Polymer nanocomposites : advances in filler surface modification techniques / / Vikas Mittal, editor

• Pubblicazione: New York, : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., c2009
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (232 p.)
• Disciplina: 668.4/11
• Soggetto topico: Fillers (Materials) - Surfaces; Nanotechnology; Composite materials
• Altri autori: MittalVikas
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: ADVANCES IN FILLER SURFACE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES -- POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: ADVANCES IN FILLER SURFACE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter I Need of New Surface Modifications -- Abstract -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Conventional Polymer Nanocomposite Systems -- 1.3. Unconventional Surface Modifications -- 1.4. Modified Fillers with Long Chains Attached on the Surface -- References -- Chapter II Exfoliation through Esterification for Clay Polymer Nanocomposites -- Abstract -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.1.1. Clay Structure and General Properties -- 2.1.2. Processing of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites -- 2.1.3. Morphology of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites -- 2.1.4. Organo-Clays -- 2.2. Exfoliation through Esterification -- 2.2.1. Criterion to Bring about the Exfoliation -- 2.2.2. Esterification on Clay Surfaces -- 2.3. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter III Grafting of Polymer Chains 'From' the Clay Surface -- Abstract -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Polymer Brushes Prepared by In-Situ Free Radical Polymerization -- 3.3. Polymer Brushes Prepared by In-Situ Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization (C/LRP) -- 3.4 Polymer Brushes Prepared by In-Situ Anionic Polymerization -- 3.5 Polymer Brushes Prepared by In-Situ Ring Opening Polymerization -- 3.6. Polymer Brushes Initiated by Intercalated Catalysts -- 3.7 Polymer Chains on the Edges of Clay Sheets Prepared by In-Situ Polymerization -- 3.8. Summary -- References -- Chapter IV Role of Monocationic and Bicationic Initiators on the Grafting of Polymer Chains 'from' the Clay Surface -- Abstract -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Significance of Initiator Bound Clay Layers for Polymer Grafting -- 4.3. Types of Polymer Grafting -- 4.3.1. Polymer Grafting "to" the Clay Surface -- 4.3.2. Polymer Grating "from" the Clay Surface. ; 4.4. Types of Cationic Initiators for Polymer Grafting -- 4.4.1. Synthesis of Monocationic Initiator (Asymmetric type) -- 4.4.2 Synthesis of Bicationic Initiator (Symmetric type) -- 4.5. Cationic Initiator-Bound Clay Layers -- 4.5.1. Preparation of AHPA Derivative Initiator Bound Clay Layers -- 4.5.2. Preparation of ACVA Derivative Initiator Bound Clay Layers -- 4.5.3. Partial Initiator Bound Clay Surface with Other Alkylammonium Surfactant -- 4.6. Possible Orientations of Initiator Molecules on the Clay Surface -- 4.7. Role of Bicationic Initiators for the Polymer Grafting -- 4.8. Role of Monocationic Initiators for Polymer Grafting -- 4.9. Monocationic vs Bicationic Initiators -- 4.10. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Clay Nanocomposites -- 4.11. Summary -- References -- Chapter V Grafting from Clay Surfaces Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization -- Abstract -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Basics Structures of Layered Silicates -- 5.2.1 Layered Silicate Structure -- 5.2.2 Structures within PLSNs -- 5.3 Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of PLSNs -- 5.4 Living Radical Polymerizations & -- Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization -- 5.5 Use of ATRP to Graft Polymer Chains from Clay Surfaces -- 5.6. Block Copolymer-Clay Nanocomposites using ATRP -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter VI Exchange of Functional Modifications on the Clay Surface -- Abstract -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The Process of Cationic Exchange (CE) -- 6.2.1. Influence of the Mineral Host Structure -- 6.2.2. Influence of the Compensating Cation -- 6.3. Choice of Organic Cation -- 6.3.1. Alkylammonium Ions -- 6.3.2. Aminoacid Ions -- 6.3.3. Thermostable Ionic Liquids -- 6.4. Consequences of the Cationic Exchange on Lamellar Silicates -- 6.4.1. On the Organization of the Organic Chains in Clay Gallery -- Effect of alkyl chain length. ; Effect of temperature -- Effect of amine/clay ratio -- 6.4.2. On the Interactions between Clay/Modifying Ions -- 6.5. Reactivity of Lamellar Silicates -- Effect on copolymerisation -- Effect on polymerisation kinetics -- 6.6. Photo-Functionalization of Lamellar Silicates -- 6.6.1. Spectrofluorimetry -- 6.6.2. Fluorescent Ions -- 6.6.3. Photo-Functionalization by Cationic Exchange -- 6.6.4. Influence of Fluorescent Molecule Concentration -- 6.6.5. Organization of Organic Chains Inside the Clay Galleries -- 6.7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter VII Physical Adsorption on Clay Surface -- Abstract -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Physical Properties of Clays -- 7. 2.1. Crystalline Properties -- 7.2.2. Crystalline Bonding -- 7.3. Surface Charge Properties -- 7.3.1. Zero Point of Charge -- Attached surface charge -- Isoelectric point -- 7.3.2. Electrical Double Layer -- 7.3.3. Cationic Exchange Reactions -- Cation exchange capacity (CEC) -- 7.4. Modification of Montmorillonite -- 7.5 Adsorption of Cu and Phenol in Water Treatment -- 7.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter VIII Role of Clean Clay Surface on Composite Properties -- Abstract -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Analysis of the Cleanliness of the Filler Surface with TGA and XRD -- 8.3. Impact on Composite Properties -- References -- Chapter IX Advances in Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes -- Abstract -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanotubes -- 9.3. Covalent Functionalization of Nanotubes -- References -- Chapter X Exchange of Chain-end Functionalized Polyolefins on the Clay Surface -- Abstract -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Synthesis of PP-t-Cl, PP-t-OH and PP-t-NH2 -- 10.3. Synthesis of PVDF-t-Si(OR)3 -- 10.4. PP/Clay and PVDF/Clay Nanocomposites -- 10.5. Experimental Section. ; Synthesis of 4-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)styrene (St-OSi) -- Synthesis of 4-{2-[N,N-Bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]ethyl}styrene (p-NSi2-St) -- Synthesis of NH2 group terminated PP (PP-t-NH2) -- Synthesis of [(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2]3B functional initiator -- Synthesis of PVDF polymers with A terminal (C2H5O)3Si Group -- Preparation of PP/PP-t-NH3+Cl-/ Na+-mmt nanocomposite -- Preparation of PVDF/ PVDF-t-Si(OR)3/ Na+-mmt nanocomposite -- 10.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Authors' Affiliations -- Editor -- Chapters -- Index -- Blank Page.
• Sommario/riassunto: Polymer nanocomposites revolutionized the research in this field owing to the tremendous improvement in the composite properties at very low filler volume fraction. The surface modification of the filler, generally layered silicate montmorillonite clay, is required to compatibilize the organic and inorganic phases. The inorganic clay was modified conventionally with alkyl ammonium ions and the exfoliated nanocomposites with polar polymers could be formed where the clay could be dispersed at nanometer scale. During the initial phase of nanocomposite developments, only ammonium ions of fixed chain length were exchanged on the clay surface. However, this technology suffered when polyolefins and other non-polar polymers were used owing to the difficulties in dispersion of polar clay in the hydrophobic matrices. At best, only partially exfoliated composites could be formed by using these ammonium modified clays. To circumvent these limitations, two possible routes have been followed. By polarizing the polymer matrix (e.g. by addition of compatibilizers or surfactants), one can achieve compatibilization between the organic-inorganic phases. However, this technology leads to deterioration of nanocomposite properties even though better delamination is achieved. On the other hand, one can also focus on the more efficient modification of the filler surface so that the residual polarity after modification of the surface with conventional ammonium ions is also eliminated. A number of new clay surface modification techniques have been developed in the recent years which help in the generation of more exfoliated polymer nanocomposites. These techniques do not rely on the ion exchange of fixed chain length ammonium ions, but lead to generation/exchange of long and polydisperse polymer chains. These techniques include grafting of polymers to the clay surface, grafting of polymers from the clay surface, controlled living polymerization from the clay surface, in situ generation of polyolefins from the clay surface and clay surface reactions etc. and form very robust technologies for the complete organophilization of the clay surface. The generation of thick brushes around the clay surface owing to the better surface modification leads to better coverage of the electrostatic forces binding the clay platelets together and also leads to higher basal plane spacing between them. As a result, the modified platelets are more susceptible to exfoliation when compounded with the polymer matrices.
• Titolo autorizzato: Polymer nanocomposites
• ISBN: 1-61728-564-1
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910963689103321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Nanotechnology science and technology series.