Handbook of GC-MS : Fundamentals and Applications

• Autore: Hübschmann Hans-Joachim
• Pubblicazione: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2025; ©2025
• Edizione: 4th ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (808 pages)
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Historical Development of the GC‐MS Technique -- References -- Chapter 2 Fundamentals -- 2.1 Sample Preparation -- 2.1.1 QuEChERS Sample Preparation -- 2.1.2 Dispersive Liquid/Liquid Microextraction -- 2.1.3 Solid Phase Extraction -- 2.1.3.1 Online Solid Phase Extraction -- 2.1.3.2 Micro Solid Phase Extraction -- 2.1.4 Solid Phase Microextraction -- 2.1.4.1 Solid Phase Microextraction Devices -- 2.1.4.2 Solid Phase Microextraction Operation for GC‐MS -- 2.1.4.3 Solid Phase Microextraction Sorbent Materials -- 2.1.5 Static Headspace Technique -- 2.1.5.1 Measures for Improved Headspace Response -- 2.1.5.2 Quantitation by Multiple Headspace Extraction -- 2.1.5.3 Headspace Analysis Operation -- 2.1.6 Dynamic Headspace - Purge & -- Trap Technique -- 2.1.6.1 Coupling of Purge and Trap with GC‐MS Systems -- 2.1.6.2 Modes of Operation of Purge and Trap Systems -- 2.1.6.3 Static Headspace vs. Purge and Trap -- 2.1.7 Dynamic Headspace - In‐Tube Extraction -- 2.1.8 Adsorptive Enrichment and Thermal Desorption -- 2.1.8.1 Sample Collection -- 2.1.8.2 Calibration -- 2.1.8.3 Desorption -- 2.1.9 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction -- 2.1.10 Pyrolysis -- 2.1.10.1 Foil Pyrolysis -- 2.1.10.2 Curie Point Pyrolysis -- 2.1.10.3 Micro‐Furnace Pyrolysis -- 2.1.11 Thermal Extraction (Outgassing) -- 2.1.12 Liquid Chromatography Clean‐up -- 2.1.13 Pressurized Liquid Extraction -- 2.1.13.1 In‐Cell Clean‐up -- 2.1.13.2 In‐Cell Hydrocarbon Oxidation -- References -- Section 2.1 Sample Preparation -- Section 2.1.1 QuEChERS Sample Preparation -- Section 2.1.2 Dispersive Liquid/Liquid Microextraction -- Section 2.1.3 Solid Phase Extraction -- Section 2.1.4 Solid Phase Microextraction -- Section 2.1.5 Static Headspace Techniques. ; Section 2.1.6 Dynamic Headspace - Purge & -- Trap Technique -- Section 2.1.7 Dynamic Headspace - In‐Tube Extraction -- Section 2.1.8 Adsorptive Enrichment and Thermal Desorption -- Section 2.1.9 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction -- Section 2.1.10 Pyrolysis -- Section 2.1.11 Thermal Extraction (Outgassing) -- Section 2.1.12 Liquid Chromatography Clean‐up -- Section 2.1.13 Pressurized Liquid Extraction -- 2.2 Gas Chromatography -- 2.2.1 Sample Inlet Systems -- 2.2.2 Carrier Gas Regulation -- 2.2.2.1 Forward Pressure Regulation -- 2.2.2.2 Back Pressure Regulation -- 2.2.2.3 Carrier Gas Saving -- 2.2.3 Injection Port Septa -- 2.2.3.1 Septum Purge -- 2.2.3.2 The MicroSeal Septum -- 2.2.4 Injection Port Liner -- 2.2.4.1 Split Injection -- 2.2.4.2 Splitless Injection -- 2.2.4.3 Liner Activity and Deactivation -- 2.2.4.4 Liner Geometry -- 2.2.5 Hot Split/Splitless Sample Injection Techniques -- 2.2.5.1 Hot Needle Thermospray Injection Technique -- 2.2.5.2 Cold Needle Liquid Band Injection Technique -- 2.2.5.3 Filled Needle Injections -- 2.2.5.4 Split Injection -- 2.2.5.5 Splitless Injection (Total Sample Transfer) -- 2.2.5.6 Concurrent Solvent Recondensation -- 2.2.5.7 Concurrent Backflush -- 2.2.6 Temperature Programmable Injectors -- 2.2.6.1 PTV Injection Modes -- 2.2.6.2 Cryofocusing -- 2.2.7 Non‐Vaporizing Injection Techniques -- 2.2.7.1 On‐Column Injection -- 2.2.7.2 PTV On‐Column Injection -- 2.2.7.3 LC‐GC Coupling -- 2.2.8 Capillary Column Choice and Separation Optimization -- 2.2.8.1 Choice of Carrier Gas -- 2.2.8.2 Optimization of the Carrier Gas Flow -- 2.2.8.3 Sample Capacity -- 2.2.8.4 Internal Diameter -- 2.2.8.5 Film Thickness -- 2.2.8.6 Column Length -- 2.2.8.7 Properties of Column Phases -- 2.2.8.8 Ionic Liquid Phases -- 2.2.9 Chromatography Parameters -- 2.2.9.1 The Chromatogram and its Meaning -- 2.2.9.2 Capacity Factor k′. ; 2.2.9.3 Chromatographic Resolution -- 2.2.9.4 Factors Affecting the Resolution -- 2.2.9.5 Maximum Sample Capacity -- 2.2.9.6 Peak Symmetry -- 2.2.9.7 Effect of Oven Temperature Ramp Rate -- 2.2.10 Fast Gas Chromatography Solutions -- 2.2.10.1 Fast Chromatography -- 2.2.10.2 Vacuum Outlet (Low Pressure) Chromatography -- 2.2.10.3 Ultra‐Fast Chromatography -- 2.2.10.4 Flow‐Field Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography -- 2.2.11 Multi‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography -- 2.2.11.1 Heart Cutting -- 2.2.11.2 Comprehensive GC - GC × GC -- 2.2.11.3 Modulation -- 2.2.11.4 Detection -- 2.2.11.5 Data Handling -- 2.2.11.6 Moving Capillary Stream Switching -- 2.2.12 Classical Detectors for GC‐MS Systems -- 2.2.12.1 Atomic Emission Detector (AED) -- 2.2.12.2 Electron Capture Detector (ECD) -- 2.2.12.3 Electrolytical Conductivity Detector (ELCD) -- 2.2.12.4 Flame‐Ionization Detector (FID) -- 2.2.12.5 Flamephotometric Detector (FPD) -- 2.2.12.6 Helium Ionization Detector (HID) -- 2.2.12.7 Nitrogen‐Phosphorous Detector (NPD) -- 2.2.12.8 Pulsed Discharge Detector (PDD) -- 2.2.12.9 Photo Ionization Detector (PID) -- 2.2.12.10 Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detector (SCD) -- 2.2.12.11 Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) -- 2.2.12.12 Vacuum Ultra Violet Detector (VUV) -- 2.2.12.13 Olfactometry -- 2.2.12.14 Classical Detectors Parallel to the Mass Spectrometer -- 2.2.12.15 Microchannel Devices -- References -- Section 2.2.1 Sample Inlet Systems -- Section 2.2.2 Carrier Gas Regulation -- Section 2.2.3 Injection Port Septa -- Section 2.2.4 Injection Port Liner -- Section 2.2.5 Hot Split/Splitless Sample Injection Techniques -- Section 2.2.6 Temperature Programmable Injectors -- Section 2.2.7 Non‐Vaporizing injection Techniques -- Section 2.2.8 Capillary Column Choice and Separation -- Section 2.2.9 Chromatography Parameters -- Section 2.2.10 Fast Gas Chromatography Solutions. ; Section 2.2.11 Multi‐dimensional Gas Chromatography -- Section 2.2.12 Classical Detectors for GC‐MS Systems -- 2.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 2.3.1 Ionization -- 2.3.1.1 Electron Ionization -- 2.3.1.2 Chemical Ionization -- 2.3.2 Mass Analysis -- 2.3.2.1 Resolving Power and Resolution in Mass Spectrometry -- 2.3.2.2 Quadrupole and Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer -- 2.3.2.3 Sector Field Mass Spectrometer -- 2.3.2.4 Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer -- 2.3.2.5 Time‐of‐Flight Analyzer -- 2.3.2.6 Ion Mobility Analyzer -- 2.3.2.7 High and Low Mass Resolution in the Case of Dioxin Analysis -- 2.3.3 Isotope Ratio Monitoring GC‐MS -- 2.3.3.1 The Principles of Isotope Ratio Monitoring -- 2.3.3.2 Notations in irm‐GC‐MS -- 2.3.3.3 Isotopic Fractionation -- 2.3.3.4 irm‐GC‐MS Technology -- 2.3.3.5 The Open Split Interface -- 2.3.3.6 Compound Specific Isotope Analysis -- 2.3.3.7 Online Combustion for δ13C and δ15N Determination -- 2.3.3.8 The Oxidation Reactor -- 2.3.3.9 The Reduction Reactor -- 2.3.3.10 Water Removal -- 2.3.3.11 The Liquid Nitrogen Trap -- 2.3.3.12 Online High Temperature Conversion for δ2H and δ18O Determination -- 2.3.3.13 Mass Spectrometer for Isotope Ratio Analysis -- 2.3.3.14 Injection of Reference Gases -- 2.3.3.15 Isotope Reference Materials -- 2.3.4 Acquisition Techniques in GC‐MS -- 2.3.4.1 Detection of the Complete Mass Spectrum (Full Scan) -- 2.3.4.2 Recording Individual Masses (SIM) -- 2.3.4.3 High Resolution Accurate Mass SIM Data Acquisition -- 2.3.4.4 MS/MS - Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- 2.3.5 Mass Calibration -- 2.3.6 Vacuum Systems -- References -- Section 2.3 Mass Spectrometry -- Section 2.3.1 Ionization -- Section 2.3.2 Mass Analysis -- Section 2.3.3 Isotope Ratio Monitoring GC‐MS -- Section 2.3.4 Acquisition Techniques in GC‐MS -- Section 2.3.5 Mass Calibration -- Section 2.3.6 Vacuum Systems -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of GC‐MS Analyses. ; 3.1 Display of Chromatograms -- 3.1.1 Total Ion Current Chromatograms -- 3.1.2 Mass Chromatograms -- 3.2 Substance Identification -- 3.2.1 Reading Mass Spectra -- 3.2.2 Extraction of Mass Spectra -- 3.2.2.1 Manual Spectrum Subtraction -- 3.2.2.2 Deconvolution of Mass Spectra -- 3.2.3 The Retention Index -- 3.2.4 Libraries of Mass Spectra -- 3.2.4.1 Universal Mass Spectral Libraries -- 3.2.4.2 Application Libraries of Mass Spectra -- 3.2.5 Library Search Programs -- 3.2.5.1 The NIST Search Procedure -- 3.2.6 Interpretation of Mass Spectra -- 3.2.6.1 Isotope Patterns -- 3.2.6.2 Fragmentation and Rearrangement Reactions -- 3.2.6.3 DMOX Derivatives for Location of Double Bond Positions -- 3.2.7 Mass Spectroscopic Features of Selected Substance Classes -- 3.2.7.1 Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 3.2.7.2 Benzene/Toluene/Ethylbenzene/Xylenes (BTEX, Alkylaromatics) -- 3.2.7.3 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons -- 3.2.7.4 Phenols -- 3.2.7.5 Pesticides -- 3.2.7.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- 3.2.7.7 Polychlorinated Dioxins/Furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) -- 3.2.7.8 Drugs -- 3.2.7.9 Explosives -- 3.2.7.10 Chemical Warfare Agents -- 3.2.7.11 Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) -- 3.3 Quantitation -- 3.3.1 Acquisition Rate -- 3.3.2 Decision Limit -- 3.3.3 Detection Limit -- 3.3.4 Limit of Quantitation -- 3.3.5 Sensitivity -- 3.3.6 The Calibration Function -- 3.3.7 Quantitation and Standardization -- 3.3.7.1 External Standardization -- 3.3.7.2 Internal Standardization -- 3.3.7.3 Standard Addition -- 3.4 Frequently Occurring Impurities -- References -- Section 3.1 Display of Chromatograms -- Section 3.2.2 Extraction of Mass Spectra -- Section 3.2.3 The Retention Index -- Section 3.2.4 Libraries of Mass Spectra -- Section 3.2.5 Library Search Programs -- Section 3.2.6 Interpretation of Mass Spectra -- Section 3.2.7 Mass Spectroscopic Features of Selected Substance Classes. ; Section 3.3 Quantitation.
• Sommario/riassunto: Essential handbook for all analytical scientists and laboratories using GC-MS, covering both the fundamental and practical aspects of this analytical technique From essentials to applications, Handbook of GC-MS:Fundamentals and Applications is a comprehensive reference and training compendium on the popular and evolving technique of GC-MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), guiding readers through the most used sample preparation methods for GC-MS and method development, with many practical indications supporting the design of optimized analyses, and providing practical approaches to data processing, compound identification, and quantification. The text details both a solid background and principles of operation, as well as a broad range of current real-life examples taken from laboratories in environmental, food, pharmaceutical, and forensic analysis. It also features a glossary of more than 300 terms, and a comprehensive substance index that facilitates finding a specific application. This timely Fourth Edition covers the latest developments in automated sample preparation techniques and instrumentation, also with the focus on Green Analytical Chemistry. This comprehensive handbook presents GC-MS applications in various fields, with coverage of the well-known QuEChERS pesticide extraction, solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction, static and dynamic headspace analysis, liquid/liquid extraction, outgassing, and thermal desorption, including pyrolysis. Single and triple quadrupole, Orbitrap, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, ion mobility and isotope ratio MS are discussed with their advantages and limitations. Sample topics covered in Handbook of GC-MS: Fundamentals and Applications include: Sample inlet systems for hot needle, liquid band injection with large volume and LC-GC application, carrier gas saving, choice of columns, septa and injection port liners Optimization of the GC method with carrier gas flow, effect of oven temperature ramp rates, fast GC, and multi-dimensional gas chromatography Ionization processes, electron and chemical ionization, resolution power in mass spectrometry, reading and interpreting mass spectra Extraction of mass spectra, manual spectrum subtraction, deconvolution of mass spectra, retention index, and library search of mass spectra Typical mass spectra of common analyte groups like pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, drugs; explosives; and of frequently occurring impurities Quantification using external and internal standards and standard addition methods. Determination of the limits of detection and quantitation. Applications covering food, water, flavor and fragrance, metabolomics, forensic and material analysis The Handbook of GC-MS: Fundamentals and Applications is an essential reference for the daily GC-MS practice and application of new methods. It serves as an excellent introduction for newcomers as well as an educational resource about this analytical technique. Analytical chemists, chromatographers, environmental chemists, food chemists, and pharmaceutical chemists will find it of high practical use.
• Titolo autorizzato: Handbook of GC-MS
• ISBN: 9783527847648; 3527847642; 9783527847624; 3527847626; 9783527847631; 3527847634
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911020029303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II