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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Surgical Pearls -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Eye -- Introduction -- Surgical Anatomy of the Retina and Vitreous -- The Vitreous -- Embryology -- The Anatomy -- Anatomical Attachments of the Vitreous to the Surrounding Structures -- The Retina -- Embryology -- Anatomy -- Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- Photoreceptor Layer -- Outer Segments -- Inner Segments -- Outer Limiting Layer -- Outer Plexiform Layer -- Intermediary Neurones -- Inner Nuclear Layer -- Inner Plexiform Layer -- Ganglion Cells -- Ganglion Cell Layer -- Nerve Fibre Layer -- Inner Limiting Membrane -- Retinal Blood Vessels -- Other Fundal Structures -- Bruch's Membrane -- Choroid -- The Physiology of the Vitreous -- Anatomy and Physiology and the Vitreoretinal Surgeon -- Clinical Examination and Investigation -- Examination of the Eye -- Examination Technique -- Visual Acuity -- The Slit Lamp -- Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope -- Using the Indenter -- Ultrasonography -- Vitreous Haemorrhage -- Posterior Vitreous Detachment -- Subretinal Haemorrhage -- Optical Coherence Tomography -- Time-Domain OCT -- Colour Coding (Fig. 1.29) -- Scan of Normal Features -- Frequency-Domain OCT -- Full-Field OCT -- Scan Resolution -- Images and Measurements -- Performing the Scan -- Macular Scan Patterns -- Central Retinal Thickness -- Inner Segment and Outer Segment Junction and External Limiting Membrane -- Subjective Tests -- The Preoperative Assessment -- Summary -- References -- 2: Introduction to Vitreoretinal Surgery 1 -- Introduction -- Choice of Anaesthesia -- Pars Plana Vitrectomy -- Sclerotomies -- Where to Place the Trochars? -- Creating a Self-Sealing Sclerotomy -- Wounds and Tissue Manipulation -- Securing the Infusion Cannula -- Checking the Infusion.
How to Clear the End of Non-Penetrating Infusion Cannula? -- Thinking in Compartments -- The Superior Trochars -- Where to Place -- Surgical Tip -- Checking the View -- The Independent Viewing System [5] -- Surgical Pearl -- Optimising Use of the Wide-Angle Viewing System -- Removing the Vitreous -- Hagan Poiseuille Law -- Vitrectomy Cutters -- Handling the Light Pipe -- Intraocular Instruments, Arc of Safety -- The Internal Search (Figs. 2.73 and 2.74) -- Thinking in Compartments -- Light and Laser Properties -- Types of Laser in Ophthalmology -- Endolaser (Figs. 2.81, 2.82, 2.83) -- Yag Laser -- Using a Contact Lens -- Closing -- Surgical Pearl -- Intrascleral Hydration for 23-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy Sclerotomy Closure -- Advantages and Disadvantages of 23G, 25G, and 27G Systems -- Combined Cataract Extraction and PPV -- Surgical Pearl -- Avoiding Hypotony -- How to Decide Whether to Perform Combined Surgery -- Biometry -- Complications -- Chandelier Systems and Bimanual Surgery -- Dyes -- Intracameral Antibiotics -- Intravitreal Injections -- Injection Medications -- Complications -- Slow Release Preparations -- Summary -- References -- 3: Introduction to Vitreoretinal Surgery 2 -- Maintaining a View -- Microscope -- IVS -- Cornea -- Blood in the Anterior Chamber -- Condensation on an Intraocular Lens Implant -- Cataract Formation -- Pupillary Dilation -- Perioperative Complications -- Iatrogenic Breaks -- Causes -- Choroidal Haemorrhage -- Avoiding SCH at Surgery -- What to Do if Choroidal Haemorrhage Occurs? -- Haemorrhage from Retinal or Other Blood Vessels -- Sources of Bleeding -- Lens Touch -- What to do -- Hypotony -- Postoperative Complications -- Cataract -- Post-Vitrectomy Phacoemulsification -- Endophthalmitis -- Corneal Changes -- Choroidal Haemorrhage -- Finite Element Analysis of Choroidal Haemorrhage -- Mahmut Dogramaci.
Histopathology -- Dynamics of choroidal haemorrhage -- Phase 1: Ciliary Artery Rupture -- Phase 2 Dissemination of Blood into the Extravascular Space -- Bruch's Membrane and Sclera -- Scattered Focal Adhesions Between Eyewall Layers -- Linear Adhesions at Ora Serrata -- Subsequent Management of SCH -- Raised Intraocular Pressure -- Retinal Breaks and RRD -- Hypotony -- Scleritis -- Sympathetic Uveitis -- Adjustments for Small Gauge Vitrectomy -- Instrumentation -- Surgical Technique -- Vitrectomy Technique -- Flexibility -- Indentation -- Flow Rates -- Trochar Internal Protrusion -- Silicone Oil -- Complications -- Extrusion of the Trochar on Removal of Instrumentation -- Conjunctival Chemosis -- Hypotony -- Endophthalmitis -- Postoperative Retinal Break Formation -- 20 Gauge Self-Sealing Sclerotomies -- References -- 4: Principles of Internal Tamponade -- Gases -- Principles (also see Appendix 1: Useful Formulae and Rules) -- Properties -- A Safe Method for Drawing Up Gas -- Physical Properties -- Surgical Pearl -- An Inexpensive Option for Air-Gas Exchange -- Complications -- Vision -- Cataract -- IOP -- Loss of the Gas Bubble -- Gas in the Wrong Place -- Important Postoperative Information -- Flying or Travel to High Altitude -- General Anaesthesia -- Silicone Oil -- Properties -- Silicone Oil in the Anterior Chamber During Surgery -- Complications of Silicone Oil -- Refractive Changes -- Cataract -- Capsule Opacification -- IOP -- Cornea -- Macular Toxicity -- Oil in the Wrong Place -- Surgical Pearl -- How to Reduce the Chance of Silicon Oil Coming into Anterior Chamber (AC) at the End of Surgery in an Eye with Zonular Dehiscence -- Emulsion -- Intraocular Lenses -- Surgical Pearl -- Silicone Oil and Inflammation -- The Surfactants -- Inflammation -- The Mechanical Energy -- Perfluorocarbon Liquid Toxicity and Interactions.
Interaction Between Heavy Liquid and Silicone Oil Can Lead the Sticky Oil Formation -- Silicone Oil Removal (Table 4.5) -- Alternative Methods -- Retinal Redetachment Rates After Oil Removal -- Heavy Silicone Oils -- Heavy Liquids -- "Light" Heavy Liquids -- Removal of Emulsified Silicone Oil -- Summary -- References -- 5: Posterior Vitreous Detachment -- Introduction -- Symptoms -- Floaters -- Flashes -- Introduction -- Clinical Characteristics -- Signs -- Detection of PVD -- Shafer's Sign -- Vitreous Haemorrhage -- Ophthalmoscopy -- Retinal Breaks -- U Tears -- Atrophic Round Holes -- Other Breaks -- Progression to Retinal Detachment -- Peripheral Retinal Degenerations -- Summary -- References -- 6: Vitreous Haemorrhage -- Introduction -- Aetiology -- Aetiology [4-10] -- Natural History -- Erythroclastic Glaucoma -- Investigation -- Ultrasound -- Management -- Surgery -- Vitrectomy -- Summary -- References -- 7: Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 1 -- Introduction -- Natural History -- Tears with Posterior Vitreous Detachment -- Breaks without Posterior Vitreous Detachment -- Natural History -- Chronic RRD -- Risk to the Other Eye -- Clinical Features -- Anterior Segment Signs -- Signs in the Vitreous -- Subretinal Fluid Accumulation -- Retinal Break Patterns in RRD -- Macula Off or On -- References -- 8: Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment -- Surgery -- Flat Retinal Breaks -- Retinopexy -- Cryotherapy -- Cryotherapy in the Clinic Setting -- Laser (Fig. 8.2) -- Laser in the Clinic Setting -- Retinal Detachment (Figs. 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10) -- Principles -- Break Closure -- Relief of Traction -- Alteration of Fluid Currents (Figs. 8.13 and 8.14) -- Retinopexy -- Pars Plana Vitrectomy (Table 8.2) -- Introduction -- Finding the Breaks -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Retinopexy under Air -- Draining Subretinal Fluid -- Surgical Pearl.
Draining Subretinal Fluid in RRD -- When to Use Heavy Liquids -- Removal of Heavy Liquid -- Choice of Tamponade -- Avoiding Retinal Folds (Figs. 8.24 and 8.25) -- Mathematical Modelling of Retinal Displacement after PPV and Gas Tamponade for Retinal Detachment Repair -- Mahmut Dogramaci -- Inferior Breaks (Figs. 8.28 and 8.29) -- Posterior Breaks -- Multiple Breaks -- Medial Opacities -- Complications -- Surgery for Eyes with no Breaks Found -- Use of 360° Laser or Routine 360° Encirclage -- Posturing -- Surgical Pearl -- Surgery for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment -- The Non-Drain Procedure -- Operative Stages -- Postoperative Care -- Complications -- Peroperative -- Explant -- Postoperative -- Extra Manoeuvres -- Subretinal Fluid (SRF) Drainage -- Air Insertion (Figs. 8.91, 8.92, 8.93, 8.94, 8.95, and 8.96) -- Complications -- Drainage -- Air Injection -- Pneumatic Retinopexy (Table 8.4) -- Surgical Steps -- Complications -- Success Rates of RRD Surgery -- Causes of Failure -- Surgery for Redetachment -- Redo Vitreous Attached RRD Surgery -- Redo Vitreous Detached RRD -- Secondary Macular Holes -- Detachment with Choroidal Effusions -- Removal of Explant -- Diplopia -- Erosion through Conjunctiva -- Infection -- Cosmesis -- Irritation -- Surgery for Removal of the Explant -- Summary -- References -- 9: Different Presentations of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments -- Age-Related RRD from PVD -- Atrophic Hole RRD with Attached Vitreous -- Pseudophakic RRD -- Aphakic RRD -- Retinal Dialysis -- Clinical Features -- Surgery for Retinal Dialysis (Table 9.2) -- Search -- Cryotherapy -- Marking the Break -- Plombage -- Checking the Indent -- Complications -- Giant Retinal Dialysis -- Dialysis and PVR -- Par Ciliaris Tear -- Giant Retinal Tear -- Clinical Features -- Stickler's Syndrome -- Surgery for Giant Retinal Tear (Table 9.3) -- Heavy Liquids.
Retinopexy.
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Egyptian retina journal
