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Intro -- WATER QUALITYINDICATORS, HUMAN IMPACTAND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH -- WATER QUALITYINDICATORS, HUMAN IMPACTAND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- Chapter 1WATER QUALITY INDICES FROM UNBALANCEDSPATIO-TEMPORAL MONITORING DESIGNS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Current Approaches to Water Quality Assessment -- 1.2. Limitations and Strengths -- 1.3. New Approaches to Water Quality Assessment -- 2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODS -- 2.1. Non-Compliance Scores -- 2.2. Amplitude Scores -- 2.3. Forming Overall Water Quality Indices -- 3. AN APPLICATION -- 3.1. Non-Compliance -- 3.2. Amplitude -- 3.3. Final Water Quality Index -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2ESTIMATES OF LIKELIHOOD AND RISK ASSOCIATEDWITH SYDNEY DRINKING WATER SUPPLY FROMRESERVOIRS, LOCAL DAMS AND FEED RIVERS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTIMATING THE LIKELIHOOD USING THE FITTED MODEL -- A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE LIKELIHOODESTIMATION PROCESS -- ESTIMATING THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATES -- ESTIMATING THE COST RISK ASSOCIATEDWITH EXCEEDING UPPER THRESHOLDS -- USING A DOUBLE-SIDED TWO STAGED (MINOR OR MAJOR)STEP-PROFILE COST FUNCTION WITH AN ESCALATINGCOST FOR CONSECUTIVE MAJOR EXCEEDANCES -- ESTIMATING THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ESTIMATOR,EXCLUDING ALTERED COSTS FOR CONSECUTIVE EXCEEDANCES -- ASSESSING TRENDS IN THE LIKELIHOOD AND RISK -- MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE LIKELIHOOD -- CONSEQUENCE - COST ESTIMATES -- Costing Approach -- RESULTS -- FUTURE RISK ASSESSMENT CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ATTACHMENT A- ANALYTES FOR ASSESSMENT, FOLLOWEDBY AN EXAMPLE DATA SET -- Chapter 3THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELINGOF WATER QUALITY AND SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATEDPROCESSES IN NATURAL LAKES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WATER QUALITY PROCESSES -- Phytoplankton Kinetics -- Nitrogen Cycle.
Phosphorus Cycle -- Dissolved Oxygen Balance -- Processes in Bed Sediment Layer -- SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED WATER QUALITY PROCESSES -- Effect of Sediment on the Growth of Phytoplankton -- Processes of Adsorption-Desorption of Nutrients by Sediment -- Mathematical Descriptions -- Comparison with Experimental Measurements -- Release of Nutrients from Bed Sediment -- Mathematical Descriptions -- Comparison with Experimental Data -- NUMERICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- Governing Equations -- Wind_Induced Eddy Viscosity -- Boundary Conditions -- Numerical Solution -- MODEL VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION -- Model Validation for Wind-Driven Flow -- Model Verification for the Mass Transport Simulation -- MODEL APPLICATION TO DEEP HOLLOW LAKE -- Study Area -- Light Attenuation Coefficient in Deep Hollow Lake -- Model Application -- DISCUSSION -- Comparison of Langmuir Equation and Linear Approach for Modeling theAdsorption-Desorption -- Sensitivity of Chlorophyll Concentration to SS -- Sensitivity of Chlorophyll Concentration to Nutrient Loadings -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4INTEGRATING MAJOR ION CHEMISTRYWITH STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR GEOCHEMICALASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITYIN COASTAL AQUIFER OF SAIJO PLAIN,EHIME PREFECTURE, JAPAN -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STUDY AREA -- 3.METHODOLOGY -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4.1. General Water Chemistry -- 4.2. Isotopic Signature of Groundwater -- 4.3. Factor Analysis -- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5SUITABILITY OF GROUNDWATER OF ZEUSS-KOUTINEAQUIFER (SOUTHERN OF TUNISIA) FOR DOMESTICAND AGRICULTURAL USE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES -- RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION -- Physico-Chemical Parameters -- Temperature and pH -- Salinity -- Major Ions -- Chlorides and Sodium -- Calcium and Magnesium -- Sulfates.
Potassium -- Alkalinity -- Trace Elements -- Hydrochemical Facies -- Suitability for Drinking Purposes Using Water Quality Index (WQI) -- Suitability for Irrigation -- SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- Percent Sodium % Na -- Residual Sodium Carbonate RSC -- Percent Magnesium % Mg -- Permeability Index -- Multivariate Data Analysis -- Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- Cluster Analysis (CA) -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6APPLICATION OF WATER QUALITYINDICES (WQI) AND STABLE ISOTOPES( 18O AND2H) FOR GROUNDWATERQUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE DENSURIVER BASIN OF GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHOLOGY -- Study Area -- Climate and Geology -- Data and Field Work -- Laboratory Analysis -- Sample Preparation -- Sample Irradiation, Counting and Analysis -- Estimation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) -- Heavy Metals Indexing Approach -- Contamination Index (Cd) -- Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) -- Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- Water Quality Index (WQI) -- Groundwater and Surface Water Classification -- Heavy Metal Pollution Indices -- Contamination Index (Cd) -- Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) -- Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) -- Comparison of the Three Indices -- Water for Irrigation Purpose -- Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) -- Sodium Percentage (%Na) -- Residual Sodium Carbonate -- Permeability Index (PI) -- Stable Isotope Analysis -- Rain Water Isotopic Composition -- Groundwater Isotopic Composition -- Origin of Groundwater -- Deuterium Excess (D-excess) -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY WATER QUALITYMONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES,AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF A COMMUNITYEMPOWERMENT MODEL: A CASE STUDY OFLUVUVHU CATCHMENT, SOUTH AFRICA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE STUDY AREA -- 3. METHODOLOGY -- 3.1. Water Quality Monitoring.
3.2. Community Surveys -- 3.3. Sampling -- 3.3.1. Water Sampling Points -- 3.3.2. Community Sampling -- 3.4. Analysis of Data from Community Survey -- 4. RESULTS -- 4.1. Water Quality Monitoring and Contemporary Management Practice -- 4.2. Indigenous Knowledge and Community Perceptions Relating to WaterQuality Monitoring -- 4.3. Community Participation in Water Quality Monitoring andManagement -- 4.4. Water Scarcity and Failure by Service Providers to Supply AdequateAmounts of Water -- 4.5. Exposure to Polluted Water -- 4.6. Weaknesses in the Contemporary Water Quality Monitoring andManagement Practices -- 4.7. Fragmented Structure of the Decentralised Health Services -- CONCLUSION -- 6. RECOMMENDED CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR COMMUNITYEMPOWERMENT IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING ANDMANAGEMENT -- 6.1. Conceptualised Participatory Community Based Water QualityMonitoring and Management Model -- 6.2. Technical Framework -- 6.3. Community Empowerment Framework -- Case study 1: Start - up of participatory community planning in MexicoFrom: FAO. 1997. Communication for Rural Development in Mexico: In Good Timesand Bad. By Fraser, C. and Restrepo-Estrada Rome -- Case study 2: Comparison of Inputs and Outputs of ten IPM versus ten Non-IPM RiceFarmers in West Sumatra, IndonesiaFrom: FAO .1993. IPM Farmer Training: The Indonesian Case, Jogyakarta: FAO -IPM Secretariat -- 6.4. Communication Framework -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8THE FATE AND PERSISTENCE OF THEANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUND TRICLOSANAND ITS INFLUENCE ON WATER QUALITY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WHAT IS TRICLOSAN AND WHY IS IT USED? -- 2.1. General Properties of Triclosan -- 2.2. Antimicrobial Properties and Mechanisms of Action of Triclosan onBacteria -- 3. WHY ARE THERE CONCERNS REGARDINGTHE USE OF TRICLOSAN? -- 3.1. Use of Triclosan and Resulting Concerns -- 3.2. Bacterial Resistance to Triclosan.
3.2.1. Triclosan Resistance and Adapted Resistance in Bacteria -- 3.2.2. Mechanisms of Resistance to Triclosan -- 3.2.3. Resistance via Biodegradation? -- 4. TRICLOSAN IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 4.1. Detection of Triclosan and its Effects on the Water and WastewaterEnvironment -- 4.2. Wastewater Treatment Process and Triclosan Removal Efficiency -- 4.3. Mechanisms Involved in Triclosan Removal from Activated SludgeWastewater Processes -- 4.3.1. Flow of Triclosan in Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process -- 4.3.2. Variable Contribution of Different Triclosan Removal Mechanisms -- 4.3.3. Biodegradation as a Primary Mechanism to Be Promoted for Triclosan Removal -- 5. THE BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF TRICLOSANDEGRADATION-WHAT IS KNOWN? -- 5.1. Microorganisms Involved in Triclosan Biodegradation and PossiblePathways -- 5.2. Isolation and Growth of P. citronellolis F12 on Triclosan -- 5.3. Tentative Identification of Biodegradation Intermediates -- 5.4. Genes Involved in Triclosan Catabolism are Plasmid Encoded -- 6. TRICLOSAN AND SELECTION OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANT BACTERIA -- 6.1. Evidence for Triclosan Induced Multiple Resistance -- 6.2. Could Wastewater Play a Role in the Amplification of AntibioticResistant Bacteria? -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODS:THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Methods of Biological Evaluation of Water Quality -- 1.2. Fish Health as Criteria of Water Quality -- 1.3. Dose-Effect Dependencies and Critical Levels of Water Pollution: CaseStudy of Arctic Lake Imandra Served As Example -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10WATER QUALITY IMPACTS ON HUMAN POPULATIONHEALTH IN MINING-AND-METALLURGICALINDUSTRY REGIONS, RUSSIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. Water Quality.
3.2. Characteristic of Water Pollution Near Water Intakes and WhenSupplied to the Population.
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Surface-water quality at fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, and the effects of natural and human factors, 1993-95 / / by Kevin D. Richards, Daniel J. Sullivan, and Jana S. Stewart
