| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Origin of the White-Headed Langur: Discovery of Fossils -- 1.1 Discovery of Fossils in Sanhe Cave -- 1.1.1 Initial Fieldwork -- 1.1.2 In-Depth Research of Sanhe Cave -- 1.2 Gigantopithecus Fauna and the Fossil of White-Headed Langur´s Ancestor -- 1.2.1 Zoogeographical Traits of the Chongzuo Sanhe Cave Gigantopithecus Fauna -- 1.2.2 Fossil Tooth of a Chongzuo Langur (Trachypithecus Chongzuosis) -- 1.3 Origination and Evolution of Langur Species -- 1.3.1 Ancestors of the White-Headed Langur and Their Emigration -- 1.3.1.1 The Particular Period in History -- 1.3.1.2 The Particular Geographical Location -- 1.3.1.3 There Had to Be a Relating Ancestor Species -- 1.3.2 Allied Species -- References -- Chapter 2: Evolution of the White-Headed Langur -- 2.1 Phase 1: Origination from the Ancient Javan Langur -- 2.2 Phase 2: ``Garden of Eden´´ Period for the Chongzuo Langur -- 2.2.1 Chongzuo Langur´s Habitat in the ``Garden of Eden´´ -- 2.2.1.1 Climate of Zuo Jiang River Basin in the ``Garden of Eden´´ Period -- 2.2.1.2 Food Resources in the ``Garden of Eden´´ -- 2.2.1.3 Places to Hide from Predators in the ``Garden of Eden´´ -- 2.2.2 Chongzuo Langur´s Evolution Course -- 2.3 Phase 3: Coevolution of the Chongzuo Langur and Chongzuo Aborigines -- 2.4 Phase 4: White-Headed Langurs´ Endangered Status by the Late Twentieth Century -- References -- Chapter 3: The White-Headed Langur Is an Endemic Species of Chongzuo -- 3.1 The Distinct Appearance of White-Headed Langur -- 3.2 Controversies Over the Systematics of the White-Headed Langur -- 3.2.1 White-Headed Langur as a Subspecies of the Black Langur? -- 3.2.2 Arguments Supporting the White-Headed Langur as a Distinct Species -- 3.2.3 Focus of the Argument -- 3.2.3.1 Where Does the Boundary Between Species Lie? -- 3.3 The Critical Encircling Rivers.
3.3.1 The White-Headed Langur Distribution on the ``Small Land Area´´ Isolated by Rivers -- 3.3.2 The Ancestor Species of the White-Headed Langur, the Chongzuo Langur, Was Distributed on the Same ``Small Land Area´´ -- 3.4 The White-Headed Langur Is a Recent Lineage -- 3.5 The White-Headed Langur Is a Resident, Endemic Species of Chongzuo -- References -- Chapter 4: Poaching of White-Headed Langurs by the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century -- 4.1 The State of White-Headed Langurs Before 1980s -- 4.1.1 White-Headed Langurs in History Books -- 4.1.2 A 1977 Survey of White-Headed Langur Distributions -- 4.2 White-Headed Langurs Were Still Spotted in the Late 1980s -- 4.3 The State of the White-Headed Langurs in the 1990s -- 4.3.1 Poaching Incidents in the Nongguan Mountains -- 4.3.2 Field Surveys by Ran Wenzhong in 2001 -- 4.3.2.1 White-Headed Langur Population Survey Findings in Ningming-Longzhou Region -- 4.3.2.2 White-Headed Langur Population Survey Findings in the Longfeng Mountains (Laituan) and the Bazhiqi Mountains (Renliang) -- 4.3.2.3 White-Headed Langur Population Survey Findings in the Nongdou Mountains (Daling) -- 4.4 White-Headed Langurs Pushed Toward Extinction by Poachers -- References -- Chapter 5: The White-Headed Langur´s Habitat and Natural Refuge -- 5.1 The Nongguan Mountains Natural Refuge -- 5.1.1 Geologic Background of the Nongguan Mountains -- 5.1.2 Particularities of the Nongguan Mountains Topography -- 5.1.3 The Particular Climate of the Nongguan Mountains -- 5.1.3.1 Sunshine -- 5.1.3.2 Temperature -- 5.1.3.3 Precipitation and Evaporation -- 5.2 The White-Headed Langur´s Habitat Insularization in the Nongguan Mountains -- 5.2.1 Human Population Expansion and Social Development in the Nongguan Mountains -- 5.2.1.1 Human Population Expansion in the Nongguan Mountains.
5.2.1.2 Social Development in the Nongguan Mountains -- 5.2.2 Consequences of Agricultural Developments -- 5.3 Formation of Two Relatively Discrete Ecosystems in the Nongguan Mountains -- 5.3.1 The Agro-ecosystem of Farmers and Sugarcane Fields -- 5.3.2 The Monsoon Rainforest Ecosystem of White-Headed Langurs and Karst Hills -- 5.4 The Eco-line Between the Two Ecosystems in the Nongguan Mountains -- Reference -- Chapter 6: The White-Headed Langur´s Homeland in the Nongguan Mountains -- 6.1 Delineation of the Living Space of White-Headed Langurs -- 6.2 The Home Range of FJC White-Headed Langurs -- 6.3 White-Headed Langurs´ Use of Their Home Range -- 6.3.1 Forage Quarters -- 6.3.2 Forage Probability in Each Forage Quarter in Relation to Weather Conditions -- 6.3.3 The Appropriate Forage Strategies -- 6.4 The White-Headed Langur Is a Territorial Animal -- 6.4.1 Alpha Male and Male Offspring Defend Their Territory -- 6.4.2 The Initiating of Territory Boundaries -- 6.5 The Territory of FJC White-Headed Langurs -- 6.5.1 Fix Territory -- 6.5.2 Drifting Territory -- 6.5.2.1 Drifting Territory on the Forage Route -- 6.5.2.2 Drifting Territories of Invading Males -- References -- Chapter 7: The White-Headed Langur´s Diets and Forage Behaviors -- 7.1 The Characteristics and Composition of Vegetation in the Nongguan Mountains -- 7.1.1 Research Method -- 7.1.2 Flora Composition in the Nongguan Mountains -- 7.1.3 Essential Plant Life Forms in the Nongguan Mountains -- 7.1.4 Phytogeography Composition in the Nongguan Mountains -- 7.2 The White-Headed Langur´s Diet Varieties -- 7.2.1 Specialized Diet Species and Generalized Diet Species -- 7.2.2 A Review of the Research of White-Headed Langur Diets -- 7.2.3 Chief Research Method -- 7.2.4 Diet Composition and Alterations -- 7.2.4.1 Diet Composition in the Period of Intense Human Activity Disturbances (1990-2001).
7.2.4.2 Diet Composition in the Early Period of Flora Restoration (2002-2006) -- 7.2.4.3 Diet Composition After 10 Years of Uninterrupted Flora Succession (2008-2015) -- 7.2.5 Diet Volume -- 7.2.5.1 Accounts of White-Headed Langur Feeding on Yinhehuan (Leucaena leucocephala) Seeds and the Amount It Consumed -- 7.2.5.2 Accounts of White-Headed Langurs Feeding on Gou Trees (Broussonetia papyrifera) and the Amount Consumed -- Appendix: Nongguan Mountains Plant Directory -- References -- Chapter 8: Population Restoration and Social Structure of White-Headed Langurs in the Nongguan Mountains -- 8.1 Troop-Founding Phase -- 8.1.1 Founding Troops -- 8.1.2 Gradual Increase of Population -- 8.2 Multiplication Phase -- 8.2.1 Stage 1: 6 Years with Rapid Growth in Number -- 8.2.2 Stage 2: 3 Years of Rapid Increase of Population Density -- 8.2.3 Stage 3: Formation of an All-Male Troop and Migration to Distant Territories -- 8.3 Identification of White-Headed Langurs -- 8.3.1 Identification of Age by External Appearances -- 8.3.2 Identification of Individual Females -- 8.3.3 Identification of Individual Males -- 8.4 The Social System of the Nongguan Mountains White-Headed Langur Population -- 8.5 Reproductive Behaviors of White-Headed Langurs -- 8.5.1 The White-Headed Langur Is Essentially Polygamous Through Its Lifetime -- 8.5.2 Is There Sexual Dimorphism in White-Headed Langurs? -- 8.5.3 Kinship of Females in a White-Headed Langur Family -- References -- Chapter 9: The Behavior Patterns of a White-Headed Langur Family -- 9.1 A Brief History of the ``Yintangxiaotu Family Troop´´ -- 9.1.1 Yintangxiaotu´s Invasion into the ``FJC Big Cave Troop´´ -- 9.1.2 Founding of the ``Yintangxiaotu Family Troop´´ -- 9.1.3 Invasion by Outlier Adult Male White-Headed Langurs -- 9.1.4 Founding of the ``Yintangxiaotu Transitory Troop´´.
9.1.5 Forming of the ``Yintangxiaotu All-Male Troop´´ -- 9.2 Research Method -- 9.3 The Activity Cycles of White-Headed Langurs -- 9.4 The Activity Rhythm of White-Headed Langurs in Relation to the Seasons -- 9.5 The Biorhythm of the White-Headed Langur -- 9.6 Social Activities Among White-Headed Langurs -- 9.6.1 ``Sex-Age Group´´ -- 9.6.2 ``Role´´ -- 9.6.3 The ``Sex-Age Groups´´ and ``Roles´´ in the ``Yintangxiaotu Family Troop´´ -- 9.6.4 ``Seasons´´ in White-Headed Langur Reproduction Ecology -- 9.6.5 Definitions of Behaviors -- 9.7 Behavioral Traits of the ``Yintangxiaotu Family Troop´´ -- 9.7.1 Trait 1: Only the Resident Alpha Male, Sub-adult, and Adolescent Males Take Up Roles of Defense -- 9.7.2 Trait 2: Adult, Sub-adult, and Adolescent Females Take Up Roles of Nursing Pups -- 9.7.3 Trait 3: Helper Behavior Is Common Among White-Headed Langurs -- 9.7.4 Trait 4: Play Behavior Is of Significant Importance in the Socialization of Young White-Headed Langurs -- 9.7.5 Trait 5: All Family Members Forage Simultaneously, While Adult Males Have a Higher Foraging Probability -- 9.7.5.1 Foraging Probabilities of Adult Males and Adult Females -- 9.7.5.2 Foraging Probability Differs in Accord with Sex-Age Groups -- 9.7.6 Discussion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 10: The Strategy of White-Headed Langur Reproductive Behaviors -- 10.1 Peak Seasons for White-Headed Langurs´ Copulation and Parturition -- 10.1.1 Copulation Season -- 10.1.2 First Parturition Age of Females -- 10.1.3 Peak Season for Births -- 10.1.4 Inter-birth Intervals -- 10.1.5 Lactation Period -- 10.1.6 Length of the Pregnancy Period -- 10.1.6.1 The Shortest Inter-birth Interval Registered -- 10.1.6.2 Resumption Time of Ovulation in Adult Females -- 10.1.6.3 Estimation of the Length of the Pregnancy Period.
10.2 Reproductive Status of White-Headed Langurs in the Core Research Area (FJC), 1996-2006.
|
Info
Monkeys [[electronic resource] ] : biology, behavior and disorders / / Rachel M. Williams, editor
