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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Textbook Compilation Committee -- Part I: General Considerations and Preoperative Preparations -- 1: History of Vocal Fold Injection -- 1.1 Historical Perspective of Vocal Fold Injection -- 1.2 Paraffin -- 1.3 Cartilage and Bone Paste -- 1.3.1 Cartilage -- 1.3.2 Bone Paste -- 1.3.3 Shortcomings of Cartilage and Bone Paste -- 1.4 Tantalum -- 1.5 Teflon -- 1.5.1 Introduction of Teflon -- 1.5.2 Clinical Efficacy and Technical Improvement of Teflon Injection -- 1.5.3 Tissue Response to Injected Teflon -- 1.5.4 Complications of Teflon -- 1.6 Silicone -- 1.6.1 Introduction of Silicone -- 1.6.2 Development of Improved Form of Silicone -- 1.6.3 Shortcoming of Silicone -- 1.7 Gelfoam -- 1.8 Collagen -- 1.8.1 Exogenous Collagen (Heterologous Bovine Collagen, Zyderm® or Zyplast®) -- 1.8.2 Human Collagen -- 1.8.2.1 Autologous Collagen (Purified Human Forms of Autologous Collagen) -- 1.8.2.2 Homologous Collagen (Purified Forms of Human Collagen from Homologous Cadaveric Skin, Micronized Acellular Derma Compound, Cymetra®) -- References -- 2: Surgical Anatomy for Vocal Fold Injection -- 2.1 Laryngeal Framework -- 2.1.1 Hyoid Bone -- 2.1.2 Thyroid Cartilage -- 2.1.3 Cricoid Cartilage -- 2.2 Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments -- 2.2.1 Extrinsic -- 2.2.2 Intrinsic -- 2.3 Laryngeal Cavity -- 2.3.1 Preepiglottic Space -- 2.3.2 Paraglottic Space -- 2.4 Vocal Fold -- 2.4.1 Gross Anatomy -- 2.4.2 Microanatomy -- 2.5 Anatomical Consideration for VFI -- References -- 3: Indications for Vocal Fold Injection -- 3.1 Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis -- 3.1.1 Definition -- 3.1.2 Etiology -- 3.1.2.1 Iatrogenic -- 3.1.2.2 Neoplastic (Non Laryngeal) -- 3.1.2.3 Idiopathic -- 3.1.3 Evaluation -- 3.1.3.1 History Taking -- 3.1.3.2 Laryngoscopy and Stroboscopy -- 3.1.3.3 Imaging Studies.
3.1.3.4 Voice Assessments -- 3.1.3.5 Laryngeal Electromyography -- 3.1.4 Treatment -- 3.1.4.1 Principle -- 3.1.4.2 Spontaneous Recovery -- 3.1.4.3 Voice Therapy -- 3.1.4.4 Surgical Management -- 3.2 Benign Vocal Fold Lesions -- 3.2.1 Definition -- 3.2.2 Etiology -- 3.2.3 Diagnosis -- 3.2.4 Treatment -- 3.3 Spasmodic Dysphonia -- 3.3.1 Definition -- 3.3.2 Etiology -- 3.3.3 Diagnosis -- 3.3.4 Treatment -- 3.4 Vocal Process Granuloma -- 3.4.1 Definition -- 3.4.2 Etiology -- 3.4.3 Diagnosis -- 3.4.4 Treatment -- References -- 4: Anesthesia for Vocal Fold Injection -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Anatomy -- 4.2.1 Nasal Cavity -- 4.2.2 Oropharynx -- 4.2.3 Larynx -- 4.3 Medications -- 4.3.1 Anesthetics -- 4.3.1.1 Lidocaine -- 4.3.1.2 Tetracaine -- 4.3.2 Decongestants -- 4.3.3 Anti-Secretion Medications -- 4.4 Procedures -- 4.4.1 Patient Preparation -- 4.4.2 Nasal Anesthesia -- 4.4.3 Pharyngeal Anesthesia -- 4.4.4 Laryngeal Anesthesia -- 4.4.5 Skin Anesthesia -- 4.5 Medical Concerns -- References -- Part II: Approaches for Vocal Fold Injection -- 5: Trans-Oral Approach -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Indications for Trans-Oral Technique -- 5.3 Contraindications for Trans-Oral Technique -- 5.4 Anesthesia -- 5.5 Equipment and Injection Material -- 5.6 Procedure -- 5.6.1 Setup and Positioning -- 5.6.2 Trajectory Approximation and Arytenoid Palpation -- 5.6.3 Technique -- 5.6.4 Complications -- 5.6.5 Post-Injection -- References -- 6: Trans-Cricothyroid Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surgical Techniques -- 6.2.1 Basic Steps for Vocal Fold Injection with Trans-CT Approach -- 6.2.2 Techniques to Locate the Level of the True Vocal Fold -- 6.2.3 Techniques to Estimate Exact Location of the Needle Tip -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Trans-Thyrohyoid Approach -- 7.1 Technique -- 7.1.1 Procedure.
7.1.2 Needle Preparations -- 7.1.3 Technical Tips -- 7.2 Advantages and Limitations -- References -- 8: Trans-Cartilaginous Approach -- 8.1 Injection Laryngoplasty Techniques in Korea -- 8.2 Transcartilaginous Approach Procedure -- 8.3 Other Uses of the Transcartilaginous Approach -- 8.4 Advantages and Disadvantages the Transcartilaginous Approach -- 8.5 Technical Pitfalls of the Transcartilaginous Approach -- References -- Part III: Considerations in Immobile Vocal Folds -- 9: Optimal Injection Timing for Vocal Fold Paralysis -- 9.1 Natural History of VF Paralysis -- 9.2 Optimal Injection Timing -- References -- 10: Ideal Material Selection for Vocal Fold Augmentation -- 10.1 Material Selection -- 10.2 Short-Term Vocal Fold Injection Augmentation Materials -- 10.2.1 Carboxymethylcellulose Products -- 10.2.2 Hyaluronic Acid Products -- 10.3 Durable Vocal Fold Injection Augmentation Materials -- 10.3.1 Calcium Hydroxylapatite Products -- 10.3.2 Polydimethylsiloxane -- 10.3.3 Silk-Hyaluronic Acid -- References -- 11: Autologous Materials for Vocal Fold Augmentation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Autologous Fat Injection -- 11.2.1 Introduction -- 11.2.2 Surgical Techniques -- 11.2.2.1 Liposuction -- 11.2.2.2 Fat Purification -- 11.2.2.3 Fat Injection -- 11.2.3 Advantage and Disadvantage -- 11.3 Autologous Cartilage Injection -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcome (Fig. 11.7) -- 11.3.3 Advantage and Disadvantage -- References -- 12: EMG Guided Injection Laryngoplasty -- 12.1 Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis -- 12.2 Laryngeal EMG -- 12.2.1 Basic Neurophysiology of Larynx -- 12.2.2 The Electrodiagnostic Apparatus -- 12.2.3 Preparation and Insertion of Needle Electrode -- 12.2.3.1 Cricothyroid (CT) Muscle -- 12.2.3.2 Thyroarytenoid and Lateral Cricoarytenoid (TA/LCA) Muscle Complex.
12.2.4 Basic Interpretation of EMG -- 12.2.4.1 In the Muscle at Rest (Keep Silent) -- 12.2.4.2 In the Muscle at Voluntary Contraction (Phonating Vowel/I/) -- 12.2.5 Laryngeal EMG and Prognosis of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis -- 12.3 Laryngeal EMG Guided Injection Laryngoplasty for UVFP -- 12.3.1 Rationale of Laryngeal EMG Guided Injection Laryngoplasty -- 12.3.2 Procedure of Laryngeal EMG Guided Injection Laryngoplasty -- 12.3.3 Injection Material, Volume, and Effect Duration -- 12.3.4 Algorithm of EMG Guided Injection Laryngoplasty for UVFP -- 12.4 Consultation Cautions and Limitations -- References -- 13: Ancillary Techniques for Vocal Fold Injection -- 13.1 Trans-Nasal Injection -- 13.2 Light-Guided Injection -- 13.3 Ultrasound Guided Injection -- 13.4 Others -- References -- Part IV: Postoperative Considerations -- 14: Post-Injection Care and Complication Management -- 14.1 Complication Management -- 14.1.1 Introduction -- 14.1.2 Calcium Hydroxlyapatite (CaHA) -- 14.1.3 Collagen -- Cymetra, Zyplast -- 14.1.4 Hyaluronic Acid (Restylane) -- 14.1.5 Special Consideration -- 14.2 Post-Injection Care -- References -- 15: Perioperative Voice Therapy -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Prior to Speech-Language Pathology Involvement -- 15.3 Indirect and Direct Voice Therapy -- 15.4 Outcome Metrics in Voice Therapy -- 15.5 Benign Vocal Fold Lesions -- 15.6 Vocal Fold Paralysis -- 15.7 Presbyphonia -- 15.8 Laryngeal Dystonia -- 15.9 Timing -- 15.9.1 Preoperative Therapy -- 15.9.2 Postoperative Voice Rest -- 15.9.3 Other Postoperative Therapy -- 15.10 Frequency and Duration -- 15.11 Factors Predictive of Successful Voice Therapy -- References -- Part V: Special Considerations in Various Vocal Fold Injections -- 16: Botulinum Toxin Injection for Laryngeal Disorders -- 16.1 Treatment of Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia.
16.1.1 General Principles of BoNTA Injection for Adductor SD -- 16.1.2 Treatment Protocols of BoNTA Injection for Adductor SD -- 16.1.3 BoNTA Injection Techniques for Adductor SD -- 16.2 Treatment of Abductor SD -- 16.2.1 General Principles of BoNTA Injection for Abductor SD -- 16.2.2 BoNTA Injection Techniques for Abductor SD -- 16.3 Treatment of Other Laryngeal Disorders -- References -- 17: Vocal Fold Steroid Injection -- 17.1 Evolving History of Vocal Fold Steroid Injection (VFSI) -- 17.2 Mechanisms of Steroid Injection for Benign Vocal Lesions -- 17.3 Techniques and Injection Routes of VFSI -- 17.4 Indications for VFSI -- 17.5 Adverse Events after VFSI -- 17.6 Recurrence of Vocal Lesions after VFSI -- References -- 18: Vocal Fold Growth Factor Injection -- 18.1 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor -- 18.1.1 Biological Activity on Wound Healing -- 18.1.2 Preclinical Data of bFGF on the Vocal Fold -- 18.1.3 Clinical Application of bFGF Injection for Vocal Fold Scar, Sulcus, and Atrophy -- 18.2 Hepatocyte Growth Factor -- 18.2.1 Anti-Fibrotic Activity -- 18.2.2 Preclinical Data of HGF on Vocal Fold Scar -- 18.2.3 Clinical Trial -- References -- 19: Other Therapeutic Vocal Fold Injections -- 19.1 Cidofovir and Bevacizumab -- 19.1.1 Clinical Application of Cidofovir or Bevacizumab on Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis -- 19.1.2 Potential Risk of Adjuvant Therapy for RRP -- 19.1.3 Outcomes of Adjuvant Therapy for RRP -- 19.2 Tissue-Engineered Materials -- 19.2.1 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Materials -- 19.2.2 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Microgels -- 19.2.3 Synthetic Polymer Materials -- 19.3 Stem Cell Therapy -- 19.3.1 Regeneration Therapy for the Vocal Folds -- 19.3.2 Preclinical Study of Stem Cell Therapy -- 19.3.3 Clinical Trial of Stem Cell for VF Regeneration -- 19.4 Platelet-Rich Plasma -- 19.5 Gene Therapy -- References.
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Clinical voice pathology : theory and management / / Joseph C. Stemple, Nelson Roy, Bernice Klaben
