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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Chapter 1: Current Status of Medicinal Plants in Perspective of Environmental Challenges and Global Climate Changes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Medicinal Plants´ Availability and Population Extinction Under a Changing Climate -- 1.3 Medicinal Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and SMs in a Changing Climate -- 1.4 The Climate Change Consequences on Medicinal Plants -- 1.5 Effects of Elevated [CO2] on Medicinal Plants -- 1.6 Medicinal Plants´ Growth in Drought Stress Conditions -- 1.7 Extreme Temperatures and Medicinal Plants -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Environmental Challenges for Himalayan Medicinal Plants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Status of High-Altitude Medicinal Plants of Himalaya and Their Conservation -- 2.3 Effects of Environmental Challenges on Himalayan Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Chemical Constituents -- 2.3.1 Climate Change -- 2.3.2 Elevated CO2 Effect -- 2.3.3 Effect of Elevated Ozone Levels -- 2.3.4 Enhanced Ultraviolet Radiation Effect -- 2.3.5 Effect of Drought Condition -- 2.3.6 Effect of Cold Environment -- 2.3.7 Global Warming -- 2.3.8 Anthropogenic Factors -- 2.4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Wild-Growing Species in the Service of Medicine: Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Production -- 3.1 Wild Fruits and Environmental Challenges -- 3.2 Description of Selected Wild Fruit Plants -- 3.2.1 Blackthorn -- 3.2.2 Cornelian Cherry -- 3.2.3 Dog Rose -- 3.2.4 Hawthorn -- 3.3 Chemical Composition of Selected Wild Plants -- 3.4 Biological Activity and Medicinal Application of Selected Plants -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Favorable Impacts of Drought Stress on the Quality of Medicinal Plants: Improvement of Composition and Content of T... -- 4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Drought Stress Frequently Entails an Enhanced Concentration of Natural Products -- 4.3 Why Is the Concentration of Natural Products Enhanced in Drought-Stressed Plants? -- 4.4 The Overall Content of Natural Products Is Increased by Drought Stress -- 4.5 Metabolic Background of Enhanced Natural Product Biosynthesis -- 4.6 How to Induce Drought Stress -- 4.7 Stress-Induced Changes in the Spectrum of Specialized Metabolites: Quantitative Changes -- 4.8 Practical Deliberations -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Adaptation Strategies of Medicinal Plants in Response to Environmental Stresses -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Structural Adaptations of Medicinal Plants to Environmental Stresses -- 5.3 Anatomical Adaptation of Medicinal Plants to Environmental Stress -- 5.3.1 Water, Light, and Oxygen Stress -- 5.3.2 Heat Stress -- 5.3.3 Salinity Stress -- 5.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress -- 5.3.5 Pollution Stress -- 5.4 Hormonal and Enzymatic Adaptation Strategies -- 5.5 Molecular and Biochemical Adaptation Strategies -- 5.5.1 Molecular Crosstalk and Epigenetic Memory for Stress and Adaptation -- 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 6: Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Medicinal Plants to Salt Stress -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physiological Responses to Salt Stress -- 6.2.1 Oxidative Responses -- 6.2.2 Osmotic Adjustment -- 6.2.3 Nutrient Status -- 6.2.4 Photosynthesis -- 6.3 Biochemical Responses to Salt Stress -- 6.3.1 Secondary Metabolites -- 6.3.2 Essential Oil Quantity and Quality -- 6.4 Treatments to Improve Plant Productivity Under Salt Stress -- 6.4.1 Hormonal Treatments -- 6.4.2 Nutritional Treatments -- 6.4.3 Bio-stimulants -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 7: Horizontal Natural Product Transfer: A Phenomenon Which Is Responsible for the Widespread Alkaloidal Contaminations.
7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Plants Take Up Solutes from the Soil -- 7.3 Horizontal Natural Product Transfer -- 7.4 Transfer from Living Donor Plants -- 7.5 Modification of the Imported Substances -- 7.6 Implications for Biochemical Ecology -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Effect of Abiotic Stresses and Adaptation Strategies of Medicinal Plants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Influence of Abiotic Stresses on Medicinal Plants -- 8.2.1 Salinity Stress -- 8.2.2 Drought Stress -- 8.2.3 Heavy Metal Stress -- 8.3 Abiotic Stresses and Medicinal Plants -- 8.3.1 Ammi Majus -- 8.3.2 Bupleurum Chinense -- 8.3.3 Cassia Angustifolia -- 8.3.4 Catharanthus Roseus -- 8.3.5 Jatropha Curcas -- 8.3.6 Momordica Charantia -- 8.3.7 Phyllanthus Amarus -- 8.3.8 Salvia Officinalis -- 8.3.9 Withania Somnifera -- 8.3.10 Trachyspermum Ammi -- 8.3.11 Carthamus Tinctorius -- 8.3.12 Coleus -- 8.4 Adaptation Strategies to Tolerate Abiotic Stresses in Medicinal Plants -- 8.4.1 Long-Term Strategy -- 8.4.1.1 Plant Breeding -- 8.4.1.2 Genetic Engineering -- 8.4.2 Short-Term Strategy -- 8.4.2.1 Application for Osmoprotectants -- 8.4.2.2 Salicylic Acid -- 8.4.2.3 Ascorbic Acid -- 8.4.2.4 Jasmonic Acid -- 8.4.2.5 Abscisic Acid -- 8.4.2.6 Gibberellic Acid -- 8.4.2.7 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) -- 8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9: Impact of Various Environmental Factors on the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Impact of Potentially Toxic Elements on the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants -- 9.3 Salinity Stress Impacts on Alkaloid Content in Medicinal Plants -- 9.4 Heat Stress Impacts on Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants -- 9.5 Impacts of Drought Stress on Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants -- 9.6 Impact of Free Radicals and ROS on Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants.
9.7 The Effect of Nutrients -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Regulation of Expression of Transcription Factors for Enhanced Secondary Metabolites Production Under Challenging ... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Regulation of Phenolic Compounds -- 10.3 Flavonoids (Regulation of Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin) -- 10.4 Regulatory Genes -- 10.5 Genetic Regulation in Maize -- 10.6 Gene Regulation in Arabidopsis -- 10.7 Gene Regulation in Petunia -- 10.8 Gene Regulation in Nicotiana -- 10.9 Gene Regulation in Antirrhinum -- 10.10 Gene Regulation in Other Fruits -- 10.11 Regulation of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis -- 10.12 Regulation of Tropane Alkaloid -- 10.13 Regulation of Isoquinoline Alkaloids -- 10.14 Regulation of Nicotine Alkaloid -- 10.15 Regulation of Cyanogenic Glucosides -- 10.16 Regulation of Benzylisoquinoline -- 10.17 Tryptophan Regulation -- 10.18 Glucosinolate Regulation -- 10.19 Camalexin Regulation -- 10.20 Regulation of Terpenes -- 10.21 Carotenoid Regulation -- 10.22 Regulation of Benzoic Acid Derivatives -- 10.23 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Sustainable Use Practices of Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges: A Case Study in Pakistan -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Approach and Methodology -- 11.3 Interpretation of Results -- 11.3.1 Harvesting of Selected MAPS -- 11.3.2 Sustainable Collection of Medicinal Plants -- 11.3.3 Regenerative Capacity of MAPs as a Result of Overgrazing -- 11.3.4 Socio-economic Factors -- 11.3.5 Government Policy on Collection, Processing and Trade of MAPs -- 11.3.6 Opportunities and Threats -- 11.3.7 Management System -- 11.3.7.1 Harvesting Techniques -- 11.3.8 Processing Techniques -- 11.3.9 Demonstration -- 11.3.10 MAP Trade and Its Linkages with Conservation -- 11.3.11 Challenges in MAP Management in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
11.3.12 Medicinal Plants at the Policy Level -- 11.3.13 Silviculture and Governance-Related Shortfalls in Management -- 11.3.14 Governance -- 11.3.15 Trade, Tenure, Equity and the Missing Link of Knowledge Sharing -- 11.3.15.1 Market Information and Local-Level Business Service Providers -- 11.3.15.2 Law Enforcement and Regulatory Frameworks -- 11.3.16 Changing Land Use Preferences -- 11.3.16.1 Reinvestment in Management of Medicinal Plants -- 11.3.17 Armed Conflicts, Natural Disasters and Rehabilitation Processes -- 11.3.18 Climate Change -- 11.3.19 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 12: Profiling of Trace Elements and Regulatory Landscape of Dietary Herbal Supplements -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Analytical Approaches for Profiling of TE -- 12.2.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) -- 12.2.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) -- 12.2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical/Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES/AES) -- 12.2.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) -- 12.2.5 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) -- 12.2.6 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) -- 12.2.7 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) -- 12.2.8 Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) -- 12.3 NOVEL Techniques in Trace Element Analysis -- 12.3.1 LA-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) -- 12.3.1.1 Laser Ablation Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (LALI-TOF-MS) -- 12.4 Regulatory Aspects of Essential TE in Herbal Supplements and Phytopharmaceuticals -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Sustainable Economic Systems Against Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Medicinal Plants: Aeroponics, Hydroponics, and O... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Organoponics System -- 13.3 Hydroponic System -- 13.4 Aeroponic System.
13.5 Advantages of Aeroponic System.
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Enciclopedia delle piante medicinali : utilizzate negli alimenti, nei farmaci e nei cosmetici / Albert Y. Leung, Steven Foster
