Volcanology : Processes, Deposits, Geology and Resources

• Autore: Cas Ray
• Pubblicazione: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing AG, , 2024; ©2024
• Edizione: 2nd ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1854 pages)
• Disciplina: 551.21
• Soggetto topico: Volcanology; Earth sciences
• Altri autori: GiordanoGuido WrightJohn V
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction: Aims, Scope, Approach, and Structure of the Book -- Background -- Aims of the Book -- Structure, Scope, and Approach of the Book -- Laying the Foundations -- 1 Introductory Concepts -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Importance of Volcanism During Earth History and Today -- 1.3 Volcanoes and Their Diversity -- 1.4 Volcanic Provinces: Their Tectonic and Paleoenvironmental Context Through Geological Time -- 1.5 Effect of Environment on Eruption Styles, Processes, and Volcano Type -- 1.5.1 The Inaccessibility of Ocean Floor Volcanism, and the Technological Developments That Now Allow It -- 1.5.2 Benefits and Limitations of Studying Uplifted, Ancient Subaqueous Volcanic Successions -- 1.6 Process Spectrum in Volcanic Settings -- 1.7 Introduction to Terminology -- 1.8 The Facies Concept -- 1.8.1 Defining Facies and Understanding Facies Variations -- 1.8.2 Describing and Documenting Facies -- 1.8.2.1 Geometry -- 1.8.2.2 Lithology -- 1.8.2.3 Depositional Structures -- 1.8.2.4 Depositional Structures and Paleoflow/Paleotransport Directions and Patterns -- 1.8.2.5 Fossils -- 1.9 Facies Analysis, Interpretation, and the Importance of Associations of Facies -- 1.10 The Importance of Geological Mapping and Establishing Stratigraphy -- References -- 2 Properties of Magmas -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Magmas-An Introduction to Their Chemical Diversity -- 2.2.1 Classification of Magmas and Igneous Rocks -- 2.2.2 Magmatic Associations -- 2.3 Magma Physical Properties -- 2.3.1 Heat Capacity and Temperature -- 2.3.2 Density -- 2.3.3 Viscosity and Yield Strength -- 2.3.4 Strength -- 2.4 Factors Controlling Viscosity in Magmas -- 2.4.1 Chemical Composition -- 2.4.2 Volatile Content -- 2.4.3 Temperature and Glass Transition -- 2.4.4 Pressure -- 2.4.5 Bubble Content -- 2.4.6 Crystal Content -- 2.5 Fluid Flow State. ; 2.6 Introduction to Lava Flows and Their Rheological Behaviour -- 2.6.1 Prerequisites for Lava Forming Eruptions -- 2.6.2 Aspect Ratio of Lavas -- 2.6.3 Factors Affecting the Form of Lavas -- 2.6.3.1 Effusion Rate -- 2.6.3.2 Physical Properties -- 2.6.3.3 Slope of Terrain -- References -- 3 Influence of Environment on Magma Properties, Eruption Processes, and Deposits -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Lithospheric Conditions, Properties, and Effects on Magma Behaviour -- 3.2.1 Density of Earth's Crust, Mantle, Magmas, and Magma Buoyancy -- 3.2.2 Confining Lithostatic Pressure, Pressure Gradients, and Effects on Magma Behaviour -- 3.2.2.1 Magma Density Decrease with Lithostatic Pressure Decrease -- 3.2.2.2 Magma Viscosity Decrease with Lithostatic Pressure Increase -- 3.2.2.3 Lithostatic Pressure as a Control on the Depth of Volatile Exsolution in the Crust, and Magma Viscosity -- 3.2.2.4 Lithostatic Pressure as a Control on the State of Exsolved Volatiles and the Depth of Explosive Potential: The Critical Point of Volatiles -- 3.2.2.5 Lithostatic Pressure as a Mechanism for Driving Magma Upwards -- 3.2.3 Mechanical Strength of Country Rock -- 3.2.4 Deformability/Compressibility of Rock-Why Volcanic Vents Are Excavated Upwards and Explosive Energy Goes Up -- 3.2.5 Temperature Gradient in the Earth's Crust and Mantle -- 3.2.6 Fluids in the Crust -- 3.3 Atmospheric Effects -- 3.3.1 Density and Density Gradient of Air, and Effects on Explosive Eruption Columns -- 3.3.2 Pressure and Pressure Gradient in the Atmosphere -- 3.3.3 Wind and Effects on Dispersal of Gas and Volcanic Fallout Deposits -- 3.3.4 Temperature, Thermal Conductivity, and Heat Capacity of Air: Effects on Explosive Eruption Columns -- 3.3.5 Deformability/Compressibility of Air-Why Subaerial Explosions Are so Intense -- 3.4 Vegetation. ; 3.5 Subaqueous Environments: Effects on Volcanic Eruption Styles and Deposit Characteristics -- 3.5.1 Thermal Properties of Water and Steam -- 3.5.2 Quench Fragmentation and the Role of Steam and (Super)Critical Fluid Films -- 3.5.2.1 Quench Fragmentation Mechanisms -- 3.5.2.2 The State of the Fluid Film (Steam, Critical Water, Supercritical Water) and Water Depth Constraints for Quench Fragmentation to Occur -- 3.5.2.3 Hyaloclastite Breccia: The Product of Quench Fragmentation -- 3.5.3 Hydrostatic Pressure and Effects on Volatile Exsolution and Magmatic Explosive Eruption Processes -- 3.5.3.1 Extra Pressure on Columns of Magma Erupting in Deep Water -- 3.5.3.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Effect on Timing, Degree, and Depth of Volatile Exsolution in Deep-Water Settings -- 3.5.3.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Effect on Retention of Volatiles and Magma Viscosity -- 3.5.3.4 Hydrostatic Pressure and Water Depth Constraints for Subaqueous Magmatic Explosive Eruptions: The State of Exsolved Magmatic Volatiles -- 3.5.4 Hydrostatic Pressure and Water Depth Constraints for Subaqueous Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic Explosive Eruptions: The State of Superheated Ambient Water -- 3.5.4.1 Molten Fuel-Coolant Interaction (MFCI) Explosive Eruptions -- 3.5.4.2 Induced Fuel-Coolant Interaction (IFCI) Explosive Eruptions -- 3.5.5 Implosions in Deep Water -- 3.5.6 Compressibility of Water/Young's and Bulk Modulus of Water, Air, and Rock, and Effect on Explosive Intensity -- 3.5.7 Subaqueous Eruption Columns, Thermal Plumes, and Their Density: Effects of Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity of Water -- 3.5.8 Density of Water and Effects on Eruption Columns, Pumice Clast Dispersal, and Depositional Processes -- 3.5.9 Viscosity of Water, and Viscous Drag Effects on Clasts and Plumes -- 3.5.10 The 15 January 2022 Explosive Eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano -- 3.6 Glacial Ice. ; 3.7 Summary: Why Deep Water and Subglacial Volcanic Processes Are so Different from Subaerial Volcanism -- References -- 4 Fragmentation Processes in Magmas and Volcanic Rocks -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction-Understanding the Spectrum of Syn-eruptive to Post-eruptive Fragmentation Processes in Volcanic Settings -- 4.2 Autoclastic Fragmentation Processes -- 4.3 Autobrecciation -- 4.3.1 Processes -- 4.3.2 Characteristics of Autobreccia Clasts and Deposits -- 4.4 Quench Fragmentation -- 4.4.1 Film Boiling at the Interface Between Magma and External Water -- 4.4.1.1 Film Boiling at Subcritical Point Pressure and Water Depths -- 4.4.1.2 Film Boiling at the Critical Point Pressure and Water Depths and Beyond -- 4.4.2 Formation of Glass Through Supercooling, and Its Properties -- 4.4.3 Quench Fragmentation or Thermal Shock Fracturing of Glass by Ambient Water or Ice -- 4.4.4 Effects of Crystals and Bubbles in Glass on Quench Fragmentation -- 4.4.5 Quench Fragmentation of Pyroclasts During Phreatomagmatic Explosive Activity and Submarine Fire Fountaining -- 4.4.6 Summary of Applications of Glass Fracture Theory to Formation of Hyaloclastite -- 4.4.7 Hyaloclasts, Hyaloclastite Deposits, and Their Characteristics -- 4.4.8 Limu o Pele-Pyroclastic or Hyaloclastic? -- 4.4.9 Peperite-A Special Type of Hyaloclastite -- 4.5 Explosive Fragmentation -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Magmatic Explosive Fragmentation and Magmatic Volatiles -- 4.5.3 Volatile Exsolution and Nucleation of Volatile Bubbles in an Open Vent/Conduit -- 4.5.3.1 Decompressional Exsolution and Vesiculation -- 4.5.3.2 Crystallisation-Induced Exsolution and Vesiculation -- 4.5.3.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Bubble Nucleation -- 4.5.3.4 The State of Exsolved Volatiles (Supercritical, Gas) and Impact on Magmatic Explosive Fragmentation -- 4.5.4 Diffusional and Decompressional Growth of Gas Bubbles. ; 4.5.5 Magmatic Explosive Fragmentation Processes -- 4.5.5.1 Fragmentation by Rapid Acceleration -- 4.5.5.2 Fragmentation by Rapid Decompression -- 4.5.5.3 Mechanisms of Magma Fragmentation During Explosive Eruptions of Normal Silicate Magmas -- 4.5.5.4 Mechanisms of Magma Fragmentation During Explosive Eruptions of Ultra-Low-Viscosity Magmas (Some Basalts, Kimberlites, Carbonatites) -- 4.5.6 Magmatic Explosions from Lava Domes and Flows -- 4.5.7 Magmatic Explosions from Sealed Subaerial Vents -- 4.5.8 Sub-surface Magma Mingling, Mixing, and Gas Sparging in Triggering Magmatic Explosions -- 4.6 Subaqueous/Subglacial Explosive Eruptions and the Constraints -- 4.6.1 Effects of High Confining Pressure on Magmas Erupting on the Seafloor in Deep Water -- 4.6.2 Effects of High Ambient Hydrostatic/Glaciostatic Pressure on Exsolution and Vesiculation of Magmas in Subaqueous/Subglacial Environments -- 4.6.3 Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on the State of Exsolved Magmatic Volatiles in Deep Water -- 4.6.4 Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Rate of Expansion of Exsolved Volatiles and Explosive Eruptions -- 4.6.5 Effects of Bulk Modulus and Shock Wave Attenuation in Water -- 4.6.6 Implosions -- 4.6.7 The Nature of Observed Deep-Water "Explosive" Eruptions at N.W. Rota 1, (Marianas Arc), and West Mata (Lau Basin) Volcanoes -- 4.6.8 Is Deep-Water Magma ("Fire") Fountaining Necessarily Explosive? -- 4.6.9 Phreatic, Phreatomagmatic and Hydrothermal Explosive Eruptions -- 4.6.9.1 Introduction -- 4.6.9.2 Fuel-Coolant Magma-Water Explosive Interaction (MFCI) -- 4.6.9.3 Induced Fuel-Coolant Interaction (IFCI) -- 4.6.9.4 Fragmentation of Magma During Phreatomagmatic Explosive Activity -- 4.6.10 Situations in Which Phreatic-Phreatomagmatic-Hydrothermal Explosive Eruptions Occur -- 4.6.10.1 Phreatomagmatic Explosions from Subaqueous Vents. ; 4.6.10.2 Subglacial to Emergent Phreatomagmatic Explosive Eruptions.
• Sommario/riassunto: This textbook on volcanology, authored by Ray Cas, Guido Giordano, and John V. Wright, provides a comprehensive exploration of volcanic processes, deposits, geology, and resources. Designed for students, researchers, and professionals in earth sciences, the book offers detailed insights into the dynamics of volcanic eruptions and their impact on Earth's evolution. It covers the formation of the Earth's crust, atmosphere, and oceans due to volcanic activity, and discusses how massive eruptions have influenced climate change and mass extinction events. The book aims to advance the understanding of volcanic hazards and their implications for society, while also highlighting the natural resources generated by volcanic activity.
• Titolo autorizzato: Volcanology
• ISBN: 9783319666136; 9783319666129
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910865270103321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment Series