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Advanced Thermoforming : Methods, Machines and Materials, Applications, Automation, Sustainability, and the Circular Economy
| Advanced Thermoforming : Methods, Machines and Materials, Applications, Automation, Sustainability, and the Circular Economy |
| Autore | Engelmann Sven |
| Edizione | [2nd ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2023 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (435 pages) |
| Disciplina | 668.4/23 |
| Soggetto topico | Thermoforming |
| ISBN |
9781119666189
111966618X 9781119666165 1119666163 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Introduction to Second Edition -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Basics of Thermoforming and Thermoplastics -- 2.1 THERMOFORMING METHODS -- 2.2 POSITIVE FORMING -- 2.3 NEGATIVE FORMING -- 2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOFORMING -- 2.5 THERMOFORMING MACHINES -- 2.5.1 Sheet-Processing Machines -- 2.5.2 Roll-Fed Machines -- 2.5.3 Skin and Blister Machines -- 2.5.4 Forming, Filling, and Sealing Machines -- 2.6 SEMIFINISHED THERMOPLASTIC PRODUCTS -- 2.6.1 Free Shrinkage -- 2.6.2 Mold Shrinkage -- Chapter 3 Production of Semifinished Products, Extrusion, and Coextrusion -- 3.1 EXTRUSION -- 3.1.1 No Thermoforming without Extrusion -- 3.1.2 Description: Volumetric/Gravimetric -- 3.1.3 Feed Section -- 3.1.4 Transition or Compression Section -- 3.1.5 Metering Section -- 3.1.6 Venting Section -- 3.1.7 Second Transition Section -- 3.1.8 Second Metering Section -- 3.1.9 Mixing Section -- 3.1.10 Screw Materials and Tolerances -- 3.1.11 The Barrel -- 3.1.12 The Vent -- 3.1.13 The Drive -- 3.1.14 Breaker Plate and Screen Pack -- 3.1.15 The Die -- 3.1.16 Static and Dynamic Mixers -- 3.1.17 Gear Pumps -- 3.1.18 Granulation and Material Feed Issues -- 3.1.19 The Output (Flow) of an Extruder -- 3.1.20 Sheet Roll Stack and Take-Away Equipment -- 3.1.21 The Polishing Roll Stack -- 3.1.22 Sideways Curling -- 3.1.23 Effects of a Rolling Bank -- 3.1.24 The Slitting Unit and Draw Rolls -- 3.1.25 The Finishing Section -- 3.1.26 Typical Barrel Temperature Profile for Polystyrene -- 3.1.27 Effect of Regrind on Extruder Output -- 3.2 COEXTRUSION -- Chapter 4 Introduction to Technical Parts -- Chapter 5 Antenna Radome Manufacturing -- 5.1 WEATHER-RESISTANT HIGH-IMPACT POLYSTYRENE -- 5.2 THE EFFECT OF UV LIGHT -- 5.3 WETTING RESISTANCE.
5.4 ANTENNA GAIN -- 5.5 WATER AND ANTENNA GAIN -- Chapter 6 Fuel Tank Production on Sheet Machines -- Chapter 7 Automotive Body and Commercial Vehicle Applications -- 7.1 APPLICATIONS FOR CAR BODIES-ABS/PMMA -- 7.2 CAR BODIES FOR UTILITY VEHICLES -- 7.3 COVER FOR HEAD LAMP -- Chapter 8 Production of Refrigerator Liners -- 8.1 HIGH-IMPACT POLYSTYRENE (PS-HI)1 -- 8.2 SYNTHESIS -- 8.3 MORPHOLOGY -- 8.4 MECHANISM OF RUBBER REINFORCEMENT -- 8.5 PROPERTIES OF PS-HI1 -- 8.6 RUBBER-MODIFIED SAN COPOLYMERS (ABS)2 -- 8.7 GENERAL GRADES OF ABS -- 8.7.1 Weather-Resistant Impact Grades -- 8.7.2 Extrusion and Coextrusion of Polystyrene3 -- 8.8 THE THERMOFORMING PRODUCTION PROCESS -- 8.9 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKING4 -- 8.9.1 Liquid Agents -- 8.9.2 Rubber Modification -- 8.9.3 Gaseous Agents -- 8.9.4 Oxidation-Induced Embrittlement -- 8.10 REFRIGERATOR OUTSIDE COVERS -- Chapter 9 Paint Replacement in Automotive Applications -- 9.1 PAINT REPLACEMENT -- 9.2 REASONS FOR REPLACEMENT OF PAINT IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS2 -- 9.3 LAYER CONSTRUCTION OF COEXTRUDED INLINE COLORED PLASTIC SHEETS -- 9.4 COLOR MANAGEMENT DURING PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION -- 9.4.1 Color Formulation Process -- 9.4.2 Color Approval by Customer -- 9.4.3 Quality Assurance of Colors during Production -- 9.5 REQUIREMENTS FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ON SURFACE QUALITY -- 9.6 REQUIREMENTS FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ON COLOR MATCH -- 9.7 AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AND "ORANGE PEEL" -- 9.8 EXAMPLES OF PAINT REPLACEMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS -- 9.8.1 Use of Color Contrasts -- 9.8.2 Approved Color Match: Thermoformed Pickup Covers -- 9.9 PAINT-FILM TECHNOLOGY: PAINTING PRIOR TO THERMOFORMING -- 9.9.1 Outlook -- 9.9.2 Chrome Optics -- Chapter 10 Motor Air Intake Made from PA 6 GF 15 -- Chapter 11 Sanitary Equipment (Sheet Machine) -- 11.1 FROM THE RIG TO THE THERMOFORMING MACHINE -- 11.2 FINISHING. 11.3 REINFORCEMENT METHODS FOR BATHTUBS -- Chapter 12 Thermoforming and Milling of Large-Scale Formed Parts (Sheet Machine) -- 12.1 SURFACE PROBLEMS -- 12.1.1 The Avoidance of Chill Marks -- 12.2 MOLD SHRINKING AND FREE SHRINKAGE -- 12.3 EXPANSION -- 12.4 THE DECISION BETWEEN POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FORMING -- 12.5 TWIN-SHEET FORMING -- 12.6 AUTOMATION -- 12.6.1 Comparison of Semi-Automatic and Fully Automatic Thermoforming Lines -- 12.6.2 Further Treatment of Large-Scale Thermoformed Parts -- Chapter 13 Changeover of Sheet Machines -- 13.1 THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF THE CHANGEOVER PROCEDURE -- 13.1.1 Quick Clamping System for Molds -- 13.1.2 The Infinitely Adjustable Clamping Frame -- 13.1.3 The Infinitely Adjustable Window Plate System -- 13.1.4 Quick and Efficient Heating (Halogen Heater Elements) -- 13.1.5 The Programmable Axes -- 13.1.6 Mold Change Machine -- 13.2 SHORTENING OF CHANGEOVER WITH HIGH-QUALITY EQUIPMENT -- Chapter 14 Chromed Parts -- Chapter 15 Applications in Aircraft and Mass Transportation -- 15.1 CURRENT GOVERNMENT AND OEM SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLAMMABILITY -- 15.1.1 FAR 25.853a, i and ii -- 15.1.2 FAR 25.853d -- 15.1.3 Toxicity -- 15.2 USE OF ACRYL/PVC -- 15.3 POLYCARBONATE -- 15.3.1 Broad Compliance -- 15.3.2 Outstanding Aesthetics -- 15.3.3 Low Weight -- 15.3.4 Improved Processing and Part Design -- 15.3.5 An Expanding Range of Applications -- 15.3.6 Case Study3 -- 15.4 POLYETHERIMIDE (PEI) -- 15.4.1 PEI Sheets for Aircraft and Passenger Train Interiors4 -- 15.5 POLYPHENYLSULFONE (PPSU) -- Chapter 16 High-Quality and Fully Transparent Products (Sheet Machines) -- 16.1 THICK AND SELF-SUPPORTING CLASS-A FORMED PARTS -- 16.2 CLASS-A MOLDED PARTS FOR IN-MOLD DECORATION -- 16.3 DEVELOPMENT OF FULLY TRANSPARENT PRODUCTS -- 16.3.1 Material -- 16.3.2 Creation of the Environment -- Chapter 17 Deco Molding and Multi-deco Molding. 17.1 THERMOFORMING -- 17.2 INJECTION MOLDING -- 17.2.1 Door Handles -- 17.2.2 The Tripartite Dashboard -- 17.2.3 Instrument Board -- 17.2.4 Radio Bezel and Gear Shift Cover -- 17.3 TACTILE EFFECTS -- 17.4 OTHER SECTOR PARTS -- 17.5 MULTI-DECO MOLDING -- 17.6 THE AUTOMATED SEQUENCE PROCESS -- Chapter 18 Smart Manufacturing -- 18.1 TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION -- 18.2 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT -- 18.3 CONCLUSION -- 18.4 REMOTE THERMOFORMING LINE COMMISSIONING AND REMOTE SERVICE SUPPORT -- Chapter 19 Automotive Body Parts Made of PA + ABS -- Chapter 20 Softfeel Made from ABS/TPU Material -- Chapter 21 Introduction to Packaging -- Chapter 22 Optimizing a Thermoforming Process for Packaging -- 22.1 METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING A PROCESS TO PRODUCE A THERMOFORMED ARTICLE FROM POLYMERIC MATERIAL -- 22.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF RESINS BY PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS -- 22.3 VARIABLES THAT CAN BE ALTERED TO INFLUENCE THE PLUG FORCE AND CAVITY PRESSURE -- 22.4 APPLICATION EXAMPLES -- Chapter 23 Analysis of Thermoforming Films -- 23.1 GENERAL ANALYSIS OF THERMOFORMING FILMS1 -- 23.2 TESTS MEASURING FREE SHRINKAGE -- 23.3 TESTS MEASURING THICKNESS -- 23.4 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST -- 23.5 SURFACE TEXTURE TEST FOR THE GLOSS FACTOR -- 23.6 FLAME COLORATION -- Chapter 24 Advanced Analysis of Thermoforming Films -- 24.1 PRODUCT QUALITY DEMANDS -- 24.2 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY -- 24.3 DMA (DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS) -- 24.3.1 The Functional Principle -- 24.3.2 The Complex E-modulus E* in Conjunction with Temperature -- 24.4 TORSION PENDULUM TEST -- 24.5 SUMMARY -- Chapter 25 Analysis of Thermoformed Products -- 25.1 WALL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION -- 25.1.1 Examples of Measuring Wall Thickness of Cups -- 25.2 TOP LOAD -- 25.3 VISUAL APPEARANCE -- 25.4 WATER VAPOR PERMEABILITY -- 25.5 OXYGEN PERMEABILITY -- 25.6 TRANSPARENCY. 25.7 TESTING DEVICE FOR THE PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT OF THERMOFORMABILITY* -- Chapter 26 Analysis of Completely Formed, Filled, and Sealed Containers -- 26.1 BURST PRESSURE AND IMPERMEABILITY -- 26.1.1 Vacuum -- 26.1.2 Air Pressure -- 26.2 RHODAMINE TEST -- 26.3 GENERAL REMARK ON IMPERMEABILITY TESTS -- 26.4 OPENING FORCE -- Chapter 27 Automated Packaging -- 27.1 CUTTING SUBSEQUENT TO FORMING -- 27.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOFORMING PACKAGING LINES -- 27.2.1 Indexed Production -- 27.2.2 Continuous Production -- 27.2.3 Quasi-Continuous Production -- 27.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PACKAGING MACHINE CONTROL -- 27.3.1 Indexed Production -- 27.3.2 Continuous Production -- 27.3.3 Quasi-Continuous Production -- 27.4 FORMING, FILLING, AND SEALING (FFS) -- 27.4.1 The Picker Line -- 27.4.2 Speed Lines -- 27.4.3 Lines with Automatic Handling -- 27.5 FORMING, PUNCHING, FILLING, AND SEALING (FPF) -- 27.6 FORMING, CROSS-CUTTING, FILLING, SEALING/PUNCHING (FCFS) -- 27.7 CONCLUSION -- Chapter 28 Production of Flowerpots -- 28.1 THE THERMOFORMING MACHINE -- 28.2 HEATING SYSTEM -- 28.3 THE FORMING STATION -- 28.3.1 Plug Materials -- 28.4 FORMING AIR -- 28.5 CHALK AS A FILLER -- 28.5.1 Calcium Carbonate in Thermoforming Applications -- 28.5.2 Natural Calcium Carbonate -- 28.5.3 Advantages of Calcium Carbonate -- 28.5.4 Summary -- Chapter 29 Perforated Fruit and Vegetable Trays Made Easy -- Chapter 30 Steel Rule Die Punching -- 30.1 BASICS -- 30.2 SHAPES OF CUTTING EDGES -- 30.3 CREATION OF ANGEL HAIR DURING STEEL RULE DIE CUTTING -- 30.3.1 Development of Angel Hair -- 30.3.2 Influence of Steel Rule Temperature on the Creation of Angel Hair -- 30.3.3 Influence of Film Material on Creation of Angel Hair -- Chapter 31 Production of Meat Trays -- 31.1 VACUUM PACKAGING -- 31.2 ACTIVE PACKAGING -- 31.3 MAP -- 31.4 PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR THE PP TRAY -- 31.5 NEW DEVELOPMENTS. 31.5.1 Symmetric Drives. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911020075103321 |
Engelmann Sven
|
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| Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2023 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Advanced thermoforming [[electronic resource] ] : methods, machines and materials, applications and automation / / Sven Engelmann
| Advanced thermoforming [[electronic resource] ] : methods, machines and materials, applications and automation / / Sven Engelmann |
| Autore | Engelmann Sven |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Hoboken, N.J., : John Wiley & Sons, 2012 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (349 p.) |
| Disciplina | 668.4/23 |
| Collana | Wiley series on polymer engineering and technology |
| Soggetto topico | Thermoforming |
| ISBN |
1-280-67584-5
9786613652775 1-118-20706-8 1-118-20708-4 1-118-20705-X |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Advanced Thermoforming; Contents; Preface; Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Basics of Thermoforming and Thermoplastics; Chapter 3: Production of Semi-finished Products, Extrusion, and Coextrusion; Chapter 4: Introduction to Technical Parts; Chapter 5: Antenna Radome Manufacturing; Chapter 6: Fuel Tank Production on Sheet Machines; Chapter 7: Automotive Body and Commercial Vehicle Applications; Chapter 8: Production of Refrigerator Liners; Chapter 9: Paint Replacement in Automotive Applications; Chapter 10: Motor Air Intake Made from PA 6 GF 15; Chapter 11: Sanitary Equipment (Sheet Machine)
Chapter 12: Thermoforming and Milling of Large-Scale Formed Parts (Sheet Machine)Chapter 13: Changeover of Sheet Machines; Chapter 14: Chromed Parts; Chapter 15: Applications in Aircraft and Mass Transportation; Chapter 16: High-Quality and Fully Transparent Products (Sheet Machines); Chapter 17: Deco Molding and Multi-deco Molding; Chapter 18: Automotive Body Parts Made of PA + ABS; Chapter 19: Softfeel Made from ABS/TPU Material; Chapter 20: Introduction to Packaging; Chapter 21: Optimizing a Thermoforming Process for Packaging; Chapter 22: Analysis of Thermoforming Films Chapter 23: Advanced Analysis of Thermoforming Films Chapter 24: Analysis of Thermoformed Products; Chapter 25: Analysis of Completely Formed, Filled, and Sealed Containers; Chapter 26: Automated Packaging; Chapter 27: Production of Flowerpots; Chapter 28: Steel Rule Die Punching; Chapter 29: Production of Meat Trays; Chapter 30: Multilayer Films for Thermoforming Applications; Chapter 31: PET in Thermoforming Applications; Chapter 32: Thermoformed Packaging Made of PLA; Chapter 33: Peel and Reseal; Chapter 34: Foam Packaging with PP and PS; Chapter 35: Blister Packaging of Syringes Chapter 36: The Production of Drinking Cups Chapter 37: Ultrasonic Sealing and Cutting in Thermoforming; Chapter 38: Understanding the Brittle Behavior of Polystyrene Cups; Chapter 39: Preprinted Film for Lid Thermoforming; Chapter 40: Flexible Films; Chapter 41: Simulation; Chapter 42: Recycling; Glossary; Index |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910139087603321 |
|
Engelmann Sven
|
||
| Hoboken, N.J., : John Wiley & Sons, 2012 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Thermoforming [[electronic resource] ] : improving process performance / / Stanley Rosen
| Thermoforming [[electronic resource] ] : improving process performance / / Stanley Rosen |
| Autore | Rosen Stanley R |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Dearborn, Mich., : Society of Manufacturing Engineers, : Plastics Molders & Manufacturers Association of SME, c2002 |
| Descrizione fisica | xvi, 328 p. : ill |
| Disciplina | 668.4/12 |
| Soggetto topico | Thermoforming |
| ISBN |
1-62104-043-7
1-61344-956-9 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911006659003321 |
|
Rosen Stanley R
|
||
| Dearborn, Mich., : Society of Manufacturing Engineers, : Plastics Molders & Manufacturers Association of SME, c2002 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Thermoforming : Processing and Technology
| Thermoforming : Processing and Technology |
| Autore | Subramanian Muralisrinivasan Natamai |
| Edizione | [2nd ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2025 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (342 pages) |
| Disciplina | 668.423 |
| Soggetto topico |
Thermoforming
Polymer engineering |
| ISBN |
9781119555889
1119555884 9781119555896 1119555892 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Cover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Physics and Chemistry of Polymers -- 2.3 Natural Polymers -- 2.4 Synthetic Polymers -- 2.5 Polymerization Methods -- 2.5.1 Addition Polymerization -- 2.5.2 Condensation Polymerization -- 2.6 Polymer Molecules in Thermoforming -- 2.7 Classification -- 2.8 Primary Classification -- 2.8.1 Homopolymers -- 2.8.2 Copolymers -- 2.8.2.1 Block Copolymers -- 2.8.2.2 Diblock Copolymers -- 2.8.2.3 Multiblock Copolymers -- 2.8.3 Alternating Copolymers -- 2.8.4 Random Copolymers -- 2.8.5 Graft Copolymers -- 2.8.6 Impact Copolymers -- 2.9 Secondary Classification -- 2.9.1 Thermoplastics -- 2.9.2 Thermosetting Plastics -- 2.10 Distinction Between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting -- 2.11 General Classification -- 2.11.1 Commodity Plastics -- 2.11.2 Engineering Plastics -- Chapter 3 Thermoplastics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polyolefins -- 3.3 Polyethylene -- 3.3.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 3.3.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 3.3.3 Linear-Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) -- 3.4 Polypropylene -- 3.5 Polystyrene (PS) -- 3.6 High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) -- 3.7 Polyvinylchloride -- 3.8 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) -- 3.9 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) -- 3.10 Acrylics -- 3.10.1 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) -- 3.11 Nylon 6 (PA6) -- 3.12 Nylon 66 (PA66) -- 3.13 Polyoxymethylene (POM) -- 3.14 Polycarbonate (PC) -- 3.15 Poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) -- 3.16 Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) -- 3.17 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) -- 3.18 Liquid Crystalline Polymers -- 3.19 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) -- 3.20 Plastic Foams -- 3.21 Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 3.21.1 Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) -- 3.21.2 Thermoplastic Urethane (TPU) -- 3.22 Thermoplastic Composites (TCs) -- 3.23 Bioplastics.
3.23.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) -- 3.23.2 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) -- Chapter 4 Properties of Thermoplastic Sheet Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Polymer Characteristics -- 4.3 Polymer Morphology -- 4.3.1 Amorphous Polymers -- 4.3.2 Semi-Crystalline Polymers -- 4.3.3 Crystalline Polymers -- 4.3.4 Amorphous Versus Semi-Crystalline Polymers -- 4.4 Molecular Structure -- 4.5 Molecular Weight -- 4.6 Molecular Weight Distribution -- 4.7 Melt Flow Index -- 4.8 Glass Transition Temperature -- 4.9 Melt Temperature -- 4.10 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) -- 4.11 Crystallization Temperature -- 4.12 Melt Strength -- 4.13 Rheological Properties -- 4.14 Viscoelastic Behavior -- 4.15 Coefficient of Friction -- 4.16 Thermal Conductivity -- 4.17 Thermal Diffusivity -- 4.18 Specific Heat -- 4.19 Stress -- 4.20 Strain Hardening -- 4.21 Plastic Strain -- 4.22 Tensile Strain -- 4.23 Tensile Yield Stress -- 4.24 Deformation -- 4.25 Stress Deformation -- 4.26 Modulus and Stiffness -- 4.27 Sag -- 4.28 Toughness -- 4.29 Effect of Additives -- Chapter 5 Thermoforming Technology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Thermoplastic Sheet Materials -- 5.3 Mechanical Characteristics -- 5.4 Thermoformability -- 5.5 Thermoforming Cycle -- 5.6 Draw Ratio -- 5.7 Processing Window -- 5.8 Mold -- 5.9 Mold Design -- 5.10 Heating Elements -- 5.10.1 Infrared Heaters -- 5.10.2 Flash Heaters -- 5.10.3 Forced Convection Hot Air Heating -- 5.10.4 Other Heaters -- 5.11 Plug Material -- 5.12 Plug Design -- 5.13 Product Design -- 5.14 Clamping -- 5.15 Process Control -- 5.16 Process Variables -- 5.17 Thermal History -- 5.18 Pre-Drying -- 5.19 Plug Movement -- 5.20 Plug Speed -- 5.21 Sheet Temperature -- 5.22 Mold Temperature -- 5.23 Forming Temperature -- 5.24 Wall Thickness Distribution -- 5.25 Sheet Deformation -- 5.26 Heat Transfer -- 5.27 Effects of Temperature Distribution. 5.28 Effect of Drawing -- 5.29 Effect of Frictional Force -- 5.30 Effect of Plug-Assist/Vacuum -- 5.31 Effect of Applied Pressure -- 5.32 Effect of Heating -- 5.33 Effect of Cooling -- 5.34 Rate of Deforming -- 5.35 Rate of Sagging -- 5.36 Effect of Air Temperature -- 5.37 Effect of Air Pressure -- 5.38 Effect of Crystallinity and Morphology -- 5.39 Processing Technology -- 5.39.1 Heating Stage -- 5.39.2 Sheet Heating -- 5.39.3 Forming Stage -- 5.39.4 Draw Ratio -- 5.39.5 Cooling Stage -- 5.40 Thermoforming-Processing of Thermoplastic Sheet Material -- 5.41 Methods of Thermoforming -- 5.42 Low-Pressure Forming Technology -- 5.42.1 Basic Vacuum Forming -- 5.43 Plug-Assist Thermoforming -- 5.43.1 Plug-Assist Vacuum Forming -- 5.44 Pressure Forming -- 5.44.1 Plug Assist-Air Pressure Thermoforming -- 5.45 Snapback Thermoforming -- 5.46 Drape Forming -- 5.47 Matched Mold Forming -- 5.48 Foam Sheet Forming -- 5.49 In-Line Thermoforming -- 5.50 Industrial Versus Laboratory Thermoforming -- Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Thermoforming -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Product Quality Analysis -- 6.3 Product Quality -- 6.4 Product Defects -- 6.5 Fundamental and Inherent Defects -- 6.6 Troubleshooting -- 6.6.1 Blisters or Bubbles -- 6.6.2 Webbing/Bridging -- 6.6.3 Excessive Sheet Sag -- 6.6.4 Pinhole or Rupturing -- 6.6.5 Uneven Sag -- 6.6.6 Part Sticks to the Mold -- 6.6.7 Stretch Marks -- 6.6.8 Nipple on the Mold Side of the Thermoformed Part -- 6.6.9 Pock Marks -- 6.6.10 Poor Wall Thickness -- 6.6.11 Uneven Edges -- 6.6.12 Tearing Sheet When Forming -- 6.6.13 Bad Definition at the Edge -- 6.6.14 Glossy Spots -- 6.6.15 Warpage -- 6.6.16 Cracking in Corners -- 6.6.17 Raised Corners -- 6.6.18 Surface Marking -- 6.6.19 Corners Too Thin -- 6.6.20 Folds, Webbing, or Wrinkles -- 6.6.21 Part Deforms During Demolding -- 6.6.22 Poor Part Detail -- 6.6.23 Excessive Post Shrinkage. Chapter 7 Thermoforming-Optimization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Thermoforming -- 7.3 Optimization Process -- 7.4 Numerical Modeling -- 7.5 Constitutive Model -- 7.6 Key Findings-Modeling -- 7.6.1 Selection of Material -- 7.6.2 Wall Thickness -- 7.7 Mold -- 7.8 Thermoforming Process -- 7.9 Viscoelastic Behavior -- 7.10 Method of Thermoforming -- 7.11 Heating -- 7.12 Cooling -- 7.13 Computer Simulation -- 7.14 Polyflow -- 7.15 PAM-FORM™ Software -- 7.16 Geometric Element Analysis (GEA) -- Chapter 8 Case Studies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Case Studies-Brief Details -- 8.3 Case Study I -- 8.3.1 Challenge -- 8.3.2 Problem Statement -- 8.3.3 In-Depth Analysis -- 8.3.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Data -- 8.3.5 Findings -- 8.3.6 Immersive Chronicle -- 8.4 Case Study II -- 8.4.1 Issue -- 8.4.2 Problem Statement -- 8.4.3 In-Depth Analysis -- 8.4.4 Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data -- 8.4.5 Customer Satisfaction and Appreciation -- 8.4.6 Findings -- 8.4.7 Captivating Account -- 8.5 The Significance of Case Studies in Thermoforming -- Chapter 9 Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 World of Thermoformed Products -- 9.2.1 Packaging -- 9.2.2 Agriculture -- 9.2.3 Appliances and Consumer Goods -- 9.2.4 Analytical and Laboratory Equipment -- 9.2.5 Automotive and Aerospace Industry -- 9.2.6 Blister Packaging -- 9.2.7 Building/Construction Products -- 9.2.8 Electrical and Electronics -- 9.2.9 Health-Care Packaging -- 9.2.10 Medical Applications -- 9.2.11 Packaging -- 9.2.12 Semiconductor Industry -- 9.2.13 Signs/Displays -- 9.2.14 Sports and Recreation -- 9.2.15 Transportation -- 9.2.16 Waste Management -- 9.2.17 Water Filtration Systems -- 9.2.18 Industrial Applications -- 9.2.19 Marine and Watercraft Industry -- 9.3 Market Trends -- 9.3.1 Current Market -- 9.3.2 Future Market -- Chapter 10 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Also of Interest -- EULA. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911018918803321 |
|
Subramanian Muralisrinivasan Natamai
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| Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2025 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Understanding thermoforming
| Understanding thermoforming |
| Autore | Throne James L |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | [Place of publication not identified], : Hanser Gardner Publications, 2008 |
| Disciplina | 668.4/23 |
| Soggetto topico |
Thermoforming
Thermoplastics Chemical & Materials Engineering Engineering & Applied Sciences Chemical Engineering |
| ISBN | 1-61344-303-X |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Altri titoli varianti | Understanding Thermoforming |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911004712103321 |
|
Throne James L
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| [Place of publication not identified], : Hanser Gardner Publications, 2008 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
