Pollution in China / / Michael I. Chang

• Autore: Chang Michael I
• Pubblicazione: Hauppauge, N.Y., : Nova Science Publishers, c2011
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (220 p.)
• Disciplina: 363.730951
• Soggetto topico: Pollution - China; Pollution - Environmental aspects - China; Environmental protection - China; Environmental monitoring - China
• Note generali: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- POLLUTION IN CHINA -- POLLUTION IN CHINA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN CHINA -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- 1. Environmental Quality: Historical Trends and Current Challenges -- 1.1 Historical Trends -- 1.1.1 Water Quality -- Surface Water Quality -- Lake (Reservoir) Water Quality -- Groundwater Quality -- 1.1.2 Discharge of Water Pollutants -- Discharge of Wastewater and Major Pollutants -- Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge in Major Regions -- Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge from Major Industries -- 1.1.3 Urban Air Quality -- 1.1.4 Acid Rain -- 1.1.5 Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants -- Emission of Major Atmospheric Pollutants -- Emission of Industrial Air Pollutants -- Atmospheric Pollution from Traffic -- 1.1.6 Discharge of Solid Wastes -- Discharge of Industrial Solid Waste -- Discharge of Hazardous Waste -- Discharge of Municipal Domestic Wastes -- 1.2. Major Challenges -- 1.1.1 New Challenges -- Conventional Point-source Pollution plus Non-point-source Pollution -- Domestic Pollution -- New Pollution Problem -- Pollution Migration -- Ecological Problem -- 1.1.2. Observation and Discussion -- Water and Air Pollution -- Comprehensive Utilization and Management of Solid Waste -- Ecological Deterioration -- Economic Growth -- Public Health -- A Big Gap from the World Class -- 2. Protection Efforts: Evolution and Major Achievements -- 2.1 Evolution -- Stage 1: Beginning Stage (1972-1978) -- Stage 2: Comprehensive Development of the Environmental Management System (1978-1992) -- Stage 3: Enhancement of Environmental Protection (1992-2008) -- Stage 4: New Era (2008-present) -- 2.2.2 Major Institutional Achievements and Current Status -- Environmental Awareness is High. -- Governmental Organizations for Environmental Protection Have Been Fully Established. ; Environmental Laws and Regulations are Close to Mature. -- A Comprehensive Environmental Policy System has been Established. -- Investment in Environmental Protection Keeps Increasing. -- International Cooperation is Much Stronger. -- 3. Policy Evaluation -- 3.1 Overall Evaluation -- 3.1.1 Policy Framework -- 3.1.2 Overall Evaluation -- (1) Characteristics -- Balance between environment and economic development. -- Balance between prevention and end-of-pipe treatment. -- Use of both conventional command & -- control approaches and economic instruments. -- Emphases on government actions. -- (2) Future Challenges -- Some advanced concepts are well developed but not well implemented. -- Coordination between different departments of government is weak. -- Legal system is incomplete. -- Policy enforcement and compliance are weak. -- 3.2 Evaluation of Specific Policies -- 3.2.1 Strategies and Principles -- 3.2.2 Laws and Regulations -- 3.2.3 Major Command & -- Control Measures -- (1) Environmental Planning -- (2) Environmental Impact Assessment and "Three Simultaneities" -- (3) Total Pollution Load Control -- (4) Pollution Treatment Deadline -- (5) Pollution Discharge Permit System -- 3.2.4 Major Economic Policies for Environment -- (1) Pollution Levy -- (2) User Charge -- (3) Pollution Permit Trading -- (4) Environmental Tax -- (5) Ecological Compensation, Green Credit and Green Security -- 3.2.5 Other Policy Instruments -- (1) Environmental Information Disclosure -- (2) Environmental Management System -- (3) Cleaner Production Audit -- (4) Eco-labeling product -- 4. Lessons Learned -- References -- Chapter 2 ENERGY POLICY: UNDERSTANDING IMPLEMENTATION IN CHINESE FACTORIES -- Abstract -- Background -- Research Method -- Policy Background -- Energy Intensity Explained -- Zhuji, Zhejiang province profile -- Results -- Overview of Each Factory. ; Case 1 -- Case 2 -- Case 3 -- Case 4 -- Case 5 -- Case 6 -- Awareness of Policy and Education -- Initial Knowledge of Policy -- Awareness of Benefits and Penalties -- Training -- Business Network and Information Sharing -- Observed actions to reduce energy intensity -- Policy related -- Non-policy related -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 PCDD/FS LEVELS AND MAJOR EMISSION SOURCES IN CHINA: A REVIEW -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Monitoring Capacity Building -- 3. PCDD Level in Environmental Media -- 3.1 Sediment -- 3.2 Soil -- 3.3 Ambient Air -- 4. Major emission source analysis -- 4.1 Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate Products -- 4.3 Metallurgy -- 4.4 E-waste -- 4.5 Open Burning -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORT SECTOR IN CHINA AND POLICIES TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Interactions of Urbanization, Motorization and Air Pollution -- 1.2. Contribution of Transport to Energy Consumption -- 2. Air Pollutant Emissions fron Transport Sector and Evaluation Methodology -- 2.1 Inter-city Transport -- 2.1.1 Turnover volume and modal split of passenger and freight transport -- 2.1.2 Factors influencing modal share -- 2.2 Urban Transport -- 2.2.1 Private car stock and public transport -- 2.2.2 Energy consumption and emission factor of urban transport -- 3. Strategies and Policies for Energy Conservation and Emission Control -- 4. Future projection of air pollutant emissions and policy control up to 2030 -- 4.1 A System Dynamics Model of Air Pollutant Emissions from Inter-city Transport -- 4.2 Model of Urban Transport Development and Emissions -- 4.3 Model Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS IN CHINA: LEVELS, SOURCES, AND RISKS OF VOCS AND PAHS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. ; 2. Material and Methods -- 2.1. Sampling Sites -- 2.2. Sampling Methods -- VOCs -- PAHs -- 2.3. Extraction and Analysis -- VOCs -- PAHs -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. VOC Concentrations -- 3.2. PAH Concentrations -- 3.3. Profiles -- 4. Exposure Risks -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 OZONE POLLUTION IN CENTRAL-EAST CHINA -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study Site and Techniques -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Ozone Pollution at the Urban Site -- 3.1.1. Time Series of Ozone Concentrations -- 3.1.2. Seasonal and diurnal variations -- 3.1.3. Air masses classification and cluster analysis -- 3.2. Ozone Pollution at the Mountain Site and the Comparison with the Urban Site -- 3.2.1. Overall Characteristics -- 3.2.2. Day-to-day Variations -- 3.2.3. Diurnal Variations -- 3.3. Ozone Pollution at the Coastal Site and the Comparison with the Urban Site -- 3.3.1. Overall Characteristics -- 3.3.2. Day-to-day Variations -- 3.2.3. Diurnal Variations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN CHINA* -- 1. Status of Non-point Pollution From Crop Production in China -- 1.1. Non-Point Pollution from Synthetic Fertilizers -- 1.2. Status of Eutrophication of Chinese Lakes -- 2. Reasons for Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China -- 2.1. The Pressure for High Levels of Food Self-Sufficiency in China -- 2.2. The Fast Development of Vegetable Production -- 2.3. Unbalanced Nutrient Inputs to China's Agrosystems -- 2.4. Rapid Development of Intensive Livestock Production with Limited Treatment of Organic Wastes -- 2.5. Inadequate Agricultural Extension System -- 2.5.1. Under Investment -- 2.5.2. Misallocation of Investment Funds -- 2.5.3. Over-Staffing -- 2.5.4. Poor Quality of Extension Staff -- 2.5.5. Large Amounts of Time that Have to be Spent on Duties Not Related to Extension. ; 2.6. Overuse of Nitrogen Fertilizer Because of the Failure to Take Account of the Agronomic, Economic and Environmental Optimum Application Rate -- 2.7. Over-Fertilization Behaviour of Farmer under Open Market Conditions -- 3. Policy Recommendations to Reduce Non-point Pollution from Agriculture in China -- 3.1. Policy Recommendations -- 3.1.1. Reassessment of China's Grain Self-Sufficiency Requirements -- 3.1.2. Change the Regional Structure of Grain Production -- 3.1.3. Promote Farmers Associations -- 3.1.4. Raise Environmental Awareness throughout China -- 3.2. Improvements in Environmental Legislation Recommendations -- 3.2.1. Tighter Controls on the Discharge of Organic Waste -- 3.2.2. Promotion of the Recycling of Organic Manure -- 3.2.3. Prevention of Pesticides Pollution -- 3.3. Improvement of Technology Delivery Systems -- 3.3.1. Monitoring the Farmland Quality and Environmental Capacity -- 3.3.2. Reform the Agricultural Extension System -- 3.3.3. Widen the Uptake of Proven High Efficiency Fertilization Technology -- 3.3.4. Implementation of Comprehensive River Basin Planning and Management -- References -- Chapter 8 HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF AGRONOMIC CROPS GROWN ON THREE RECLAIMED MINE WASTELANDS IN SOUTH CHINA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION* -- ABSTRACT -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- The Study Site -- Sample Collection and Analysis -- Pollution Assessment -- Assessment Method -- Assessment Criteria and Pollution Grading -- Bioaccumulation Factor -- RESULTS -- Heavy Metals in Agronomic Crops -- Pollution Assessment of Agronomic Crops -- Heavy Metals in Soils and Crop Accumulation -- Discussion -- Safety of Agronomic Crops Grown on the Reclaimed Mine Wastelands -- Implications for Restoration of Mine Wastelands -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Reviewed by Prof. Dr. Yinian Zhu -- INDEX.
• Titolo autorizzato: Pollution in China
• ISBN: 1-61122-399-7
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910820104203321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: China in the 21st Century