Info
- Utilizzare la checkbox di selezione a fianco di ciascun documento per attivare le funzionalità di stampa, invio email, download nei formati disponibili del (i) record.
Advances in Fluid Power Systems
| Advances in Fluid Power Systems |
| Autore | Dindorf Ryszard |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 electronic resource (262 p.) |
| Soggetto topico |
Technology: general issues
History of engineering & technology Mechanical engineering & materials |
| Soggetto non controllato |
CFD analysis
directional control valve poppet valve flow resistance pressure loss reduction mechanical seal non-contacting face seal heat transfer thermal analysis aggressive driving hybrid electric vehicle driver behavior pneumatics hybrid systems fluid power air expansion noise reduction SPL measurement hydraulic motor effective absorbency theoretical working volume actual working volume volumetric efficiency mechanical efficiency gyroscope system sensitivity optimal regulator quadcopter FMEA failure analysis matrix FMEA vane pump simulation mechatronics control systems guided missile flight dynamics LQR control Kalman filter electronic oxygen regulator (EOR) pressure control disturbance observer sensitivity function frequency domain analysis molten salt reactor plant nonlinear dynamic model control system design transient characteristics analysis normal and accident conditions k pressure losses satellite motor water oil CFD calculation internal channels in motor pressure efficiency risk analysis fluid power systems small module dual fluid reactor delayed neutron precursor drifting load regulation uncertainty-based optimization particle swarm optimization uncertainty and sensitivity analysis |
| ISBN | 3-0365-5353-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910619470803321 |
Dindorf Ryszard
|
||
| MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks
| Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks |
| Autore | Creaco Enrico |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Basel, Switzerland, : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 electronic resource (290 p.) |
| Soggetto topico | History of engineering & technology |
| Soggetto non controllato |
drainage network
climate change rehabilitation optimization SWMM drainage networks flooding multi-objective optimization water network partition genetic algorithm hydraulic water quality actions asset management ANN prediction performance water utility water system NSGA-II GIS modeling leakage management urban water network management valve closing algorithm web 2.0 total suspended solids in-situ erosion sedimentation pressure pipe sewage water distribution systems pipe bursts hydraulic transients real-time control machine learning sediment transport model numerical simulation advection-dispersion equation water distribution networks transmission mains pump as turbine energy recovery hydropower multi-objective water consumption chaos theory local approximation Kelowna gene expression programming trapezoidal stretch transition stretch culvert open channel hydraulic factors sewer design stochastic sewer modelling wastewater quality household discharge reduced water consumption flow regime transition finite volume methods numerical oscillations numerical viscosity Preissmann slot model hydraulic simulation water demand emergency scenario intermittent water supply water management WaterGEMS software pressure control leakage reduction strategies water distribution system modeling urban drainage system modeling emergency scenarios leakage demand energy sediment transport |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910557142503321 |
|
Creaco Enrico
|
||
| Basel, Switzerland, : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Tuning and control loop performance / / Gregory K. McMillan
| Tuning and control loop performance / / Gregory K. McMillan |
| Autore | McMillan Gregory K. <1946-, > |
| Edizione | [Fourth edition.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | New York, [New York] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : , : Momentum Press, , 2015 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (584 pages) |
| Disciplina | 629.83 |
| Collana | Manufacturing and engineering collection |
| Soggetto topico |
Process control
Feedback control systems |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| Soggetto non controllato |
adaptive control
advanced regulatory control analyzer response auto tuner automation system batch optimization bioreactor control cascade control compressor control control loop performance control valve response external reset feedback feedforward control inverse response lambda tuning level control measurement response pH control PID control PID execution rate PID filter PID form PID structure PID tuning pressure control process control process disturbances process dynamics process interaction process metrics process nonlinearity process performance process response proportional-integral-derivative controller reactor control runaway reaction temperature control valve deadband valve position control valve resolution variable frequency drive response wireless control wireless response |
| ISBN | 1-60650-171-2 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
1. Fundamentals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Perspective -- 1.1.2 Overview -- 1.1.3 Recommendations -- 1.2 PID controller -- 1.2.1 Proportional mode -- 1.2.2 Integral mode -- 1.2.3 Derivative mode -- 1.2.4 ARW and output limits -- 1.2.5 Control action and valve action -- 1.2.6 Operating modes -- 1.3 Loop dynamics -- 1.3.1 Types of process responses -- 1.3.2 Dead times and time constants -- 1.3.3 Open loop self-regulating and integrating process gains -- 1.3.4 Deadband, resolution, and threshold sensitivity -- 1.4 Typical mode settings -- 1.5 Typical tuning methods -- 1.5.1 Lambda tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.2 Lambda tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.3 IMC tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.4 IMC tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.5 Skogestad internal model control tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.6 SIMC tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.7 Traditional open loop tuning -- 1.5.8 Modified Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve tuning -- 1.5.9 Modified Ziegler-Nichols ultimate oscillation tuning -- 1.5.10 Quarter amplitude oscillation tuning -- 1.5.11 SCM tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.12 SCM tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.13 SCM tuning for runaway processes -- 1.5.14 Maximizing absorption of variability tuning for surge tank level -- 1.6 Test results -- 1.6.1 Performance of tuning settings on dead time dominant processes -- 1.6.2 Performance of tuning settings on near-integrating processes -- 1.6.3 Performance of tuning settings on true integrating processes -- 1.6.4 Performance of tuning settings on runaway processes -- 1.6.5 Slow oscillations from low PID gain in integrating and runaway processes -- 1.6.6 Performance of tuning methods on various processes -- Key points --
2. Unified methodology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Perspective -- 2.1.2 Overview -- 2.1.3 Recommendations -- 2.2 PID features -- 2.2.1 PID form -- 2.2.2 External reset feedback -- 2.2.3 PID structure -- 2.2.4 Split range -- 2.2.5 Signal characterization -- 2.2.6 Feedforward -- 2.2.7 Decoupling -- 2.2.8 Output tracking and remote output -- 2.2.9 Setpoint filter, lead-lag, and rate limits -- 2.2.10 Enhanced PID for wireless and analyzers -- 2.3 Automation system difficulties -- 2.3.1 Open loop gain problems -- 2.3.2 Time constant problems -- 2.3.3 Dead time problems -- 2.3.4 Limit cycle problems -- 2.3.5 Noise problems -- 2.3.6 Accuracy and precision problems -- 2.4 Process objectives -- 2.4.1 Maximize turndown -- 2.4.2 Maximize safety and environmental protection -- 2.4.3 Minimize product variability -- 2.4.4 Maximize process efficiency and capacity -- 2.5 Step-by-step solutions -- 2.6 Test results -- Key points -- 3. Performance criteria -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Perspective -- 3.1.2 Overview -- 3.1.3 Recommendations -- 3.2 Disturbance response metrics -- 3.2.1 Accumulated error -- 3.2.2 Peak error -- 3.2.3 Disturbance lag -- 3.3 Setpoint response metrics -- 3.3.1 Rise time -- 3.3.2 Overshoot and undershoot -- Key points -- 4. Effect of process dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Perspective -- 4.1.2 Overview -- 4.1.3 Recommendations -- 4.2 Effect of mechanical design -- 4.2.1 Equipment and piping dynamics -- 4.2.2 Common equipment and piping design mistakes -- 4.3 Estimation of total dead time -- 4.4 Estimation of open loop gain -- 4.5 Major types of process responses -- 4.5.1 Self-regulating processes -- 4.5.2 Integrating processes -- 4.5.3 Runaway processes -- 4.6 Examples -- 4.6.1 Waste treatment pH loops (self-regulating process) -- 4.6.2 Boiler feedwater flow loop (self-regulating process) -- 4.6.3 Boiler drum level loop (integrating process) -- 4.6.4 Furnace pressure loop (near-integrating process) -- 4.6.5 Exothermic reactor cascade temperature loop (runaway process) -- 4.6.6 Biological reactor biomass concentration loop (runaway process) -- Key points -- 5. Effect of controller dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Perspective -- 5.1.2 Overview -- 5.1.3 Recommendations -- 5.2 Execution rate and filter time -- 5.2.1 First effect via equation for integrated error -- 5.2.2 Second effect via equations for implied dead time -- 5.3 Smart reset action -- 5.4 Diagnosis of tuning problems -- 5.5 Furnace pressure loop example (near-integrating) -- 5.6 Test results -- Key points -- 6. Effect of measurement dynamics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Perspective -- 6.1.2 Overview -- 6.1.3 Recommendations -- 6.2 Wireless update rate and transmitter damping -- 6.2.1 First effect via equation for integrated error -- 6.2.2 Second effect via equations for implied dead time -- 6.3 Analyzers -- 6.4 Sensor lags and delays -- 6.5 Noise and repeatability -- 6.6 Threshold sensitivity and resolution limits -- 6.7 Rangeability (turndown) -- 6.8 Runaway processes -- 6.9 Accuracy, precision, and drift -- 6.10 Attenuation and deception -- 6.11 Examples -- 6.11.1 Waste treatment pH loop (self-regulating process) -- 6.11.2 Boiler feedwater flow loop (self-regulating process) -- 6.11.3 Boiler drum level loop (integrating process) -- 6.11.4 Furnace pressure loop (near-integrating process) -- 6.11.5 Exothermic reactor cascade temperature loop (runaway process) -- 6.11.6 Biological reactor biomass concentration loop (runaway process) -- 6.12 Test results -- Key points -- 7. Effect of valve and variable frequency drive dynamics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Perspective -- 7.1.2 Overview -- 7.1.3 Recommendations -- 7.2 Valve positioners and accessories -- 7.2.1 Pneumatic positioners -- 7.2.2 Digital positioners -- 7.2.3 Current to pneumatic (I/P) transducers -- 7.2.4 Solenoid valves -- 7.2.5 Volume boosters -- 7.3 Actuators, shafts, and stems -- 7.3.1 Diaphragm actuators -- 7.3.2 Piston actuators -- 7.3.3 Linkages and connections -- 7.4 VFD system design -- 7.4.1 Pulse width modulation -- 7.4.2 Cable problems -- 7.4.3 Bearing problems -- 7.4.4 Speed slip -- 7.4.5 Motor requirements -- 7.4.6 Drive controls -- 7.5 Dynamic response -- 7.5.1 Control valve response -- 7.5.2 VFD response -- 7.5.3 Dead time approximation -- 7.5.4 Deadband and resolution -- 7.5.5 When is a valve or VFD too slow? -- 7.5.6 Limit cycles -- 7.6 Installed flow characteristics and rangeability -- 7.6.1 Valve flow characteristics -- 7.6.2 Valve rangeability -- 7.6.3 VFD flow characteristics -- 7.6.4 VFD rangeability -- 7.7 Best practices -- 7.7.1 Control valve design specifications -- 7.7.2 VFD design specifications -- 7.8 Test results -- Key points -- 8. Effect of disturbances -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Perspective -- 8.1.2 Overview -- 8.1.3 Recommendations -- 8.2 Disturbance dynamics -- 8.2.1 Load time constants -- 8.2.2 Load rate limit -- 8.2.3 Disturbance dead time -- 8.2.4 Disturbance oscillations -- 8.3 Disturbance location -- 8.4 Disturbance troubleshooting -- 8.4.1 Sources of fast oscillations -- 8.4.2 Sources of slow oscillations -- 8.5 Disturbance mitigation -- 8.6 Test results -- Key points -- 9. Effect of nonlinearities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Perspective -- 9.1.2 Overview -- 9.1.3 Recommendations -- 9.2 Variable gain -- 9.2.1 Cascade control -- 9.2.2 Reversals of process sign -- 9.2.3 Signal characterization -- 9.2.4 Gain scheduling -- 9.2.5 Adaptive control -- 9.2.6 Gain margin -- 9.3 Variable dead time -- 9.4 Variable time constant -- 9.5 Inverse response -- 9.6 Test results -- Key points -- 10. Effect of interactions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Perspective -- 10.1.2 Overview -- 10.1.3 Recommendations -- 10.2 Pairing -- 10.2.1 Relative gain array -- 10.2.2 Distillation column example -- 10.2.3 Static mixer example -- 10.2.4 Hidden control loops -- 10.2.5 Relative gains less than zero -- 10.2.6 Relative gains from zero to one -- 10.2.7 Relative gains greater than one -- 10.2.8 Model predictive control -- 10.3 Decoupling -- 10.4 Directional move suppression -- 10.5 Tuning -- 10.6 Test results -- Key points -- 11. Cascade control -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Perspective -- 11.1.2 Overview -- 11.1.3 Recommendations -- 11.2 Configuration and tuning -- 11.3 Process control benefits -- 11.4 Process knowledge benefits -- 11.5 Watch-outs -- 11.6 Test results -- Key points -- 12. Advanced regulatory control -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Perspective -- 12.1.2 Overview -- 12.1.3 Recommendations -- 12.2 Feedforward control -- 12.2.1 Opportunities -- 12.2.2 Watch-outs -- 12.3 Intelligent output action -- 12.3.1 Opportunities -- 12.3.2 Watch-outs -- 12.4 Intelligent integral action -- 12.4.1 Opportunities -- 12.4.2 Watch-outs -- 12.5 Dead time compensation -- 12.5.1 Opportunities -- 12.5.2 Watch-outs -- 12.6 Valve position control -- 12.6.1 Opportunities -- 12.6.2 Watch-outs -- 12.7 Override control -- 12.7.1 Opportunities -- 12.7.2 Watch-outs -- 12.8 Test results -- Key points -- 13. Process control improvement -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Perspective -- 13.1.2 Overview -- 13.1.3 Recommendations -- 13.2 Unit operation metrics -- 13.3 Opportunities -- 13.3.1 Variability -- 13.3.2 Increasing capacity and efficiency -- 13.3.3 Effective use of models -- 13.3.4 Sizing and assessment -- 13.4 Key questions -- Key points -- 14. Auto tuners and adaptive control -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Perspective -- 14.1.2 Overview -- 14.1.3 Recommendations -- 14.2 Methodology -- Key points -- 15. Batch optimization -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Perspective -- 15.1.2 Overview -- 15.1.3 Recommendations -- 15.2 Cycle time -- 15.3 Profile -- 15.4 End point -- Key points -- Appendix A. Automation system performance top 10 concepts -- Appendix B. Basics of PID controllers -- Appendix C. Controller performance -- Appendix D. Discussion -- Appendix E. Enhanced PID for wireless and analyzer applications -- Appendix F. First principle process relationships -- Appendix G. Gas pressure dynamics -- Appendix H. Convective heat transfer coefficients -- Appendix I. Interactive to noninteractive time constant conversion -- Appendix. Jacket and coil temperature control -- Appendix K. PID forms and conversion of tuning settings -- Appendix L. Liquid mixing dynamics -- Appendix M. Measurement speed requirements for SIS -- References -- Bibliography -- About the author -- Index. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910459794203321 |
|
McMillan Gregory K. <1946-, >
|
||
| New York, [New York] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : , : Momentum Press, , 2015 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Tuning and control loop performance / / Gregory K. McMillan
| Tuning and control loop performance / / Gregory K. McMillan |
| Autore | McMillan Gregory K. <1946-, > |
| Edizione | [Fourth edition.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | New York, [New York] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : , : Momentum Press, , 2015 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (584 pages) |
| Disciplina | 629.83 |
| Collana | Manufacturing and engineering collection |
| Soggetto topico |
Process control
Feedback control systems |
| Soggetto non controllato |
adaptive control
advanced regulatory control analyzer response auto tuner automation system batch optimization bioreactor control cascade control compressor control control loop performance control valve response external reset feedback feedforward control inverse response lambda tuning level control measurement response pH control PID control PID execution rate PID filter PID form PID structure PID tuning pressure control process control process disturbances process dynamics process interaction process metrics process nonlinearity process performance process response proportional-integral-derivative controller reactor control runaway reaction temperature control valve deadband valve position control valve resolution variable frequency drive response wireless control wireless response |
| ISBN | 1-60650-171-2 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
1. Fundamentals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Perspective -- 1.1.2 Overview -- 1.1.3 Recommendations -- 1.2 PID controller -- 1.2.1 Proportional mode -- 1.2.2 Integral mode -- 1.2.3 Derivative mode -- 1.2.4 ARW and output limits -- 1.2.5 Control action and valve action -- 1.2.6 Operating modes -- 1.3 Loop dynamics -- 1.3.1 Types of process responses -- 1.3.2 Dead times and time constants -- 1.3.3 Open loop self-regulating and integrating process gains -- 1.3.4 Deadband, resolution, and threshold sensitivity -- 1.4 Typical mode settings -- 1.5 Typical tuning methods -- 1.5.1 Lambda tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.2 Lambda tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.3 IMC tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.4 IMC tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.5 Skogestad internal model control tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.6 SIMC tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.7 Traditional open loop tuning -- 1.5.8 Modified Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve tuning -- 1.5.9 Modified Ziegler-Nichols ultimate oscillation tuning -- 1.5.10 Quarter amplitude oscillation tuning -- 1.5.11 SCM tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.12 SCM tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.13 SCM tuning for runaway processes -- 1.5.14 Maximizing absorption of variability tuning for surge tank level -- 1.6 Test results -- 1.6.1 Performance of tuning settings on dead time dominant processes -- 1.6.2 Performance of tuning settings on near-integrating processes -- 1.6.3 Performance of tuning settings on true integrating processes -- 1.6.4 Performance of tuning settings on runaway processes -- 1.6.5 Slow oscillations from low PID gain in integrating and runaway processes -- 1.6.6 Performance of tuning methods on various processes -- Key points --
2. Unified methodology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Perspective -- 2.1.2 Overview -- 2.1.3 Recommendations -- 2.2 PID features -- 2.2.1 PID form -- 2.2.2 External reset feedback -- 2.2.3 PID structure -- 2.2.4 Split range -- 2.2.5 Signal characterization -- 2.2.6 Feedforward -- 2.2.7 Decoupling -- 2.2.8 Output tracking and remote output -- 2.2.9 Setpoint filter, lead-lag, and rate limits -- 2.2.10 Enhanced PID for wireless and analyzers -- 2.3 Automation system difficulties -- 2.3.1 Open loop gain problems -- 2.3.2 Time constant problems -- 2.3.3 Dead time problems -- 2.3.4 Limit cycle problems -- 2.3.5 Noise problems -- 2.3.6 Accuracy and precision problems -- 2.4 Process objectives -- 2.4.1 Maximize turndown -- 2.4.2 Maximize safety and environmental protection -- 2.4.3 Minimize product variability -- 2.4.4 Maximize process efficiency and capacity -- 2.5 Step-by-step solutions -- 2.6 Test results -- Key points -- 3. Performance criteria -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Perspective -- 3.1.2 Overview -- 3.1.3 Recommendations -- 3.2 Disturbance response metrics -- 3.2.1 Accumulated error -- 3.2.2 Peak error -- 3.2.3 Disturbance lag -- 3.3 Setpoint response metrics -- 3.3.1 Rise time -- 3.3.2 Overshoot and undershoot -- Key points -- 4. Effect of process dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Perspective -- 4.1.2 Overview -- 4.1.3 Recommendations -- 4.2 Effect of mechanical design -- 4.2.1 Equipment and piping dynamics -- 4.2.2 Common equipment and piping design mistakes -- 4.3 Estimation of total dead time -- 4.4 Estimation of open loop gain -- 4.5 Major types of process responses -- 4.5.1 Self-regulating processes -- 4.5.2 Integrating processes -- 4.5.3 Runaway processes -- 4.6 Examples -- 4.6.1 Waste treatment pH loops (self-regulating process) -- 4.6.2 Boiler feedwater flow loop (self-regulating process) -- 4.6.3 Boiler drum level loop (integrating process) -- 4.6.4 Furnace pressure loop (near-integrating process) -- 4.6.5 Exothermic reactor cascade temperature loop (runaway process) -- 4.6.6 Biological reactor biomass concentration loop (runaway process) -- Key points -- 5. Effect of controller dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Perspective -- 5.1.2 Overview -- 5.1.3 Recommendations -- 5.2 Execution rate and filter time -- 5.2.1 First effect via equation for integrated error -- 5.2.2 Second effect via equations for implied dead time -- 5.3 Smart reset action -- 5.4 Diagnosis of tuning problems -- 5.5 Furnace pressure loop example (near-integrating) -- 5.6 Test results -- Key points -- 6. Effect of measurement dynamics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Perspective -- 6.1.2 Overview -- 6.1.3 Recommendations -- 6.2 Wireless update rate and transmitter damping -- 6.2.1 First effect via equation for integrated error -- 6.2.2 Second effect via equations for implied dead time -- 6.3 Analyzers -- 6.4 Sensor lags and delays -- 6.5 Noise and repeatability -- 6.6 Threshold sensitivity and resolution limits -- 6.7 Rangeability (turndown) -- 6.8 Runaway processes -- 6.9 Accuracy, precision, and drift -- 6.10 Attenuation and deception -- 6.11 Examples -- 6.11.1 Waste treatment pH loop (self-regulating process) -- 6.11.2 Boiler feedwater flow loop (self-regulating process) -- 6.11.3 Boiler drum level loop (integrating process) -- 6.11.4 Furnace pressure loop (near-integrating process) -- 6.11.5 Exothermic reactor cascade temperature loop (runaway process) -- 6.11.6 Biological reactor biomass concentration loop (runaway process) -- 6.12 Test results -- Key points -- 7. Effect of valve and variable frequency drive dynamics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Perspective -- 7.1.2 Overview -- 7.1.3 Recommendations -- 7.2 Valve positioners and accessories -- 7.2.1 Pneumatic positioners -- 7.2.2 Digital positioners -- 7.2.3 Current to pneumatic (I/P) transducers -- 7.2.4 Solenoid valves -- 7.2.5 Volume boosters -- 7.3 Actuators, shafts, and stems -- 7.3.1 Diaphragm actuators -- 7.3.2 Piston actuators -- 7.3.3 Linkages and connections -- 7.4 VFD system design -- 7.4.1 Pulse width modulation -- 7.4.2 Cable problems -- 7.4.3 Bearing problems -- 7.4.4 Speed slip -- 7.4.5 Motor requirements -- 7.4.6 Drive controls -- 7.5 Dynamic response -- 7.5.1 Control valve response -- 7.5.2 VFD response -- 7.5.3 Dead time approximation -- 7.5.4 Deadband and resolution -- 7.5.5 When is a valve or VFD too slow? -- 7.5.6 Limit cycles -- 7.6 Installed flow characteristics and rangeability -- 7.6.1 Valve flow characteristics -- 7.6.2 Valve rangeability -- 7.6.3 VFD flow characteristics -- 7.6.4 VFD rangeability -- 7.7 Best practices -- 7.7.1 Control valve design specifications -- 7.7.2 VFD design specifications -- 7.8 Test results -- Key points -- 8. Effect of disturbances -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Perspective -- 8.1.2 Overview -- 8.1.3 Recommendations -- 8.2 Disturbance dynamics -- 8.2.1 Load time constants -- 8.2.2 Load rate limit -- 8.2.3 Disturbance dead time -- 8.2.4 Disturbance oscillations -- 8.3 Disturbance location -- 8.4 Disturbance troubleshooting -- 8.4.1 Sources of fast oscillations -- 8.4.2 Sources of slow oscillations -- 8.5 Disturbance mitigation -- 8.6 Test results -- Key points -- 9. Effect of nonlinearities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Perspective -- 9.1.2 Overview -- 9.1.3 Recommendations -- 9.2 Variable gain -- 9.2.1 Cascade control -- 9.2.2 Reversals of process sign -- 9.2.3 Signal characterization -- 9.2.4 Gain scheduling -- 9.2.5 Adaptive control -- 9.2.6 Gain margin -- 9.3 Variable dead time -- 9.4 Variable time constant -- 9.5 Inverse response -- 9.6 Test results -- Key points -- 10. Effect of interactions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Perspective -- 10.1.2 Overview -- 10.1.3 Recommendations -- 10.2 Pairing -- 10.2.1 Relative gain array -- 10.2.2 Distillation column example -- 10.2.3 Static mixer example -- 10.2.4 Hidden control loops -- 10.2.5 Relative gains less than zero -- 10.2.6 Relative gains from zero to one -- 10.2.7 Relative gains greater than one -- 10.2.8 Model predictive control -- 10.3 Decoupling -- 10.4 Directional move suppression -- 10.5 Tuning -- 10.6 Test results -- Key points -- 11. Cascade control -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Perspective -- 11.1.2 Overview -- 11.1.3 Recommendations -- 11.2 Configuration and tuning -- 11.3 Process control benefits -- 11.4 Process knowledge benefits -- 11.5 Watch-outs -- 11.6 Test results -- Key points -- 12. Advanced regulatory control -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Perspective -- 12.1.2 Overview -- 12.1.3 Recommendations -- 12.2 Feedforward control -- 12.2.1 Opportunities -- 12.2.2 Watch-outs -- 12.3 Intelligent output action -- 12.3.1 Opportunities -- 12.3.2 Watch-outs -- 12.4 Intelligent integral action -- 12.4.1 Opportunities -- 12.4.2 Watch-outs -- 12.5 Dead time compensation -- 12.5.1 Opportunities -- 12.5.2 Watch-outs -- 12.6 Valve position control -- 12.6.1 Opportunities -- 12.6.2 Watch-outs -- 12.7 Override control -- 12.7.1 Opportunities -- 12.7.2 Watch-outs -- 12.8 Test results -- Key points -- 13. Process control improvement -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Perspective -- 13.1.2 Overview -- 13.1.3 Recommendations -- 13.2 Unit operation metrics -- 13.3 Opportunities -- 13.3.1 Variability -- 13.3.2 Increasing capacity and efficiency -- 13.3.3 Effective use of models -- 13.3.4 Sizing and assessment -- 13.4 Key questions -- Key points -- 14. Auto tuners and adaptive control -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Perspective -- 14.1.2 Overview -- 14.1.3 Recommendations -- 14.2 Methodology -- Key points -- 15. Batch optimization -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Perspective -- 15.1.2 Overview -- 15.1.3 Recommendations -- 15.2 Cycle time -- 15.3 Profile -- 15.4 End point -- Key points -- Appendix A. Automation system performance top 10 concepts -- Appendix B. Basics of PID controllers -- Appendix C. Controller performance -- Appendix D. Discussion -- Appendix E. Enhanced PID for wireless and analyzer applications -- Appendix F. First principle process relationships -- Appendix G. Gas pressure dynamics -- Appendix H. Convective heat transfer coefficients -- Appendix I. Interactive to noninteractive time constant conversion -- Appendix. Jacket and coil temperature control -- Appendix K. PID forms and conversion of tuning settings -- Appendix L. Liquid mixing dynamics -- Appendix M. Measurement speed requirements for SIS -- References -- Bibliography -- About the author -- Index. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910787493803321 |
|
McMillan Gregory K. <1946-, >
|
||
| New York, [New York] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : , : Momentum Press, , 2015 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Tuning and control loop performance / / Gregory K. McMillan
| Tuning and control loop performance / / Gregory K. McMillan |
| Autore | McMillan Gregory K. <1946-, > |
| Edizione | [Fourth edition.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | New York, [New York] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : , : Momentum Press, , 2015 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (584 pages) |
| Disciplina | 629.83 |
| Collana | Manufacturing and engineering collection |
| Soggetto topico |
Process control
Feedback control systems |
| Soggetto non controllato |
adaptive control
advanced regulatory control analyzer response auto tuner automation system batch optimization bioreactor control cascade control compressor control control loop performance control valve response external reset feedback feedforward control inverse response lambda tuning level control measurement response pH control PID control PID execution rate PID filter PID form PID structure PID tuning pressure control process control process disturbances process dynamics process interaction process metrics process nonlinearity process performance process response proportional-integral-derivative controller reactor control runaway reaction temperature control valve deadband valve position control valve resolution variable frequency drive response wireless control wireless response |
| ISBN | 1-60650-171-2 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
1. Fundamentals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Perspective -- 1.1.2 Overview -- 1.1.3 Recommendations -- 1.2 PID controller -- 1.2.1 Proportional mode -- 1.2.2 Integral mode -- 1.2.3 Derivative mode -- 1.2.4 ARW and output limits -- 1.2.5 Control action and valve action -- 1.2.6 Operating modes -- 1.3 Loop dynamics -- 1.3.1 Types of process responses -- 1.3.2 Dead times and time constants -- 1.3.3 Open loop self-regulating and integrating process gains -- 1.3.4 Deadband, resolution, and threshold sensitivity -- 1.4 Typical mode settings -- 1.5 Typical tuning methods -- 1.5.1 Lambda tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.2 Lambda tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.3 IMC tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.4 IMC tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.5 Skogestad internal model control tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.6 SIMC tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.7 Traditional open loop tuning -- 1.5.8 Modified Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve tuning -- 1.5.9 Modified Ziegler-Nichols ultimate oscillation tuning -- 1.5.10 Quarter amplitude oscillation tuning -- 1.5.11 SCM tuning for self-regulating processes -- 1.5.12 SCM tuning for integrating processes -- 1.5.13 SCM tuning for runaway processes -- 1.5.14 Maximizing absorption of variability tuning for surge tank level -- 1.6 Test results -- 1.6.1 Performance of tuning settings on dead time dominant processes -- 1.6.2 Performance of tuning settings on near-integrating processes -- 1.6.3 Performance of tuning settings on true integrating processes -- 1.6.4 Performance of tuning settings on runaway processes -- 1.6.5 Slow oscillations from low PID gain in integrating and runaway processes -- 1.6.6 Performance of tuning methods on various processes -- Key points --
2. Unified methodology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Perspective -- 2.1.2 Overview -- 2.1.3 Recommendations -- 2.2 PID features -- 2.2.1 PID form -- 2.2.2 External reset feedback -- 2.2.3 PID structure -- 2.2.4 Split range -- 2.2.5 Signal characterization -- 2.2.6 Feedforward -- 2.2.7 Decoupling -- 2.2.8 Output tracking and remote output -- 2.2.9 Setpoint filter, lead-lag, and rate limits -- 2.2.10 Enhanced PID for wireless and analyzers -- 2.3 Automation system difficulties -- 2.3.1 Open loop gain problems -- 2.3.2 Time constant problems -- 2.3.3 Dead time problems -- 2.3.4 Limit cycle problems -- 2.3.5 Noise problems -- 2.3.6 Accuracy and precision problems -- 2.4 Process objectives -- 2.4.1 Maximize turndown -- 2.4.2 Maximize safety and environmental protection -- 2.4.3 Minimize product variability -- 2.4.4 Maximize process efficiency and capacity -- 2.5 Step-by-step solutions -- 2.6 Test results -- Key points -- 3. Performance criteria -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Perspective -- 3.1.2 Overview -- 3.1.3 Recommendations -- 3.2 Disturbance response metrics -- 3.2.1 Accumulated error -- 3.2.2 Peak error -- 3.2.3 Disturbance lag -- 3.3 Setpoint response metrics -- 3.3.1 Rise time -- 3.3.2 Overshoot and undershoot -- Key points -- 4. Effect of process dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Perspective -- 4.1.2 Overview -- 4.1.3 Recommendations -- 4.2 Effect of mechanical design -- 4.2.1 Equipment and piping dynamics -- 4.2.2 Common equipment and piping design mistakes -- 4.3 Estimation of total dead time -- 4.4 Estimation of open loop gain -- 4.5 Major types of process responses -- 4.5.1 Self-regulating processes -- 4.5.2 Integrating processes -- 4.5.3 Runaway processes -- 4.6 Examples -- 4.6.1 Waste treatment pH loops (self-regulating process) -- 4.6.2 Boiler feedwater flow loop (self-regulating process) -- 4.6.3 Boiler drum level loop (integrating process) -- 4.6.4 Furnace pressure loop (near-integrating process) -- 4.6.5 Exothermic reactor cascade temperature loop (runaway process) -- 4.6.6 Biological reactor biomass concentration loop (runaway process) -- Key points -- 5. Effect of controller dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Perspective -- 5.1.2 Overview -- 5.1.3 Recommendations -- 5.2 Execution rate and filter time -- 5.2.1 First effect via equation for integrated error -- 5.2.2 Second effect via equations for implied dead time -- 5.3 Smart reset action -- 5.4 Diagnosis of tuning problems -- 5.5 Furnace pressure loop example (near-integrating) -- 5.6 Test results -- Key points -- 6. Effect of measurement dynamics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Perspective -- 6.1.2 Overview -- 6.1.3 Recommendations -- 6.2 Wireless update rate and transmitter damping -- 6.2.1 First effect via equation for integrated error -- 6.2.2 Second effect via equations for implied dead time -- 6.3 Analyzers -- 6.4 Sensor lags and delays -- 6.5 Noise and repeatability -- 6.6 Threshold sensitivity and resolution limits -- 6.7 Rangeability (turndown) -- 6.8 Runaway processes -- 6.9 Accuracy, precision, and drift -- 6.10 Attenuation and deception -- 6.11 Examples -- 6.11.1 Waste treatment pH loop (self-regulating process) -- 6.11.2 Boiler feedwater flow loop (self-regulating process) -- 6.11.3 Boiler drum level loop (integrating process) -- 6.11.4 Furnace pressure loop (near-integrating process) -- 6.11.5 Exothermic reactor cascade temperature loop (runaway process) -- 6.11.6 Biological reactor biomass concentration loop (runaway process) -- 6.12 Test results -- Key points -- 7. Effect of valve and variable frequency drive dynamics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Perspective -- 7.1.2 Overview -- 7.1.3 Recommendations -- 7.2 Valve positioners and accessories -- 7.2.1 Pneumatic positioners -- 7.2.2 Digital positioners -- 7.2.3 Current to pneumatic (I/P) transducers -- 7.2.4 Solenoid valves -- 7.2.5 Volume boosters -- 7.3 Actuators, shafts, and stems -- 7.3.1 Diaphragm actuators -- 7.3.2 Piston actuators -- 7.3.3 Linkages and connections -- 7.4 VFD system design -- 7.4.1 Pulse width modulation -- 7.4.2 Cable problems -- 7.4.3 Bearing problems -- 7.4.4 Speed slip -- 7.4.5 Motor requirements -- 7.4.6 Drive controls -- 7.5 Dynamic response -- 7.5.1 Control valve response -- 7.5.2 VFD response -- 7.5.3 Dead time approximation -- 7.5.4 Deadband and resolution -- 7.5.5 When is a valve or VFD too slow? -- 7.5.6 Limit cycles -- 7.6 Installed flow characteristics and rangeability -- 7.6.1 Valve flow characteristics -- 7.6.2 Valve rangeability -- 7.6.3 VFD flow characteristics -- 7.6.4 VFD rangeability -- 7.7 Best practices -- 7.7.1 Control valve design specifications -- 7.7.2 VFD design specifications -- 7.8 Test results -- Key points -- 8. Effect of disturbances -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Perspective -- 8.1.2 Overview -- 8.1.3 Recommendations -- 8.2 Disturbance dynamics -- 8.2.1 Load time constants -- 8.2.2 Load rate limit -- 8.2.3 Disturbance dead time -- 8.2.4 Disturbance oscillations -- 8.3 Disturbance location -- 8.4 Disturbance troubleshooting -- 8.4.1 Sources of fast oscillations -- 8.4.2 Sources of slow oscillations -- 8.5 Disturbance mitigation -- 8.6 Test results -- Key points -- 9. Effect of nonlinearities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Perspective -- 9.1.2 Overview -- 9.1.3 Recommendations -- 9.2 Variable gain -- 9.2.1 Cascade control -- 9.2.2 Reversals of process sign -- 9.2.3 Signal characterization -- 9.2.4 Gain scheduling -- 9.2.5 Adaptive control -- 9.2.6 Gain margin -- 9.3 Variable dead time -- 9.4 Variable time constant -- 9.5 Inverse response -- 9.6 Test results -- Key points -- 10. Effect of interactions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Perspective -- 10.1.2 Overview -- 10.1.3 Recommendations -- 10.2 Pairing -- 10.2.1 Relative gain array -- 10.2.2 Distillation column example -- 10.2.3 Static mixer example -- 10.2.4 Hidden control loops -- 10.2.5 Relative gains less than zero -- 10.2.6 Relative gains from zero to one -- 10.2.7 Relative gains greater than one -- 10.2.8 Model predictive control -- 10.3 Decoupling -- 10.4 Directional move suppression -- 10.5 Tuning -- 10.6 Test results -- Key points -- 11. Cascade control -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Perspective -- 11.1.2 Overview -- 11.1.3 Recommendations -- 11.2 Configuration and tuning -- 11.3 Process control benefits -- 11.4 Process knowledge benefits -- 11.5 Watch-outs -- 11.6 Test results -- Key points -- 12. Advanced regulatory control -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Perspective -- 12.1.2 Overview -- 12.1.3 Recommendations -- 12.2 Feedforward control -- 12.2.1 Opportunities -- 12.2.2 Watch-outs -- 12.3 Intelligent output action -- 12.3.1 Opportunities -- 12.3.2 Watch-outs -- 12.4 Intelligent integral action -- 12.4.1 Opportunities -- 12.4.2 Watch-outs -- 12.5 Dead time compensation -- 12.5.1 Opportunities -- 12.5.2 Watch-outs -- 12.6 Valve position control -- 12.6.1 Opportunities -- 12.6.2 Watch-outs -- 12.7 Override control -- 12.7.1 Opportunities -- 12.7.2 Watch-outs -- 12.8 Test results -- Key points -- 13. Process control improvement -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Perspective -- 13.1.2 Overview -- 13.1.3 Recommendations -- 13.2 Unit operation metrics -- 13.3 Opportunities -- 13.3.1 Variability -- 13.3.2 Increasing capacity and efficiency -- 13.3.3 Effective use of models -- 13.3.4 Sizing and assessment -- 13.4 Key questions -- Key points -- 14. Auto tuners and adaptive control -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Perspective -- 14.1.2 Overview -- 14.1.3 Recommendations -- 14.2 Methodology -- Key points -- 15. Batch optimization -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Perspective -- 15.1.2 Overview -- 15.1.3 Recommendations -- 15.2 Cycle time -- 15.3 Profile -- 15.4 End point -- Key points -- Appendix A. Automation system performance top 10 concepts -- Appendix B. Basics of PID controllers -- Appendix C. Controller performance -- Appendix D. Discussion -- Appendix E. Enhanced PID for wireless and analyzer applications -- Appendix F. First principle process relationships -- Appendix G. Gas pressure dynamics -- Appendix H. Convective heat transfer coefficients -- Appendix I. Interactive to noninteractive time constant conversion -- Appendix. Jacket and coil temperature control -- Appendix K. PID forms and conversion of tuning settings -- Appendix L. Liquid mixing dynamics -- Appendix M. Measurement speed requirements for SIS -- References -- Bibliography -- About the author -- Index. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910828000603321 |
|
McMillan Gregory K. <1946-, >
|
||
| New York, [New York] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : , : Momentum Press, , 2015 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||