Chemical technology : an integral textbook / / Andrea Jess and Peter Wasserscheid

• Autore: Jess Andrea
• Pubblicazione: Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH, c2013
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xxxvii, 850 p.) : ill
• Disciplina: 660
• Soggetto topico: Chemistry, Technical; Chemical engineering
• Altri autori: WasserscheidPeter
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Chemical Technology: An Integral Textbook -- Contents -- Preface -- Notation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Chemical Technology? -- 1.2 The Chemical Industry -- 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry -- 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds -- 2.1.1 Factors that In.uence the Electronic Nature of Bonds and Atoms -- 2.1.2 Steric Effects -- 2.1.3 Classification of Reagents -- 2.2 General Classification of Reactions -- 2.2.1 Acid-Base Catalyzed Reactions -- 2.2.2 Reactions via Free Radicals -- 2.2.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions -- 2.2.4 Reactions via Carbocations -- 2.2.5 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions at Aromatic Compounds -- 2.2.6 Electrophilic Addition Reactions -- 2.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions -- 2.2.8 Asymmetric Synthesis -- 2.3 Catalysis -- 2.3.1 Introduction and General Aspects -- 2.3.2 Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biocatalysis -- 2.3.3 Production and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 2.3.4 Deactivation of Catalysts -- 2.3.5 Future Trends in Catalysis Research -- 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations -- 3.1 Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids -- 3.1.1 Ideal and Real Gas -- 3.1.2 Heat Capacities and the Joule-Thomson Effect -- 3.1.3 Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Vaporization and Melting -- 3.1.4 Transport Properties (Diffusivity, Viscosity, Heat Conduction) -- 3.1.4.1 Basic Equations for Transfer of Heat, Mass, and Momentum -- 3.1.4.2 Transport Coefficients of Gases -- 3.1.4.3 Transport Coefficients of Liquids -- 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering -- 3.2.1 Heat Transport -- 3.2.1.1 Heat Conduction -- 3.2.1.2 Heat Transfer by Convection (Heat Transfer Coefficients) -- 3.2.1.3 Boiling Heat Transfer -- 3.2.1.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation -- 3.2.1.5 Transient Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection -- 3.2.2 Mass Transport. ; 3.2.2.1 Forced Flow in Empty Tubes and Hydrodynamic Entrance Region -- 3.2.2.2 Steady-State and Transient Diffusive Mass Transfer -- 3.2.2.3 Diffusion in Porous Solids -- 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations -- 3.3.1 Heat Exchangers (Recuperators and Regenerators) -- 3.3.2 Distillation -- 3.3.2.1 Distillation Principles -- 3.3.2.2 Design of Distillation Columns (Ideal Mixtures) -- 3.3.2.3 Azeotropic, Extractive, and Pressure Swing Distillation -- 3.3.2.4 Reactive Distillation -- 3.3.3 Absorption (Gas Scrubbing) -- 3.3.3.1 Absorption Principles -- 3.3.3.2 Design of Absorption Columns -- 3.3.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 3.3.4.1 Extraction Principles -- 3.3.4.2 Design of Extraction Processes -- 3.3.5 Adsorption -- 3.3.5.1 Adsorption Principles -- 3.3.5.2 Design of Adsorption Processes -- 3.3.6 Fluid-Solid Extraction -- 3.3.6.1 Principles of Fluid-Solid Extraction -- 3.3.6.2 Design of Fluid-Solid Extractions -- 3.3.7 Crystallization -- 3.3.7.1 Ideal Binary Eutectic Phase System -- 3.3.7.2 Ideal Binary Phase System with Both Solids Completely Soluble in One Another -- 3.3.8 Separation by Membranes -- 3.3.8.1 Principles of Membrane Separation -- 3.3.8.2 Applications of Membrane Separation Processes -- 3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations -- 3.4.1 Conveyance of Fluids -- 3.4.1.1 Pressure Loss in Empty Tubes -- 3.4.1.2 Pressure Loss in Fixed, Fluidized, and Entrained Beds -- 3.4.1.3 Compressors and Pumps -- 3.4.2 Contacting and Mixing of Fluids -- 3.4.3 Crushing and Screening of Solids -- 3.4.3.1 Particle Size Reduction -- 3.4.3.2 Particle Size Analysis -- 3.4.3.3 Screening and Classification of Particles (Size Separation) -- 3.4.3.4 Solid-Solid Separation (Sorting of Different Solids) -- 3.4.4 Separation of Solids from Fluids -- 3.4.4.1 Filtration -- 3.4.4.2 Separation of Solids from Fluids by Sedimentation. ; 3.4.4.3 Screening and Classification of Particles (Size Separation) -- 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering -- 4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering -- 4.1.1 Design Aspects and Scale-Up Dimensions of Chemical Reactors -- 4.1.2 Speed of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions -- 4.1.3 Influence of Reactor Type on Productivity -- 4.1.4 Terms used to Characterize the Composition of a Reaction Mixture -- 4.1.5 Terms used to Quantify the Result of a Chemical Conversion -- 4.1.6 Reaction Time and Residence Time -- 4.1.7 Space Velocity and Space-Time Yield -- 4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics -- 4.2.1 Introduction and Perfect Gas Equilibria -- 4.2.2 Real Gas Equilibria -- 4.2.3 Equilibrium of Liquid-Liquid Reactions -- 4.2.4 Equilibrium of Gas-Solid Reactions -- 4.2.5 Calculation of Simultaneous Equilibria -- 4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions -- 4.3.1 Rate Equation: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Order -- 4.3.1.1 First-Order Reaction -- 4.3.1.2 Reaction of n-th Order -- 4.3.1.3 Second-Order Reaction -- 4.3.2 Parallel Reactions and Reactions in Series -- 4.3.2.1 Two Parallel First-Order Reactions -- 4.3.2.2 Two First-Order Reactions in Series -- 4.3.3 Reversible Reactions -- 4.3.4 Reactions with Varying Volume (for the Example of a Batch Reactor) -- 4.4 Kinetics of Fluid-Fluid Reactions -- 4.4.1 Mass Transfer at a Gas-Liquid Interface (Two-Film Theory) -- 4.4.2 Mass Transfer with (Slow) Homogeneous Reaction in the Bulk Phase -- 4.4.3 Mass Transfer with Fast or Instantaneous Reaction near or at the Interface -- 4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions -- 4.5.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions -- 4.5.2 Chemical Reaction Rate: Surface Kinetics -- 4.5.2.1 Sorption on the Surface of Solid Catalysts -- 4.5.2.2 Rate Equations for Heterogeneously Catalyzed Surface Reactions. ; 4.5.3 Reaction on a Solid Catalyst and Interfacial Transport of Mass and Heat -- 4.5.3.1 Interaction of External Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction -- 4.5.3.2 Combined Influence of External Mass and Heat Transfer on the Effective Rate -- 4.5.4 Chemical Reaction and Internal Transport of Mass and Heat -- 4.5.4.1 Pore Diffusion Resistance and Effective Reaction Rate -- 4.5.4.2 Combined Influence of Pore Diffusion and Intraparticle Heat Transport -- 4.5.5 Simultaneous Occurrence of Interfacial and Internal Mass Transport Effects -- 4.5.5.1 Irreversible First-Order Reaction -- 4.5.5.2 Reversible First-Order Reaction with the In.uence of External and Internal Mass Transfer -- 4.5.6 Influence of External and Internal Mass Transfer on Selectivity -- 4.5.6.1 Influence of External Mass Transfer on the Selectivity of Reactions in Series -- 4.5.6.2 Influence of External Mass Transfer on the Selectivity of Parallel Reactions -- 4.5.6.3 Influence of Pore Diffusion on the Selectivity of Reactions in Series -- 4.5.6.4 Influence of Pore Diffusion on the Selectivity of Parallel Reactions -- 4.6 Kinetics of Gas-Solid Reactions -- 4.6.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Gas-Solid Reactions -- 4.6.2 Reaction of a Gas with a Non-porous Solid -- 4.6.2.1 Survey of Border Cases and Models for a Reaction of a Gas with a Non-porous Solid -- 4.6.2.2 Shrinking Non-porous Unreacted Core and Solid Product Layer -- 4.6.2.3 Shrinking Non-porous Unreacted Core and Gaseous Product(s) -- 4.6.3 Reaction of a Gas with a Porous Solid -- 4.6.3.1 Survey of Border Cases and Models for a Reaction of a Gas with a Porous Solid -- 4.6.3.2 Basic Equations for the Conversion of a Porous Solid with a Gaseous Reactant -- 4.6.3.3 General Closed Solution by Combined Model (Approximation) -- 4.6.3.4 Homogeneous Uniform Conversion Model (No Concentration Gradients). ; 4.6.3.5 Shrinking Unreacted Core Model (Rate Determined by Diffusion Through Product Layer) -- 4.7 Criteria used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas-Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions -- 4.7.1 External Mass Transfer Through Boundary Layer -- 4.7.2 External Heat Transfer -- 4.7.3 Internal Mass Transfer -- 4.7.4 Internal Heat Transfer -- 4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions -- 4.8.1 Homogeneous and Enzyme Catalysis in a Single-Phase System -- 4.8.2 Homogeneous Two-Phase Catalysis -- 4.9 Kinetics of Gas-Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts -- 4.9.1 Introduction -- 4.9.2 High Concentration of Liquid Reactant B (or pure B) and Slightly Soluble Gas -- 4.9.3 Low Concentration of Liquid Reactant B and Highly Soluble Gas and/or High Pressure -- 4.10 Chemical Reactors -- 4.10.1 Overview of Reactor Types and their Characteristics -- 4.10.1.1 Brief Outline of Ideal and Real Reactors -- 4.10.1.2 Classi.cation of Real Reactors Based on the Mode of Operation -- 4.10.1.3 Classi.cation of Real Reactors According to the Phases -- 4.10.2 Ideal Isothermal Reactors -- 4.10.2.1 Well-Mixed (Discontinuous) Isothermal Batch Reactor -- 4.10.2.2 Continuously Operated Isothermal Ideal Tank Reactor -- 4.10.2.3 Continuously Operated Isothermal Ideal Tubular Reactor -- 4.10.2.4 Continuously Operated Isothermal Tubular Reactor with Laminar Flow -- 4.10.2.5 Continuously Operated Isothermal Cascade of Tank Reactors -- 4.10.2.6 Ideal Isothermal Tubular Recycle Reactor -- 4.10.2.7 Comparison of the Performance of Ideal Isothermal Reactors -- 4.10.3 Non-isothermal Ideal Reactors and Criteria for Prevention of Thermal Runaway -- 4.10.3.1 Well-Mixed (Discontinuously Operated) Non-isothermal Batch Reactor -- 4.10.3.2 Continuously Operated Non-isothermal Ideal Tank Reactor (CSTR). ; 4.10.3.3 Continuously Operated Non-isothermal Ideal Tubular Reactor.
• Sommario/riassunto: This textbook provides an integral and integrated treatment of industrial-relevant problems for students of both chemistry and chemical engineering. As such, this work combines the four disciplines of chemical technology - chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology - and is organized into two main parts. The first covers the fundamentals, as well as the analysis and design of industrial processes, while the second section presents 20 concrete processes, exemplifying the inherent applied nature of chemical technology. These are selected so that they all differ with respect to at least one important aspect, such as the type and design of the reactor, the chemistry involved or the separation process used. As a result, readers will recapitulate, deepen and exercise the chemical and engineering principles and their interplay, as well as being able to apply them to industrial practice. Instructive figures, rules of thumb for swift but reliable estimating of parameters, data of chemical media, and examples utilizing data from industrial processes facilitate and enhance the study process. A small general survey of selected modern trends, such as multifunctional and micro reactors, or new solvents for homogeneous catalysis, such as ionic liquids, point out to the reader that this is not a concluded discipline, but a developing field with many challenges waiting to be solved.
• Titolo autorizzato: Chemical technology
• ISBN: 9783527670628; 3527670629
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910965348003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: CourseSmart