Advances in energy storage : latest developments from R&D to the market / / edited by Andreas Hauer

• Pubblicazione: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (929 pages)
• Disciplina: 621.3126
• Soggetto topico: Energy storage
• Persona (resp. second.): HauerAndreas <1962->
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Advances in Energy Storage -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Energy Storage Solutions for Future Energy Systems -- 1.1 The Role of Energy Storage -- 1.2 The Definition of Energy Storage -- 1.2.1 What is an Energy Storage? -- 1.2.2 What is Actually Stored? -- 1.2.3 Energy Storage System and Its Application -- 1.2.4 Energy and Power Storage -- 1.2.5 Temporal Mismatch between Supply and Demand -- 1.3 Technologies for Energy Storage -- 1.3.1 How Can Energy be Stored? -- 1.3.2 Structure of Energy Storage Technologies -- 1.4 Applications for Energy Storage -- 1.4.1 List of Applications -- 1.4.2 Energy Storage Configurations and New Fields of Application -- Part I Electrochemical, Electrical, and Super Magnetic Energy Storages -- 2 An Introduction to Electrochemistry in Modern Power Sources -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Electrode Reactions -- 2.3 Electrochemical Cells -- 2.4 The Case for Electrochemical Power Sources -- 2.5 The Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells -- 2.6 The Actual Cell Voltage: Thermodynamic, Electrode Kinetic, and Ohmic Losses -- 2.7 Faraday's Laws and Charge Capacity -- 2.8 The Performance of Cells: Charge Capacity and Specific Energy Capability -- 2.9 Types of Electrochemical Device for Energy Conversion -- 3 Standalone Batteries for Power Backup and Energy Storage -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Standalone Battery Technologies -- 3.2.1 Lead-acid Battery -- 3.2.2 Lithium-ion Battery -- 3.2.3 Redox Flow Batteries -- 3.2.4 Sodium-Sulfur Battery -- 3.3 Comparisons -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 4 Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Battery Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Classical Batteries -- 4.3 Summary -- 4.4 Future Perspectives -- 4.5 Future Developments -- 5 Supercapacitors for Short-term, High Power Energy Storage -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrode Materials -- 5.2.1 Carbons -- 5.2.2 Conducting Polymers. ; 5.2.3 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides -- 5.2.4 Other Metal Compounds -- 5.3 Supercapacitor Devices -- 5.3.1 Symmetric Supercapacitors -- 5.3.2 Asymmetric (Hybrid) Supercapacitors -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 5.4.1 Materials -- 5.4.2 Devices -- 5.5 Outlook -- 5.5.1 The Importance of Materials -- 6 Overview of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Technology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Principle of SMES -- 6.2.1 The Configuration of SMES -- 6.2.2 The Components of SMES -- 6.3 Development Status of SMES -- 6.3.1 SMES with LTc Superconductor -- 6.3.2 SMES with HTc Superconductor -- 6.3.3 Simulation Research about the Application of SMES in a Power Grid -- 6.4 Development Trend of SMES -- 6.4.1 Promising Ways to Develop SMES -- 6.4.2 Promising Applications of SMES -- 6.5 Research Topics for Developing SMES -- 6.5.1 Key Problems Concerned with SMES Components -- 6.5.2 Key Problems Concerned with SMES Operation -- 6.6 Conclusions -- 7 Key Technologies of Superconducting Magnets for SMES -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Key Parameters of SMES Magnets -- 7.1.2 Structures of SMES Magnets -- 7.2 The Development of SMES Magnets -- 7.2.1 LTS SMES -- 7.2.2 HTS SMES -- 7.3 Considerations in the Design of SMES Magnets -- 7.3.1 The Current-carrying Capacity -- 7.3.2 Mechanical Properties -- 7.3.3 AC Loss and the Cooling Design -- 7.3.4 Insulation Design -- 7.3.5 The Optimization Design and the Field-circuit Coupling Design -- 7.4 Current Leads of SMES Magnets -- 7.4.1 Classification of Current Leads -- 7.4.2 The Method of Designing Current Leads -- 7.4.3 Cases of Current Leads -- 7.5 Quench Protection for SMES Magnets -- 7.6 Summary -- 8 Testing Technologies for Developing SMES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 HTS Tape Property Test Method -- 8.2.1 HTS Tapes Critical Current Measurement -- 8.2.2 AC Loss Measurement of High Temperature Superconducting Tapes. ; 8.3 Magnet Coils Experimental Methods -- 8.3.1 AC Loss Measurements of the Superconducting Coil -- 8.3.2 SMES Superconducting Magnet's Inductance Measurement -- 8.3.3 SMES Superconducting Magnet's Insulation Measurement -- 8.4 SMES Test -- 8.4.1 Preparation Work -- 8.4.2 Test of the Magnet -- 8.4.3 Test of Power Regulation Characteristic -- 8.4.4 Response Characteristic of an SMES System Test -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9 Superconducting Wires and Tapes for SMES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 A Brief Explanation of Superconductivity -- 9.2.1 Zero Resistance and the Messiner Effect -- 9.2.2 Critical Parameters of a Superconductor -- 9.2.3 Type I and Type II Superconductors -- 9.2.4 Flux Motion and AC Loss -- 9.2.5 Stability of Superconducting Wires -- 9.2.6 Key Paramaters for Evaluating a Superconducting Wire -- 9.3 Wires Made from LTc Superconductors -- 9.3.1 NbTi -- 9.3.2 Nb3Sn -- 9.4 Wires or Tapes Made from HTc Superconductors -- 9.4.1 BSCCO-2223/Ag Tapes -- 9.4.2 REBCO Coated Conductors -- 9.4.3 BSCCO-2212 -- 9.4.4 Research on Larger Current HTS Conductors -- 9.4.5 MgB2 -- 9.5 Discussion -- 10 Cryogenic Technology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Function of Cryogenic for SMES -- 10.1.2 Cool-down Method of Superconducting Magnets -- 10.2 Cryogens -- 10.2.1 Cryogenic Media -- 10.2.2 Helium (He) -- 10.2.3 Nitrogen (N2) -- 10.3 Cryo-cooler -- 10.3.1 Stirling Refrigerator -- 10.3.2 GM Refrigerator -- 10.3.3 Pulse Tube Refrigerator -- 10.3.4 Development Trends -- 10.4 Cryogenic System -- 10.4.1 Cryogenic System of Large-scale Magnet -- 10.4.2 Forced Cooling by Supercritical Helium -- 10.4.3 Conduction-cooled Method -- 10.5 Vacuum Technology -- 10.5.1 Vacuum Pump -- 10.5.2 Measurement of Vacuum -- 10.6 An Evaluation Method for Conduction-cooled SMES Cryogenic Cooling Systems -- 10.6.1 Definition of Factor -- 10.6.2 Evaluation Procedure -- 10.7 Case Study. ; 10.7.1 Circulating Liquid Helium Cooling System -- 10.7.2 Cryo-cooler-cooled System -- 10.7.3 Cryo-cooler and Liquid-nitrogen/Gas-helium Combined Cooling System -- 11 Control Strategies for Different Application Modes of SMES -- 11.1 Overview of the Control Strategies for SMES Applications -- 11.2 Robust Control for SMES in Coordination with Wind Generators -- 11.2.1 Problem Formulation: Stability Issues Brought by Renewable Sources -- 11.2.2 System Modeling and Analysis -- 11.2.3 Robust Coordinative Control Strategy -- 11.2.4 Simulation, Observations, and Conclusion -- 11.3 Anti-windup Compensation for SMES-Based Power System Damping Controller -- 11.3.1 Major Concern on the Capacity of SMES -- 11.3.2 Problem Formulation -- 11.3.3 Anti-windup Compensation Scheme -- 11.3.4 Simulation Validation -- 11.4 Monitoring and Control Unit of SMES -- 11.4.1 General Functionalities of the MCU for SMES -- 11.4.2 Design and Implementation -- 11.4.3 Laboratory and Field Tests -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Part II Mechanical Energy Storage and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage -- 12 Overview of Pumped Hydro Resource -- 12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage Basic Concepts -- 12.1.1 PHS Schematic Drawing -- 12.1.2 Pumping and Generating Cycles -- 12.1.3 PHS Basic Math. Calculation -- 12.1.4 Sub-types of PHS -- 12.1.5 PHS A Complex and Multidisciplinary Project -- 12.2 Historic Perspective -- 12.2.1 Before and Around 1900 -- 12.2.2 From 1920 to 1960 -- 12.2.3 From 1960 to 2000 -- 12.2.4 After 2000 -- 12.3 Worldwide Installed Base -- 12.4 The Future for PHS -- 13 Pumped Storage Machines - Motor Generators -- 13.1 Synchronous Machine Fixed Speed -- 13.1.1 Operating Principle and Components -- 13.1.2 Excitation System -- 13.1.3 Converters for Grid Connection -- 13.1.4 Power Chart -- 13.1.5 Load Change (P/M/n - Curve) -- 13.1.6 Advantages/Disadvantages. ; 13.2 Doubly fed Induction Machine Adjustable Speed (DFIM) -- 13.2.1 History -- 13.2.2 Operating Principle and Components -- 13.2.3 Converters for Grid Connection -- 13.2.4 Load Chance (P/M/n - Curve) -- 13.2.5 Advantages/Disadvantages -- 13.2.6 Comparison of Doubly Feed Induction Machine (DFIM) with Fixed Speed Synchronous Machine -- 13.3 Synchronous Machine Adjustable Speed (FFIM) -- 13.3.1 Operating Principle and Components -- 13.3.2 Converters for Grid Connection -- 13.3.3 Advantages/Disadvantages -- 13.3.4 Comparison of DFIM and FFIM -- 14 Pumped Storage Machines - Ternary Units -- 14.1 Ternary Units -- 14.1.1 Introduction -- 14.1.2 System of Pumped Storage Plant with Ternary Units -- 14.1.3 Arrangement and Machine Concepts of Ternary Units -- 14.1.4 Advantages of Ternary Units and Comparison to Pump Turbines -- 14.1.5 Examples of Pumped Storage Plants with Ternary Units -- 15 Hydro-Mechanical Equipment -- 15.1 Steel-lined Pressure Conduits -- 15.1.1 Introduction -- 15.1.2 General Layout of Pumped Storage Pressure Conduits -- 15.1.3 Loading Conditions and Main Analytical Approaches -- 15.1.4 Safety Concepts and Application of Standards -- 15.1.5 Aspects of Material Choice -- 15.2 Typical Control and Shut-Off Devices for Pumped Storage Plants -- 15.2.1 General Arrangement of Control and Shut-Off Devices -- 15.2.2 Gates and their Main Applications -- 15.2.3 Valves and their Main Applications -- 16 Pumped Storage Machines - Hydraulic Short-circuit Operation -- 16.1 Hydraulic Short-circuit Operation -- 16.1.1 Introduction -- 16.1.2 Regulation of Hydro Turbines and Storage Pumps -- 16.1.3 Example of Hydraulic Short-circuit -- 16.1.4 Purpose and Efficiency -- 16.1.5 Different Power Plant Concepts -- 16.1.6 Hydraulic Short-circuit with Ternary Units -- 16.1.7 Hydraulic Short-circuit with Multi-shaft Arrangements -- 16.1.8 Comparison of Concepts. ; 16.1.9 Implementation Hydraulic Short Circuit in Existing Plants.
• Sommario/riassunto: "Wherever energy is available but not immediately used, energy storage can be utilized. Energy storage technologies help to absorb energy and release it at a later time (or in a different place) when it is needed. Hence, energy storage makes surplus energy usable, and is, therefore, equivalent to energy sources like fossil fuels and their market competion. Conventional energy resources - crude oil, natural gas and coal, for example - share many energy storage qualities while not being renewable. They allow for a wide variety of storage methods at high energy densities, for example 40 GJ/m℗đ for crude oil and coal. Considering these facts, energy storage technologies need to have either simi-lar technical characteristics or different advantages of an economic or ecologic nature. Electric mobility - may it be cars, public transportation or any other kind of vehicle - is a prime example of direct competition between a storage system and fossil fuels. The storage, i.e. the battery, is supposed to take in energy from, for ecological reasons, re-newable sources and deliver it whenever the consumer deems fit. At the same time, the storage needs to make the consumer physically independent of these energy sources. Besides a purely economic comparison of vehicles fitted with combustion and electric engines, environmental issues like air quality might cause a crucial bias toward the ener-gy storage. The cost of storage usually adds to the total energy cost. The cost for stored energy must not be significantly higher than the cost of energy supplied directly to the consumer. Prices, however, fluctuate with actual demand. Storages are economically most attractive when energy can be obtained at low cost and provided at a higher price during a peak in demand. With an increasing share of renewable energy, future energy systems will also have an increased need for balancing of supply and demand. Fluctuating renewable energy sources combined with energy storage systems are able to provide demand adapted en-ergy. This application will become the most relevant one in the next years."--
• Titolo autorizzato: Advances in Energy Storage
• ISBN: 1-119-76010-0; 1-119-23939-7; 1-119-76014-3
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910573100803321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II