Stratigraphy : a modern synthesis / / Andrew D. Miall

• Autore: Miall Andrew D.
• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Edizione: 2nd ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (528 pages)
• Disciplina: 551.7
• Soggetto topico: Geology, Stratigraphic
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Revision History -- References -- Contents -- 1 The Scope of Modern Stratigraphy -- Abstract -- 1.1 The Importance of Stratigraphy -- 1.2 The Evolution of "Sophisticated Stratigraphy" -- 1.2.1 Beginnings (Nineteenth Century) -- 1.2.2 Cyclic Sedimentation (1932-1968) -- 1.2.3 Basin Analysis and the Big Picture (1948-1977) -- 1.2.4 The Meaning of "Facies" (1949-1973) -- 1.2.5 Fluid Hydraulics and Sedimentary Structures (1953-1976) -- 1.2.6 Early Studies of Modern Environments (1954-1972) -- 1.2.7 Facies-Model Concept (1959-2010) -- 1.2.8 The Impact of the Plate-Tectonics Revolution on Basin Studies (1959-1988) -- 1.2.9 Unconformities and the Issue of Time in Stratigraphy (1909-1970) -- 1.2.10 Sequences and Seismic Stratigraphy (1963-1977) -- 1.2.11 Architectural Elements: Sedimentology in Two and Three Dimensions (1983-1990) -- 1.2.12 Sequence Stratigraphy (1986-1990) -- 1.2.13 Reconciling Facies Models with Sequence Stratigraphy (1990) -- 1.2.14 The Full Flowering of Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Methods -- 1.2.15 Stratigraphy: The Modern Synthesis -- 1.3 Time in Stratigraphy -- 1.4 Types of Project and Data Problems -- 1.4.1 Regional Surface Stratigraphic Mapping Project -- 1.4.2 Local Stratigraphic-Sedimentologic Mapping Project -- 1.4.3 Regional Subsurface Mapping Project -- 1.4.4 Local Subsurface Mapping Project -- 1.5 Summary of Research and Reporting Procedures -- References -- 2 The Stratigraphic-Sedimentologic Data Base -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Describing Surface Stratigraphic Sections -- 2.2.1 Methods of Measuring and Recording the Data -- 2.2.1.1 Vertical Stratigraphic Sections -- 2.2.1.2 The Construction of Lateral Profiles -- 2.2.2 Types of Field Observation -- 2.2.2.1 Subdivision of the Section into Descriptive Units -- 2.2.2.2 Lithology and Grain Size -- 2.2.2.3 Porosity -- 2.2.2.4 Color. ; 2.2.2.5 Bedding -- 2.2.2.6 Inorganic Sedimentary Structures -- 2.2.2.7 Sedimentary Structures Produced by Hydrodynamic Erosion of the Bed -- 2.2.2.8 Liquefaction, Load and Fluid Loss Structures -- 2.2.2.9 Fossils -- 2.2.2.10 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures -- 2.2.3 Sampling Plan -- 2.2.3.1 Illustrative Samples -- 2.2.3.2 Petrographic Samples -- 2.2.3.3 Biostratigraphic Samples -- 2.2.4 Plotting the Section -- 2.3 Describing Subsurface Stratigraphic Sections -- 2.3.1 Methods of Measuring and Recording the Data -- 2.3.1.1 Examination of Well Cuttings -- 2.3.1.2 Examination of Core -- 2.3.2 Types of Cutting and Core Observation -- 2.3.2.1 Subdivision of the Section into Descriptive Units -- 2.3.2.2 Lithology and Grain Size -- 2.3.2.3 Porosity -- 2.3.2.4 Color -- 2.3.2.5 Bedding -- 2.3.2.6 Sedimentary Structures -- 2.3.2.7 Fossils -- 2.3.2.8 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures -- 2.3.3 Sampling Plan -- 2.3.4 Plotting the Section -- 2.4 Petrophysical Logs -- 2.4.1 Gamma-Ray Log (GR) -- 2.4.2 Spontaneous Potential Log (SP) -- 2.4.3 Resistivity Logs -- 2.4.4 Sonic Log -- 2.4.5 Formation Density Log -- 2.4.6 Neutron Log -- 2.4.7 Crossplots -- 2.4.8 Integrating Cores and Wireline Logs -- References -- 3 Facies Analysis -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Meaning of Facies -- 3.3 Recognition and Definition of Facies Types -- 3.3.1 Philosophy and Methods -- 3.3.2 Field Examples of Facies Schemes -- 3.3.3 Establishing a Facies Scheme -- 3.3.4 Facies Architecture -- 3.4 Facies Associations and Models -- 3.4.1 The Association and Ordering of Facies -- 3.4.2 The Theory of Facies Models -- 3.4.3 The Present as the Key to the Past, and Vice Versa -- 3.4.4 To Classify and Codify, or Not? -- 3.4.5 Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy -- 3.5 Review of Environmental Criteria -- 3.5.1 Grain Size and Texture -- 3.5.2 Petrology -- 3.5.3 Bedding. ; 3.5.4 Hydrodynamic Sedimentary Structures -- 3.5.4.1 The Flow-Regime Concept -- 3.5.4.2 Bedform Preservation -- 3.5.4.3 Bedforms and Crossbedding in Gravels -- 3.5.4.4 Structures Formed by Reversing (Tidal) Currents -- 3.5.4.5 Structures Formed by Oscillating Currents (Waves) -- 3.5.4.6 Storm Sedimentation and Geostrophic Flow -- 3.5.4.7 Eolian Bedforms -- 3.5.5 Sediment Gravity Flows -- 3.5.5.1 Debris Flow -- 3.5.5.2 Grain Flow -- 3.5.5.3 Liquified/fluidized Flow -- 3.5.5.4 Turbidity Current -- 3.5.6 Sedimentary Structures Produced by Hydrodynamic Erosion of the Bed -- 3.5.7 Liquefaction, Load and Fluid Loss Structures -- 3.5.8 Paleoecology of Body Fossils -- 3.5.9 Ichnology -- 3.5.10 Vertical Profiles -- 3.5.11 Architectural Elements and Bounding Surfaces -- 3.5.11.1 Architectural Scale and Bounding Surface Hierarchies -- 3.5.11.2 Architectural Elements -- 3.6 Conclusions and Scale Considerations -- References -- 4 Facies Models -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Clastic Environments -- 4.2.1 Fluvial Environments -- 4.2.2 Eolian Environments -- 4.2.3 Lacustrine Environments -- 4.2.4 Glacial Environments -- 4.2.5 Coastal Wave- and Tide-Dominated Environments -- 4.2.6 Deltas -- 4.2.7 Estuaries -- 4.2.8 Continental Shelf Environment -- 4.2.9 Continental Slope and Deep Basin Environment -- 4.3 Carbonate Environments -- 4.3.1 Conditions of Carbonate Sedimentation -- 4.3.2 Platforms and Reefs -- 4.3.3 Tidal Sedimentation -- 4.3.4 Carbonate Slopes -- 4.4 Evaporites -- References -- 5 Sequence Stratigraphy -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Elements of the Model -- 5.2.1 Accommodation and Supply -- 5.2.2 Stratigraphic Architecture -- 5.2.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts -- 5.3 Sequence Models in Clastic and Carbonate Settings -- 5.3.1 Marine Clastic Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts -- 5.3.2 Nonmarine Depositional Systems. ; 5.3.3 Carbonate Depositional Systems -- 5.3.3.1 Breaks in Sedimentation in Carbonate Environments -- 5.3.3.2 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up -- 5.4 Sequence Hierarchies -- 5.5 Driving Mechanisms -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Basin Mapping Methods -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stratigraphic Mapping with Petrophysical Logs -- 6.2.1 Log Shape and Electrofacies -- 6.2.2 Examples of Stratigraphic Reconstructions -- 6.2.3 Problems and Solutions -- 6.3 Seismic Stratigraphy -- 6.3.1 The Nature of the Seismic Record -- 6.3.2 Constructing Regional Stratigraphies -- 6.3.3 Seismic Facies -- 6.3.4 Seismic Geomorphology -- 6.4 Directional Drilling and Geosteering -- 6.5 Older Methods: Isopleth Contouring -- 6.6 Mapping on the Basis of Detrital Composition -- 6.6.1 Clastic Petrofacies -- 6.6.2 Provenance Studies Using Detrital Zircons -- 6.6.3 Chemostratigraphy -- 6.7 Paleocurrent Analysis -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Types of Paleocurrent Indicators -- 6.7.3 Data Collection and Processing -- 6.7.4 The Bedform Hierarchy -- 6.7.5 Environment and Paleoslope Interpretations -- References -- 7 Stratigraphy: The Modern Synthesis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Stratigraphic Unit -- 7.3 The Six Steps Involved in Dating and Correlation -- 7.4 Lithostratigraphy -- 7.4.1 Types of Lithostratigraphic Units and Their Definition -- 7.4.2 The Names of Lithostratigraphic Units -- 7.5 Biostratigraphy -- 7.5.1 The Nature of the Biostratigraphic Record -- 7.5.2 Biochronology: Zones and Datums -- 7.5.3 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record -- 7.5.4 Quantitative Methods in Biochronology -- 7.6 Unconformities and Unconformity-Bounded Units -- 7.7 The Development of Formal Definitions for Sequence Stratigraphy -- 7.8 Chronostratigraphy and Geochronometry -- 7.8.1 The Emergence of Modern Methods. ; 7.8.2 Determining the Numerical ("Absolute") Age of a Stratigraphic Horizon -- 7.8.3 Stages and Boundaries -- 7.8.4 Event Stratigraphy -- 7.8.5 Absolute Ages: Their Accuracy and Precision -- 7.8.6 The Current State of the Global Stratigraphic Sections and Points (GSSP) Concept and Standardization of the Chronostratigraphic Scale -- 7.8.7 Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology -- 7.9 Stratigraphy Reflects Changing Earth Environments -- References -- 8 The Future of Time -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Where We Are Now and How We Got Here -- 8.3 A Natural Hierarchy of Sedimentary Processes -- 8.4 Sedimentation Rates -- 8.5 The Fractal-Like Character of Sedimentary Accumulation -- 8.6 Apparent Anomalies of High Sedimentation Rate Versus Slow Rate of Accommodation Generation -- 8.7 Accommodation and Preservation -- 8.7.1 Preservation at a Scale of Seconds to Months -- 8.7.2 Preservation at a Scale of Years to Thousands of Years -- 8.7.3 Preservation at the Scale of Tens of Thousands to Hundreds of Thousands of years -- 8.7.4 Preservation at the Scale of Millions of years -- 8.8 The Stratigraphy Machine -- 8.9 Implications of Missing Time for Modern Stratigraphic Methods -- 8.9.1 Sequence Stratigraphy -- 8.9.2 Implications for Stratigraphic Continuity, the Concept of Correlation and the Principal of the GSSP -- 8.9.3 Discussion -- 8.10 The Future of Conventional Chronostratigraphy -- 8.10.1 Current Examples of Outstanding Work -- 8.10.2 The Use of Wheeler Diagrams -- 8.10.3 Improving Accuracy and Precision -- 8.11 Accounting for Missing Time -- 8.11.1 Constructing Wheeler Diagrams for Selected Examples -- 8.11.2 A Well-Documented Quaternary Example -- 8.11.3 The Example of the Mesaverde Group, Utah -- 8.11.4 High-Resolution Stratigraphy -- 8.11.5 Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology -- 8.11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Author Index. ; Subject Index.
• Titolo autorizzato: Stratigraphy
• ISBN: 9783030875367; 9783030875350
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910551842403321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment