Principles of human physiology / / Cindy L. Stanfield

• Autore: Stanfield Cindy L.
• Pubblicazione: Harlow, England : , : Pearson, , 2017
• Edizione: Sixth edition, Global edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (816 pages) : illustrations
• Disciplina: 612
• Soggetto topico: Human physiology
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Author -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Brief Contents -- Contents -- List of Boxes -- 1 Introduction to Physiology -- 1.1 Organization of the Body -- Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems -- The Overall Body Plan: A Simplified View -- 1.2 Homeostasis: A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology -- Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis -- 1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic -- Prevalence of Diabetes -- Obesity and Diabetes -- Classification of Diabetes -- Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus -- Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus -- Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 2 The Cell Structure and Function -- 2.1 Biomolecules -- Carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides -- Lipids -- Amino Acids and Proteins -- Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids -- 2.2 Cell Structure -- Structure of the Plasma Membrane -- Structure of the Nucleus -- Contents of the Cytosol -- Structure of Membranous Organelles -- Structure of Nonmembranous Organelles -- 2.3 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions -- Tight Junctions -- Desmosomes -- Gap Junctions -- 2.4 General Cell Functions -- Metabolism -- Cellular Transport -- Intercellular Communication -- 2.5 Protein Synthesis -- The Role of the Genetic Code -- Transcription -- Destination of Proteins -- Post-translational Processing and Packaging of Proteins -- Regulation of Protein Synthesis -- Protein Degradation -- 2.6 Cell Division -- Replication of DNA -- The Cell Cycle -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 3 Cell Metabolism -- 3.1 Types of Metabolic Reactions -- Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions -- Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Reactions -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- 3.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy -- Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics -- Energy Changes in Reactions -- Activation Energy -- 3.3 Reaction Rates. ; Factors Affecting the Rates of Chemical Reactions -- The Role of Enzymes in Chemical Reactions -- 3.4 ATP: The Medium of Energy Exchange -- 3.5 Glucose Oxidation: The Central Reaction of Energy Metabolism -- Coupling Glucose Oxidation to ATP Synthesis -- 3.6 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation -- Glycolysis -- The Krebs Cycle -- Oxidative Phosphorylation -- The Electron Transport Chain -- Summary of Glucose Oxidation -- Glucose Catabolism in the Absence of Oxygen -- 3.7 Energy Storage and Use: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins -- Glycogen Metabolism -- Gluconeogenesis: Formation of New Glucose -- Fat Metabolism -- Protein Metabolism -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 4 Cell Membrane Transport -- 4.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport -- Passive Transport Versus Active Transport -- Driving Forces Acting on Molecules -- 4.2 Rate of Transport -- 4.3 Passive Transport -- Simple Diffusion: Passive Transport Through the Lipid Bilayer -- Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Utilizing Membrane Proteins -- Diffusion Through Channels -- 4.4 Active Transport -- Primary Active Transport -- Secondary Active Transport -- Factors Affecting Rates of Active Transport -- Coexistence of Active and Passive Transport Mechanisms in Cells -- 4.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes -- Osmolarity -- Osmotic Pressure -- Tonicity -- 4.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments -- Transport of Molecules into Cells by Endocytosis -- Transport of Molecules Out of Cells by Exocytosis -- 4.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes -- Epithelial Solute Transport -- Epithelial Structure -- Epithelial Water Transport -- Transcytosis -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 5 Chemical Messengers -- 5.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication. ; Direct Communication Through Gap Junctions -- Indirect Communication Through Chemical Messengers -- 5.2 Chemical Messengers -- Functional Classification of Chemical Messengers -- Chemical Classification of Messengers -- Synthesis and Release of Chemical Messengers -- Transport of Messengers -- 5.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms -- Properties of Receptors -- Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Intracellular Receptors -- Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Membrane-Bound Receptors -- 5.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 6 The Endocrine System:Endocrine Glandsand Hormone Actions -- 6.1 Primary Endocrine Organs -- Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland -- Pineal Gland -- Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands -- Thymus -- Adrenal Glands -- Pancreas -- Gonads -- 6.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs -- 6.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell -- Control of Hormone Levels in Blood -- 6.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones -- 6.5 Hormone Interactions -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling -- 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System -- 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System -- Neurons -- Glial Cells -- 7.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential -- Determining the Equilibrium Potentials for Potassium and Sodium Ions -- Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons -- Neurons at Rest -- 7.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential -- Describing Changes in Membrane Potential -- Graded Potentials -- Action Potentials -- Propagation of Action Potentials -- 7.5 Maintaining Neural Stability -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 8 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration -- 8.1 Electrical Synapses -- 8.2 Chemical Synapses -- Functional Anatomy of Chemical Synapses -- Signal Transduction Mechanisms at Chemical Synapses. ; Excitatory Synapses -- Inhibitory Synapses -- 8.3 Neural Integration -- Summation -- Frequency Coding -- 8.4 Presynaptic Modulation -- Presynaptic Facilitation -- Presynaptic Inhibition -- 8.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure, Synthesis, and Degradation -- Acetylcholine -- Biogenic Amines -- Purines -- Amino Acid Neurotransmitters -- Neuropeptides -- Unique Neurotransmitters -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 9 The Nervous System:Central Nervous System -- 9.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System -- Glial Cells -- Physical Support of the Central Nervous System -- Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System -- The Blood-Brain Barrier -- Gray Matter and White Matter -- 9.2 The Spinal Cord -- Spinal Nerves -- Spinal Cord Gray and White Matter -- 9.3 The Brain -- Cerebral Cortex -- Subcortical Nuclei -- Diencephalon -- Limbic System -- 9.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes -- Stretch Reflex -- Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes -- 9.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control -- Neural Components for Smooth Voluntary Movements -- Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement -- Ventromedial Pathways Control Voluntary and Involuntary Movements -- The Control of Posture by the Brainstem -- The Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Coordination -- The Basal Nuclei in Motor Control -- 9.6 Integrated CNS Function: Language -- 9.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep -- Functions of Sleep -- Sleep-Wake Cycles -- Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep -- 9.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation -- 9.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory -- Learning -- Memory -- Plasticity in the Nervous System -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 10 The Nervous System: Sensory Systems -- 10.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology -- Receptor Physiology -- Sensory Pathways -- Sensory Coding. ; 10.2 The Somatosensory System -- Somatosensory Receptors -- The Somatosensory Cortex -- Somatosensory Pathways -- Pain Perception -- 10.3 Vision -- Anatomy of the Eye -- The Nature and Behavior of Light Waves -- Accommodation -- Clinical Defects in Vision -- Regulating the Amount of Light Entering the Eye -- The Retina -- Phototransduction -- Rods versus Cones -- Color Vision -- Light Input to Circadian Rhythms -- Bleaching of Photoreceptors in Light -- Neural Processing in the Retina -- Neural Pathways for Vision -- Parallel Processing in the Visual System -- Depth Perception -- 10.4 The Ear and Hearing -- Anatomy of the Ear -- The Nature of Sound Waves -- Sound Amplification in the Middle Ear -- Signal Transduction for Sound -- Neural Pathways for Sound -- 10.5 The Ear and Equilibrium -- Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus -- The Semicircular Canals and the Transduction of Rotation -- The Utricle and Saccule and the Transduction of Linear Acceleration -- Neural Pathways for Equilibrium -- 10.6 Taste -- Anatomy of Taste Buds -- Signal Transduction in Taste -- Neural Pathway for Taste -- 10.7 Olfaction -- Anatomy of the Olfactory System -- Olfactory Signal Transduction -- Neural Pathway for Olfaction -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 11 The Nervous System:Autonomic and MotorSystems -- 11.1 The Autonomic Nervous System -- Dual Innervation in the Autonomic Nervous System -- Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System -- Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Receptors -- Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions -- Regulation of Autonomic Function -- 11.2 The Somatic Nervous System -- Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System -- The Neuromuscular Junction -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- 12 Muscle Physiology -- 12.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure -- Structure at the Cellular Level -- Structure at the Molecular Level -- 12.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle. ; The Sliding-Filament Model.
• Titolo autorizzato: Principles of human physiology
• ISBN: 1-4886-6874-4
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910154940703321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II