Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Contents -- Framework -- Introduction -- 1 Complex Phenomenon -- 2 Polarisation and Radicalisation -- 3 The Competition for Narratives -- 4 The Near and the Far Enemy -- 5 Proponents of Political Islam on the Rise -- 6 Hybrid Context -- 7 Gold Standard -- 8 Debate Needed -- 9 Comprehensive Picture -- References -- Islamism and the Political Order -- 1 Islamism is a Political Ideology of the Islamic State -- 2 The New Revolt -- 3 Islamism as the Pursuit of a Divine Political Order -- 4 The Ideology of Islamism in a Global Context -- 5 The Westphalian Order Versus the Internationalism of Political Islam -- 6 The War of Collective Memories -- 7 The Incorrect Notion of "the Decline of Islamism" -- Notes -- Bibliography -- A Critical Assessment on Political Islam and Political Islamism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Politics and Islam -- 3 Changing Dynamics of Political Islam and Islam in Politics After the Arab Spring -- 4 Political Islam and Liberal Democratic Societies -- 5 Measures Against Islamism in European Countries -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Political Islamism-A Vital Hybrid Threat/Challenge -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Threat -- 3 A Multifaceted Hybrid Threat/Challenge -- 4 European "Sleepwalkers"? -- 5 Empirical Excursion: Hybrid Warfare on the Ukrainian Battlefield (2014/15) -- 6 Theory: Conceptual Understanding of Hybrid Threats/Challenges/Conflict/Warfare -- 6.1 General Statement -- 6.2 Field of Action/Decision -- 6.3 Conduct of Operations -- 6.4 Employment of Means and Methods -- 6.5 Interaction -- 6.6 Comprehensive Definitions of Hybrid Threats/Challenges/Conflict/Warfare -- 7 Hybrid Threats/Conflict/Warfare-A Multi-domain Challenge for the EU, NATO and Their Member States/Societies -- 8 Conclusion: Need for Awareness and Comprehensive Understanding -- References -- Proponents of Political Islam in the European Union Institutions.
1 Introduction -- 2 The Development of Political Islam in Europe -- 2.1 Goals -- 2.2 Structure -- 3 Representing Muslim Interests in the European Union -- 4 The EU's Current Stance Toward Political Islam -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Salafism in Germany: Democracy and Resilience -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Salafism -- 3 Alternative to Democracy: An Islamic State -- 4 The Isolationism of Muslims -- 5 Polarization -- 6 Radicalization -- 7 A Threat to Democratic Order -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Islam-A Liberal, Intellectually Challenging Partner for Europe? -- 1 A Matter of Perception? -- 2 Islam Emerges from Interaction -- 3 "Political Islam" and the "Politicity" of Islam -- 4 Islam-A New Configuration of Mediterranean Culture? -- 5 "Paramount Questions" -- 6 The Confrontation with the Older Religions -- 7 Overcoming Anti-semitism, Supersessionism, and the Dogma of Original Sin -- References -- The Ideal of an Islamic Society -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Emergence of Political Islam -- 3 Experiences with the Establishment of an Islamic State -- 4 Resolving the Crisis -- 4.1 Shari'a and the Present -- 4.2 Anti-Western Resentments -- 4.3 European-Style Islam as a Possible Alternative -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Secular Turn in the Middle East: Findings from Values Survey -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measures of Secular Politics -- 2.1 Secular Trend in Egypt, Tunisia, and Türkiye -- 2.2 Secular Turn Among Iraqis -- 2.3 Support for Secular Politics Among Lebanese -- 2.4 Saudi Arabia and Secular Politics -- 3 Measures of Gender Equality -- 3.1 Egypt, Tunisia, and Türkiye -- 3.2 Iraq: Decline in Attitudes Toward Male Supremacy -- 3.3 Attitudes Toward Gender Equality Among Lebanese -- 3.4 Changes in Attitudes Toward Women Among Saudis -- 4 Trends in Liberal Values by Gender, Age, and Education -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Conclusion: A European Response?.
1 Introduction -- 2 Rejection of Freedom of Religion -- 3 Anti-Semitism -- 4 Rejection of Gender Equality -- 5 Homophobia -- 6 Rejection of Liberal Way of Life -- 7 A Look in the Mirror -- 8 Lines of Defence-Internal and External -- 9 Political Islam as a Hybrid Actor -- 10 Objectives and Actors -- 11 Hybrid Methods and Means -- 12 Recommendations -- 12.1 The Democratic Constitutional State Must Protect Itself from Political Islam -- 12.2 A Comprehensive Approach is Needed-Interdepartmental, Across Society, Multidimensional, International -- 12.3 Ability to Judge and Overview of the Situation Must Improve -- 12.4 Prevention is Crucial in the Medium Term -- 12.5 Stand by Fragile States -- References -- Actors -- Diyanet in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diyanet: Between Strengthening Ties to Turkey and Leading the Ummah -- 2.1 Provision of Religious Services -- 2.2 Targeting Non-Turkish Muslims -- 2.3 Strengthening Ties with Turkey and Creating Loyal Citizens -- 3 Religion at Home, Religion Abroad -- 3.1 Expansion of Religion into Social Life -- 3.2 Diyanet's Increasing Institutional Power -- 3.3 Diaspora Policy as a Component of Foreign Policy -- 4 Diyanet and Political Islam(ism)? -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- How Qatar Became an Actor in the Spread of Political Islam in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Influencing European Societies in Religious Matters -- 3 The Role of Kuwait -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Saudi Arabia and Europe: Demystifying the Threat -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Terminology -- 2.1 Salafism -- 2.2 Islamism -- 2.3 Jihadism -- 3 Saudi-Funded Islam in Europe: UK Case Study -- 3.1 Popularity of Salafism -- 3.2 Saudi-Funded Mosques -- 3.3 Saudi-Trained Scholars and Graduates of the University of Medina -- 3.4 Saudi-Funded Publications -- 4 Conclusion -- References.
Revolutionaries at Home, Revolutionaries Abroad: Iran and Its Networks in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Importance of the Ayatollah Khomeini's Fatwa -- 3 The 2022 Lady of Heaven Controversy -- 4 The Development of Pro-Iranian Institutions in Europe -- 5 Iran as a State Terrorist Actor in Europe -- 6 Iranian Media Operations in the West -- 7 Iran and the Muslim Brotherhood -- 8 Iran and Europe's Political Fringe -- 9 Iran and Scottish Nationalism -- 10 European Responses: A Challenge? -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- Political Islam in Exile: Transformation of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood After the Military Coup of 2013 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework -- 3 Political Islam During the Transitional Period: An Overview -- 4 Post-2013 Egypt: Political Islam in a Free Fall -- 4.1 Radicalization/De-radicalization -- 4.2 Exile Activism -- 4.3 Leadership Contestation and Organizational Divisions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe: A General Framework -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What is the MB in Europe? -- 2.1 The Refugees -- 2.2 The Secret Structure -- 2.3 The Public Face -- 2.4 The New Generation -- 3 Goals -- 4 Tactics -- 5 Is the European Brotherhood a Threat? -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Salafist Movements in Europe: Between Local and Transnational Mobilizations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Salafism as a Puritanical and Fundamentalist Branch of Islam -- 3 Main Sociological Outlines of Salafist Communities in Europe -- 4 The Emergence of Salafism in Europe: Between Institutional and Informal Globalized Networks -- 5 Salafism and Politics: Beyond Islamism? -- 6 Conclusion: Salafism as a Third Face of Radical Islam Between Jihadism and Islamism -- References -- The Milli Görüş Movement in Europe: Context, Activities, and Strategies -- 1 Introduction.
2 History and Development of Milli Görüş in Turkey and Europe -- 3 The Classic Milli Görüş Until ca. 2000: Activities and Strategies -- 4 The New Milli Görüş After 2000: Activities and Strategies -- 5 Current Developments and Outlook -- References -- Tablighi Jamaat in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Context -- 3 Expansion to Europe -- 4 Pioneering Islam in France -- 5 Experimenting with Strategies in the UK -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Al Qaeda and the Islamic State: The Jihadi War on Christians Comes to Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Jihadist Views on Christians -- 3 Jihadi Views of Europe: From Al Qaeda to the Islamic State -- 4 Analyzing Anti-Christian Violence as a Subset of IS' Jihadi Campaign in Europe -- References -- Surveys -- Political Islam in Austria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Actors -- 2.1 Muslim Brotherhood -- 2.2 Milli Görüş -- 2.3 The Diyanet -- 3 Goals of Political Islamic Actors in Austria -- 4 Political Islamic Actors' Strategy -- 4.1 Mosque Associations -- 4.2 Youth and Education Work -- 4.3 NGOs -- 5 Campaigns of Political Islamic Actors -- 6 Influence of Political Islam -- 7 Reaction and Developments -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Political Islam in Belgium: From Third-Country Activism to the Islamicization of the Political Debate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Institutionalizing Islam: The Role Played by Third Countries -- 3 From the Political Activism of Islamist Organizations to the Islamicization of Political Activism -- 4 Impact and Risks -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hybridizing Islam in the Balkans: The Rise of Salafi-Hanafism in Bulgaria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coming to Terms: Islamism, Salafism, and Radicalization -- 3 Muslims in Bulgaria: Toward Hybridizing Islam -- 4 The Salafis: From Globalized Belonging to Local Allegiances -- 4.1 "Ms. Jihad" and the Untenable Conceptualization of Islamism by the State.
4.2 Ahmed Moussa and the Emerging Salafi-Hanafi Consensus.
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