Lightning Electromagnetics : Electrical Processes and Effects, Volume 2

• Autore: Cooray Vernon
• Pubblicazione: Stevenage : , : Institution of Engineering & Technology, , 2023; ©2022
• Edizione: 2nd ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (501 pages)
• Disciplina: 551.5632
• Soggetto topico: Lightning
• Altri autori: RachidiFarhad RubinsteinMarcos
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the editors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Basic discharge processes in the atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Electron avalanche -- 1.3 Streamer discharges -- 1.4 Corona discharges -- 1.5 Thermalization or heating of air by a discharge -- 1.6 Low-pressure electrical discharges -- 1.7 Leader discharges -- 1.8 Some features of mathematical modelling of positive leader discharges -- 1.9 Leader inception based on thermalization of the discharge channel -- References -- 2 Modelling of charging processes in clouds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Definitions of some model descriptors -- 2.2.1 Basic terminology -- 2.2.2 Terms related to microphysics -- 2.2.3 Categories of electrification mechanisms -- 2.2.4 Other categorizations of cloud models -- 2.3 Brief history of electrification modelling -- 2.4 Parameterization of electrical processes -- 2.4.1 Calculating the electric field -- 2.4.2 Charge continuity -- 2.4.3 The non-inductive graupel-ice collision mechanism -- 2.4.4 The inductive charging mechanism -- 2.4.5 Small ion processes -- 2.5 Lightning parameterizations -- 2.5.1 Stochastic lightning model -- 2.5.2 Pseudo-fractal lightning -- 2.6 Some applications of models -- 2.6.1 Ion and inductive mechanisms -- 2.6.2 Non-inductive graupel-ice sensitivity -- 2.6.3 Charge structure and lightning type -- 2.6.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Numerical simulations of non-thermal electrical discharges in air -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Outline of electro-physical processes in gaseous medium under electric fields -- 3.2.1 Generation of charged species in gas -- 3.2.2 Losses of charged species in gas -- 3.2.3 Dynamics of densities of charge carriers in discharge plasma -- 3.2.4 Concepts of electron avalanche and streamer -- 3.3 Hydrodynamic description of gas discharge plasma -- 3.4 Solving gas discharge problems. ; 3.4.1 Simulations of corona in air -- 3.4.2 Computer implementation of corona model -- 3.4.3 Study case: positive corona between coaxial cylinders -- 3.4.4 Study case: positive corona in rod-plane electrode system -- 3.5 Simulations of streamer discharges in air -- 3.5.1 Study case: positive streamer in a weak homogeneous background field -- 3.5.2 Study case: negative streamer in weak homogeneous background fields -- References -- 4 Attachment of lightning flashes to grounded structures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Striking distance -- 4.3 Leader inception models -- 4.3.1 Critical radius and critical streamer length concepts -- 4.3.2 Rizk's generalized leader inception equation -- 4.3.3 Lalande's stabilization field equation -- 4.3.4 Leader inception model of Becerra and Cooray (SLIM) -- 4.4 Leader progression and attachment models -- 4.5 The potential of the stepped leader channel and the striking distance -- 4.5.1 Armstrong and Whitehead -- 4.5.2 Leader potential extracted from the charge neutralized by the return stroke -- 4.5.3 Striking distance based on the leader tip potential -- 4.6 Comparison of EGM against SLIM -- 4.7 Points where more investigations are needed -- 4.7.1 Orientation of the stepped leader -- 4.7.2 The orientation of the connecting leader -- 4.7.3 The connection between the leader potential and the return stroke current -- 4.7.4 Inclination of the leader channel -- 4.7.5 Main assumptions of SLIM -- 4.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 5 Modeling lightning strikes to tall towers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modeling lightning strikes to tall structures -- 5.2.1 Engineering models -- 5.2.2 Electromagnetic models -- 5.2.3 Hybrid electromagnetic model (HEM) -- 5.3 Electromagnetic field computation -- 5.3.1 Electromagnetic field expressions for a perfectly conducting ground. ; 5.3.2 Electromagnetic field computation for a finitely conducting ground -- 5.4 Review of lightning current data and associated electromagnetic fields -- 5.4.1 Experimental data -- 5.4.2 Data from short towers -- 5.4.3 Summary of Berger's data -- 5.4.4 Other data obtained using short towers (≤100 m) -- 5.4.5 Data from tall towers -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Lightning electromagnetic field calculations in the presence of a conducting ground: the numerical treatment of Sommerfeld's integrals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Lightning electromagnetic field calculation in presence of a lossy ground with constant electrical parameters -- 6.2.1 Over-ground electromagnetic field -- 6.2.2 Underground electromagnetic field -- 6.3 Lightning electromagnetic field calculation in presence of a lossy ground with frequency-dependent electrical parameters -- 6.3.1 The dependence of soil conductivity and permittivity on the frequency -- 6.3.2 Numerical simulation of over-ground and underground lightning electromagnetic field -- 6.4 Lightning electromagnetic field calculation in presence of a lossy and horizontally stratified ground -- 6.4.1 Statement of the problem and derivation of the Green's functions for the electromagnetic field -- 6.4.2 Derivation of the lightning electromagnetic field -- 6.4.3 The reflection coefficient R -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Lightning electromagnetic field propagation: a survey on the available approximate expressions -- 7.1 Lightning electromagnetic fields over a homogeneous soil -- 7.1.1 Horizontal electric field - Cooray-Rubinstein (CR) formula -- 7.1.2 Vertical electric field and azimuthal magnetic field -- 7.1.3 Lightning electromagnetic fields under the ground-Cooray formula -- 7.2 Electromagnetic fields propagation along a horizontally stratified ground. ; 7.2.1 Lightning electromagnetic fields for a two-layer horizontally stratified ground: a simplified formulation -- 7.2.2 Validation of the simplified formula -- 7.3 Electromagnetic fields propagation along a vertically stratified ground -- 7.3.1 Lightning electromagnetic fields for a two-layer vertically stratified ground: a simplified formulation -- 7.3.2 Validation of the simplified formula -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- 8 Interaction of lightning-generated electromagnetic fields with overhead and underground cables -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Transmission line theory -- 8.3 Electromagnetic field interaction with overhead lines -- 8.3.1 Single-wire line above a perfectly conducting ground -- 8.3.2 Taylor, Satterwhite, and Harrison model -- 8.3.3 Agrawal, Price, and Gurbaxani model -- 8.3.4 Rachidi model -- 8.3.5 Rusck model and its extensions -- 8.3.6 Inclusion of losses -- 8.3.7 Multiconductor lines -- 8.3.8 Coupling to complex networks -- 8.3.9 Frequency-domain solutions -- 8.3.10 Time-domain solutions -- 8.3.11 Analytical solutions -- 8.3.12 Application to lightning-induced voltages -- 8.4 Electromagnetic field interaction with buried cables -- 8.4.1 Field-to-buried cables coupling equations -- 8.4.2 Frequency-domain solutions -- 8.4.3 Time-domain solutions -- 8.4.4 Lightning-induced disturbances in a buried cable -- 8.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Application of scale models to the study of lightning transients in power transmission and distribution systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basis of scale modeling -- 9.3 Simulation of the electromagnetic environment -- 9.3.1 Lightning channel -- 9.3.2 Ground -- 9.3.3 Overhead lines -- 9.3.4 Transformers -- 9.3.5 Surge arresters -- 9.3.6 Buildings -- 9.3.7 Transmission line towers -- 9.4 Evaluation of lightning surges in power lines. ; 9.4.1 Investigations associated with direct strokes -- 9.4.2 Investigations associated with indirect strokes -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Lightning interaction with the ionosphere -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The full-wave FDTD model of lightning EMPs interaction with the D-region ionosphere -- 10.2.1 The parameterization of the lower D-region ionosphere -- 10.2.2 3D spherical model -- 10.2.3 2D symmetric polar model -- 10.3 VLF/LF signal of lightning EM fields propagation through the EIWG -- 10.3.1 The effect of Earth's curvature -- 10.3.2 The effect of the ground conductivity -- 10.3.3 The effect of different D-region ionospheric profiles -- 10.4 Application to the propagation of NBEs at different distances in the EIWG -- 10.5 Application to lightning EM field propagation over a mountainous terrain -- 10.6 Application to the optical emissions of lightning-induced transient luminous events in the nonlinear D-region ionosphere -- 10.7 Summary -- References -- 11 Lightning effects in the mesosphere -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sprites -- 11.2.1 Basic properties and morphology of sprites -- 11.2.2 Mechanism of the sprite nucleation -- 11.2.3 Sprite development -- 11.2.4 Sprite models -- 11.2.5 Inner structure and color of sprites -- 11.2.6 ELF/VLF electromagnetic fields produced by sprites -- 11.2.7 Effects of sprites on the ionosphere -- 11.3 Blue jet, blue starter, and gigantic jet -- 11.3.1 Basic properties and morphology of blue and gigantic jets -- 11.3.2 Development of gigantic jet -- 11.3.3 Models of gigantic jet -- 11.4 Elves -- 11.5 Other transient atmospheric phenomena possibly related to lightning activity -- 11.5.1 Gnomes and Pixies -- 11.5.2 Transient atmospheric events -- 11.5.3 Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes -- References. ; 12 The effects of lightning on the ionosphere/magnetosphere: whistlers and ionospheric Alfvén resonator.
• Sommario/riassunto: Understanding lightning is of importance due to the increase in extreme weather events. The 2nd edition of this classic work has been thoroughly updated and revised, with new content on EM radiation at various wavelengths. Volume 1 treats electrodynamics, whilst volume 2 addresses effects and modelling.
• Altri titoli varianti: Lightning Electromagnetics. Volume 2
• Titolo autorizzato: Lightning Electromagnetics
• ISBN: 1-83724-490-1; 1-5231-5544-2; 1-78561-542-4
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911007158303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Energy Engineering Series