital and Other Apertures -- 1.4 Clitellum and Associated Structures -- 1.5 Pigmentation and Coloration -- 1.6 Body Wall -- 1.7 Coelom (Body Cavity) -- 1.8 Alimentary Canal -- 1.9 Vascular System -- 1.10 Respiratory System -- 1.11 Excretory System -- 1.12 Nervous System -- 1.12.1 Fine Structure of the Nervous System -- 1.13 Reproductive System -- References -- Chapter 2: Earthworm Physiology -- 2.1 Respiration -- 2.2 Digestion -- 2.3 Excretion -- 2.4 Circulation -- 2.5 Nervous System -- 2.5.1 General Functions of the Nervous System -- 2.5.2 Reactions to Light -- 2.5.3 Chemoreception -- 2.5.4 Thigmotactic Reactions of Earthworms -- 2.5.5 Response of Earthworms to Electrical Stimuli -- 2.6 Water Relationships -- 2.7 Locomotion and Peristalsis -- 2.8 Regeneration -- 2.9 Transplantation -- References -- Chapter 3: Earthworm Diversity, Dispersal and Geographical Distribution -- 3.1 Systematic Affinities and Evolutionary Descent -- 3.2 Families, Genera and Species -- 3.3 Geographical Distribution, Earthworm Biography -- 3.4 Movement of Exotic (Peregrine) Species of Earthworms -- References -- Chapter 4: Earthworm Life Histories and Biology -- 4.1 Life Cycles -- 4.2 Earthworm Reproduction -- 4.2.1 Spermatogenesis -- 4.2.2 Oogenesis -- 4.2.3 Copulation and Fertilization -- 4.2.4 Parthenogenesis -- 4.2.5 Polyploidy -- 4.3 Quiescence, Diapause, and Estivation -- 4.4 Earthworm Growth -- 4.5 Behavior Patterns -- 4.5.1 Feeding Behavior -- 4.5.2 Earthworm Learning -- 4.5.3 Migrations -- 4.5.4 Luminescence -- 4.5.5 Diurnal Rhythms of Activity -- References -- Chapter 5: Earthworm Ecology: Populations -- 5.1 Sampling Earthworm Population -- 5.1.1 Handsorting -- 5.1.2 Soil Washing -- 5.1.3 Electrical Methods.
5.1.4 Chemical Methods -- 5.1.5 Heat Extraction -- 5.1.6 Vibration Methods -- 5.1.7 Counting Earthworm Casts -- 5.1.8 Mark and Recapture of Earthworms -- 5.1.9 Comparisons of Sampling Methods -- 5.1.10 Number and Size of Samples for Population Assessment -- 5.2 Size of Earthworm Populations -- 5.2.1 Numbers in Earthworm Populations -- 5.2.2 Biomass in Earthworm Populations -- 5.3 Population Structure: Age Distribution -- 5.4 Population Structure: Spatial Distribution -- 5.4.1 Horizontal Distributions -- 5.4.2 Vertical Distributions -- 5.5 Seasonal Populations and Activity -- References -- Chapter 6: Earthworm Ecology: Communities -- 6.1 Structure of Earthworm Communities -- 6.1.1 Major Ecological Groups -- 6.1.2 Species Diversity -- 6.1.3 Species Associations -- 6.2 Dispersal -- 6.2.1 Active and Passive Earthworm Dispersal -- 6.2.2 Introduction and Spread of Earthworm Populations -- 6.3 Predators, Parasites, and Pathogens of Earthworms -- 6.3.1 Predators -- 6.3.2 Parasites and Pathogens -- 6.4 Ecological and Physiological Energetics of Earthworms -- 6.4.1 Physiological Energetics -- 6.4.2 Ecosystem Energetics -- References -- Chapter 7: The Influence of Environmental Factors on Earthworms -- 7.1 Moisture -- 7.2 Temperature -- 7.3 pH -- 7.4 Aeration and Carbon Dioxide -- 7.5 Soil Type -- 7.6 Organic Matter -- 7.7 Food Supply -- 7.8 Interactions Between Environmental Factors -- References -- Chapter 8: The Role of Earthworms in Organic Matter and Nutrient Cycles -- 8.1 Fragmentation, Breakdown, and Incorporation of Organic Matter -- 8.2 Amounts of Organic Matter Consumed -- 8.3 Nutrient Cycling -- 8.3.1 Carbon -- 8.3.2 Nitrogen -- 8.3.3 Nitrogen Fixation -- 8.3.4 Effects on the C:N Ratio -- 8.3.5 Phosphorus -- 8.3.6 Other Macronutrients and Micronutrients -- References.
Chapter 9: Interactions Between Earthworms, Microorganisms, and Other Invertebrates -- 9.1 Effects of Earthworms on the Numbers, Biomass, and Activity of Microorganisms -- 9.1.1 Microorganisms in the Intestines of Earthworms -- 9.1.2 Populations of Microorganisms in Earthworm Casts and Burrows -- 9.2 Importance of Microorganisms as Food for Earthworms -- 9.3 The Stimulation of Microbial Decomposition of Litter by Earthworms -- 9.4 The Dispersal of Microorganisms by Earthworms -- 9.5 Earthworm-Bacterial Symbioses in Nephridia -- References -- Chapter 10: Earthworms, Soil Structure, Fertility, and Productivity -- 10.1 Earthworm Burrows and Casts -- 10.1.1 Earthworm Burrows -- 10.1.2 Earthworm Casts -- 10.2 Effects of Earthworms on Soil Structure -- 10.2.1 Turnover of Soil by Earthworms -- 10.2.2 Breakdown of Soil Particles by Earthworms -- 10.2.3 Formation of Aggregates by Earthworms -- 10.2.4 Changes in Aeration, Porosity, and Drainage Caused by Earthworms -- 10.2.5 Effects of Earthworms on Soil Erosion -- 10.3 Earthworms as Bioindicators of Soil Type -- 10.4 Effects of Earthworms on Plant Productivity -- References -- Chapter 11: Earthworms as Pests and Benefactors -- 11.1 Earthworms as Pests -- 11.1.1 Earthworms as Pests of Crops -- 11.1.2 As Pests of Grassland and Turf -- 11.1.3 Relationships with Plant Pathogens -- 11.1.4 Transmission of Animal Parasites -- 11.1.5 Adverse Effects on Soil -- 11.2 Earthworms as Benefactors Other Than in Soil Fertility -- 11.2.1 Interactions with Organisms that Promote Plant Growth -- 11.2.2 Production of Plant-Growth-Promoting Substances -- 11.2.3 Production of Biologically Active Materials by Earthworms -- 11.2.4 Other Beneficial Uses -- 11.3 Control of Earthworms -- References -- Chapter 12: Earthworms in Environmental Management and Ecotoxicology -- 12.1 Earthworms in Land Amelioration and Reclamation.
12.1.1 Introduction of Earthworms into Poor Pastures in New Zealand and Australia -- 12.1.2 Introduction of Earthworms into Reclaimed Dutch Polder Soils -- 12.1.3 Introduction of Earthworms into Poor Mineral Soils -- 12.1.4 Colonization and Restoration of Abandoned Mining Sites by Earthworms -- 12.1.5 Reclamation of Open-Cast Mining Sites by Earthworms -- 12.1.6 Earthworm Populations in Reclaimed Peat Sites -- 12.1.7 Methods of Improving Earthworm Populations in Forests -- 12.1.8 Earthworm Introductions into Soils in the Tropics -- 12.2 Earthworms as Indicators of Environmental Contamination -- 12.2.1 The Use of Earthworms as Bioindicators of Soil Contamination -- 12.3 Earthworms in Soil Bioremediation and Detoxification -- 12.3.1 Bioremediation by Earthworms -- 12.3.2 Earthworms as Biomarkers and in Ecological Risk Assessment (Era) of Contaminated Sites -- 12.3.3 Earthworms as Biomarkers -- 12.4 Earthworms in Ecotoxicological Testing -- 12.4.1 Laboratory Earthworm Toxicity Tests -- 12.4.2 Bioaccumulation of Chemicals in Earthworms -- 12.5 Heavy Metals and Earthworms -- 12.5.1 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Earthworms -- 12.5.2 Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Heavy Metals on Earthworms -- 12.5.3 Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Earthworms from Contaminated Soils -- 12.6 The Effects of Radioisotopes on Earthworms -- 12.7 Effects of Acid Deposition on Earthworms -- References -- Chapter 13: Effects of Agricultural Practices and Chemicals on Earthworms -- 13.1 The Effects of Cultivations -- 13.2 The Effects of Cropping -- 13.3 The Effects of Fertilizers -- 13.4 The Effects of Chemicals -- 13.4.1 Methods of Testing Effects of Chemicals -- 13.4.2 Earthworm Mortality from Chemicals -- 13.4.3 Uptake of Chemicals into Earthworms -- 13.4.4 Chronic and Sublethal Toxicity of Chemicals -- References.
Chapter 14: The Use of Earthworms in Organic Waste Management and Vermiculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Breakdown of Biosolids by Earthworms -- 14.3 Processing of Animal, Vegetable, and Urban Industrial Organic Wastes by Earthworms into Vermicomposts -- 14.4 Most Suitable Species of Earthworms for Processing Organic Wastes -- 14.4.1 Biology and Ecology of Earthworm Species Most Suitable for Vermicomposting -- 14.4.2 Food and Environmental Requirements of Different Earthworm Species That Can Process Organic Wastes in Vermiculture -- 14.5 The Use of Vermicomposts as Plant Growth Media and as Soil Amendments -- 14.5.1 Characteristics of Vermicomposts Produced by Earthworms from Organic Wastes -- 14.5.2 Growth of Plants in Vermicomposts and Mixtures of Vermicomposts with Other Plant Growth Media -- 14.5.3 Mechanisms by Which Vermicomposts Influence Plant Growth -- 14.6 Suppression of Plant Pathogens, Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, and Plant Arthropod Pests by Vermicomposts -- 14.6.1 Suppression of Plant Pathogens by Vermicomposts -- 14.6.2 Suppression of Arthropod Pests by Vermicomposts -- 14.6.3 Suppression of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes -- 14.7 Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Vermicomposts ("Teas") on Plant Growth and in Suppression of Pests and Diseases -- 14.7.1 Effects of Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") on Plant Growth and Yields -- Preparation of Aqueous Extracts -- 14.7.2 Suppression of Plant Pathogens by Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") -- 14.7.3 Suppression of Arthropod Plant Pests by Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") -- 14.7.4 Suppression of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Vermicompost Aqueous Extracts ("Teas") -- 14.8 Methods of Processing Organic Wastes with Earthworms -- 14.8.1 Low-Cost Indoor or Outdoor Floor Beds or Windrow Vermicomposting Systems -- 14.8.2 Batch Systems of Vermicomposting.
14.8.3 Domestic Vermicomposting Systems.
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Basi di ecologia / Eugene P. Odum ; traduzione di Loredana Nobile ; revisione e presentazione dell'edizione italiana di Loreto Rossi
