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Plastics Flammability Handbook : Principles, Regulations, Testing, and Approval / / Jürgen Troitzsch, Edith Antonatus [eds.]
| Plastics Flammability Handbook : Principles, Regulations, Testing, and Approval / / Jürgen Troitzsch, Edith Antonatus [eds.] |
| Edizione | [4th ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Munich, : Hanser, , 2021 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource |
| Altri autori (Persone) |
TroitzschJürgen
AntonatusEdith |
| Soggetto topico | Plastics - Flammability |
| ISBN |
9781523144983
152314498X 9781569907634 1569907633 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- List of Contributors -- Contents -- Part I: Fundamentals -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Fire Prevention and Fires -- Jürgen Troitzsch -- 1.2 Fire Statistics -- Eric Guillaume -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Lessons Learned from Recent ISO Work on Fire Statistics -- 1.2.3 Current National Fire Statistics: Relevant Data on Specific Issues -- 1.2.3.1 Number of Fires -- 1.2.3.2 Number of Fire Fatalities -- 1.2.3.3 Number of Fire Injuries -- 1.2.3.4 Costs of Fire Losses -- 1.2.4 Future Developments -- 2 The Burning of Plastics -- Bernhard Schartel -- 2.1 Production of Volatile Fuel: Heating, Pyrolysis, Charring, Heat of Combustion -- 2.2 Decomposition of Polymers -- 2.3 Ignition and Smoldering -- 2.4 Steady Burning and Flame Spread -- 2.5 Fire Load and Fire Resistance -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 3 Flame Retardants and Flame-Retarded Plastics -- 3.1 Flame Retardants -- Manfred Döring, Lara Greiner, and Daniela Goedderz -- 3.1.1 Importance, Development, and Market -- 3.1.2 Mode of Action -- 3.1.2.1 Physical Action -- 3.1.2.2 Chemical Action -- 3.1.3 Important Flame Retardant Classes -- 3.1.3.1 Metal Hydroxides and Mineral Fillers -- 3.1.3.2 Halogenated Flame Retardants -- 3.1.3.3 Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants -- 3.1.3.4 Organic Radical-Forming Agents and N-, O- and S-Containing Synergists -- 3.1.3.5 Synergistic Flame Retardant Systems -- 3.1.3.6 Other Flame Retardants -- 3.1.4 Greener Alternatives to Common Flame Retardants -- 3.2 Flame-Retarded Plastics -- Rudolf Pfaendner -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Thermoplastics -- 3.2.2.1 Polypropylene -- 3.2.2.2 Polyethylene -- 3.2.2.3 Other Polyolefins -- 3.2.2.4 Polystyrenes -- 3.2.2.5 Styrene Copolymers -- 3.2.2.6 Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates -- 3.2.2.7 Polyoxymethylene and Polyacetals -- 3.2.2.8 Polyamides -- 3.2.2.9 Polyesters.
3.2.2.10 Polycarbonate and Polycarbonate Blends -- 3.2.2.11 Polyurethanes -- 3.2.2.12 Polyvinylchloride -- 3.2.2.13 Other Halogenated Polymers -- 3.2.2.14 High-Performance Polymers -- 3.2.3 Thermosets -- 3.2.3.1 Epoxy Resins -- 3.2.3.2 Polyurethanes -- 3.2.3.3 Phenolic Formaldehyde Resins -- 3.2.3.4 Unsaturated Polyesters -- 3.2.4 Elastomers -- 4 Textiles -- A. Richard Horrocks and Baljinder K. Kandola -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Burning Behavior of Textile Fibers and Fabrics -- 4.1.2 Effect of Fabric and Yarn Structures -- 4.2 Flammability Testing of Textiles -- 4.2.1 Regulations -- 4.2.2 Test Categorization -- 4.3 Flame-Retardant Textiles -- 4.3.1 Cellulosics -- 4.3.1.1 Flame-Retardant Cottons -- 4.3.1.2 Flame-Retardant Viscose -- 4.3.1.3 Flame-Retardant Cellulosic Blends -- 4.3.2 Flame-Retardant Wool and Blends -- 4.3.3 Flame-Retardant Synthetic Fibers -- 4.4 Inherently Flame-Retardant Synthetic Fibers -- 4.5 High Heat- and Flame-Resistant Synthetic Fibers and Textiles -- 4.6 Intumescent Applications to Textiles -- 5 Smoke Development and Suppression -- 5.1 Smoke Development and Measurement -- Eric Guillaume -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Smoke Generation -- 5.1.2.1 Definitions -- 5.1.2.2 Principles -- 5.1.2.3 Nucleation and Surface Growth -- 5.1.2.4 Coagulation and Agglomeration -- 5.1.2.5 Oxidation -- 5.1.2.6 Liquid Aerosols -- 5.1.3 Smoke Production from the Most Important Polymers -- 5.1.4 Smoke Measurement -- 5.1.4.1 Smoke Opacity -- 5.1.4.2 Other Smoke Parameters -- 5.1.5 Visibility Models -- 5.1.5.1 Definition of Visibility -- 5.1.5.2 Simplified Models (1950-1980) -- 5.1.5.3 Jin and Yamada Models -- 5.1.5.4 ISO 13571 Model -- 5.1.6 Fire Threat Related to Smoke -- 5.2 Smoke Suppressants -- Rudolf Pfaendner -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Smoke Suppressants for PVC -- 5.2.2.1 Molybdates -- 5.2.2.2 Stannates -- 5.2.2.3 Borates. 5.2.3 Smoke Suppressants in Combination with Halogenated Flame Retardants -- 5.2.4 Smoke Suppressants in Combination with Halogen-Free Flame Retardants -- 5.2.5 Summary and Outlook -- 6 Smoke and Toxicity from Fire Effluents -- Eric Guillaume -- 6.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 6.2 Acute Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.2.1 Asphyxiants -- 6.2.2 Irritants -- 6.3 Sub-Acute Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.4 Chronic Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.5 Environmental Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.6 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Fire Effluents -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Direct and Indirect Methods -- 6.6.2.1 Direct Methods -- 6.6.2.2 Indirect Methods -- 6.7 Generation of Fire Effluents: Physical Fire Models Used for Toxicity Testing -- 6.7.1 Introduction to Physical Fire Models -- 6.7.2 What is a Physical Fire Model? -- 6.7.3 Important Characteristics to be Reproduced by the Fire Model -- 6.7.3.1 Parameters Influencing the Nature and Proportion of Gas Release -- 6.7.3.2 Combustion Conditions -- 6.7.3.3 Thermal Conditions of Degradation and Equivalence Ratio -- 6.7.3.4 Parameters Influencing the Preparation for Analysis -- 6.7.3.5 Parameters Influencing the Scale Effects -- 6.7.3.6 Parameters Influencing the Quality of the Fire Model -- 6.8 Chemical Analysis of Fire Effluents -- 6.8.1 Gases of Interest -- 6.8.2 Sampling -- 6.8.2.1 From Fire Source to Analysis -- 6.8.2.2 Probes -- 6.8.2.3 Filters -- 6.8.2.4 Sampling Line -- 6.8.2.5 Pumping System -- 6.8.2.6 Sampling Conditions -- 6.8.2.7 Gas-Solution Absorbers -- 6.8.2.8 Solid Sorption Tubes -- 6.8.2.9 Gas Bags -- 6.8.3 Selection of Analytical Methods -- 6.8.4 Validation of Analytical Methods -- 6.8.4.1 Evaluation of a Method -- 6.8.4.2 Selectivity -- 6.8.4.3 Sensitivity -- 6.8.4.4 Concentration Ranges -- 6.8.4.5 Detection and Quantification Limits -- 6.8.4.6 Accuracy of the Method. 6.8.4.7 Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Method -- 7 Combustion Toxicology -- Jürgen Pauluhn -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Toxic Hazards -- 7.2.1 Inhalation Toxicity of HCN and CO -- 7.2.2 Inhalation Toxicity of CO2 -- 7.2.3 Respiratory Tract Irritants -- 7.3 Toxicological Risk Assessment -- 7.3.1 Definition of Uncertainty -- 7.3.2 Analysis of Time-Dose-Response Relationships -- 7.3.2.1 Asphyxiants -- 7.3.2.2 Irritants -- 7.4 Application of the Fractional Effective Dose (FED) Model -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Part II: National and International Fire Protection Regulations and Test Procedures -- 8 Regulations and Testing -- Edith Antonatus and Jürgen Troitzsch -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sets of Regulations and Codes -- 8.2.1 Types and Basis -- 8.2.2 Application -- 8.2.3 The Role of Standards -- 8.3 Test Methods -- 8.3.1 Laboratory-Scale Tests -- 8.3.1.1 Test Specimens -- 8.3.1.2 Ignition Sources -- 8.3.1.3 Parameters Measured -- 8.3.2 Large-Scale Tests -- 9 International Standardization -- 9.1 Introduction -- Edith Antonatus -- 9.1.1 International Standardization -- 9.1.2 Regional Standardization -- 9.1.3 International and Regional Fire-Related Standards for Transportation -- 9.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) -- Björn Sundström -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Scope of ISO/TC 92 Fire-Related Activities -- 9.2.3 ISO/TC 92/SC1: Fire Initiation and Growth -- 9.2.3.1 General Use of Test Data and Fire Safety Engineering -- 9.2.3.2 Non-Combustibility -- 9.2.3.3 Ignition and Flame Spread -- 9.2.3.4 Heat Release and Smoke Production -- 9.2.3.5 Large-Scale -- 9.2.3.6 Calibration and Supporting Procedures -- 9.2.4 Future Developments -- 9.3 European Committee for Standardization (CEN) -- Edith Antonatus -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Development of Standards -- 9.3.3 Fire-Related Activities in Building -- 10 Building. 10.1 Introductory Remarks -- Edith Antonatus -- 10.1.1 Classification and Testing of Fire Performance of Building Materials and Components -- 10.1.1.1 Non-Combustible Materials -- 10.1.1.2 Combustible Materials - Laboratory Tests -- 10.1.1.3 Roofs -- 10.1.1.4 Large-Scale Tests -- 10.1.2 Official Approval -- 10.1.3 Present Situation and Future Developments -- 10.2 Americas -- Marc Janssens -- 10.2.1 United States of America -- 10.2.1.1 Statutory Regulations -- 10.2.1.2 Consensus Standards -- 10.2.1.3 Test Methods Referenced in U.S. Building and Fire Safety Codes -- 10.2.1.4 Summary of Small-Scale Ignition and Combustibility Tests -- 10.2.1.5 Summary of Small-Scale Reaction-to-Fire Tests -- 10.2.1.6 Summary of Intermediate and Large-Scale Reaction-to-Fire Tests -- 10.2.1.7 Summary of Fire Tests for Furnishings and Contents -- 10.2.1.8 Summary of Fire Resistance Tests -- 10.2.1.9 Summary of Exterior Fire Exposure Tests -- 10.2.1.10 Future Developments -- 10.2.2 Canada -- 10.2.2.1 Statutory Regulations -- 10.2.2.2 Testing of the Fire Performance of Building Materials and Components -- 10.2.2.3 Summary of Selected Material Flammability Tests Referenced in the NBCC -- 10.2.2.4 NBCC Fire Performance Requirements for Interior Finish Materials -- 10.2.2.5 Accredited Testing Laboratories -- 10.2.2.6 Future Developments -- 10.3 Europe -- 10.3.1 European Union -- Björn Sundström -- 10.3.1.1 Introduction -- 10.3.1.2 The Euroclasses: Classification Systems and Fire Tests -- 10.3.1.3 Future Developments -- 10.3.2 National Fire Regulations and Tests -- Edith Antonatus -- 10.3.2.1 Austria -- Dieter Werner -- 10.3.2.2 Belgium -- Bart Sette -- 10.3.2.3 France -- Eric Guillaume -- 10.3.2.4 Germany -- Edith Antonatus -- 10.3.2.5 Hungary -- István Móder, Imre Juhász -- 10.3.2.6 Italy -- Eleonora Anselmi -- 10.3.2.7 The Netherlands -- R. J. M. (Rudolf) van Mierlo. 10.3.2.8 Nordic Countries. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911007112303321 |
| Munich, : Hanser, , 2021 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Plastics flammability handbook : principles, regulations, testing, and approval / / edited by Jürgen Troitzsch
| Plastics flammability handbook : principles, regulations, testing, and approval / / edited by Jürgen Troitzsch |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Hanser Publishers |
| Disciplina | 628.9/222 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | TroitzschJürgen |
| Soggetto topico | Plastics - Flammability |
| ISBN | 1-62198-508-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Altri titoli varianti |
Plastics Flammability Handbook - Principles Regulations Testing and Approval
Plastics Flammability Handbook - Principles Regulations Testing and Approval Plastics Flammability Handbook - Principles, Regulations, Testing, and Approval |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9911006539703321 |
| Hanser Publishers | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
