| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The Use of AI as a Revolution in Military Affairs -- 2 The Purpose of the Book -- 3 The Structure of the Book -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Introduction into Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The History of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning -- 3 Machine Learning Algorithms -- 4 Measuring the Quality of Machine Learning Algorithms -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- Artificial Neural Networks -- Machine Learning Metrics -- Classification Metrics -- Classification Accuracy -- Detection Rate -- Precision -- Recall -- Specificity -- Balanced Accuracy -- F1 Score -- Regression Metrics -- Mean Absolute Error -- Mean Squared Error -- References -- The Military Rationale for AI -- 1 Introduction -- 2 AI and the Military -- 3 Weapon Autonomy and ``Fighting at Machine Speed´´ -- 4 Conclusion: The Hype Is Real-And So Are the Risks -- Further Reading -- References -- Military AI Applications: A Cross-Country Comparison of Emerging Capabilities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assessing Emerging Military AI Capabilities: A Framework for Analysis -- 2.1 The Sources of Military AI -- 2.2 Areas of Military AI Applications -- 2.3 Risks Posed by Military AI Applications -- 3 Assessing Military AI Capabilities: A Review of Four Countries -- 3.1 The United States -- 3.1.1 Sources of Military AI -- 3.1.2 Areas of Military AI Application -- 3.1.3 Risks of Military AI Applications -- 3.1.4 Summary -- 3.2 China -- 3.2.1 Sources of Military AI -- 3.2.2 Military AI Applications -- 3.2.3 Risks of Military AI Applications -- 3.2.4 Summary -- 3.3 France -- 3.3.1 Sources of Military AI -- 3.3.2 Areas of Military AI Applications -- 3.3.3 Risks of Military AI Applications -- 3.3.4 Summary -- 3.4 Israel -- 3.4.1 Sources of Military AI.
3.4.2 Military AI Applications -- 3.4.3 Risks of Military AI Applications -- 3.4.4 Summary -- 4 Comparison and Discussion -- References -- Artificial Intelligence as an Arms Control Tool: Opportunities and Challenges -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory of Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation -- 2.1 Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation: Basic Concepts -- 2.2 Verification -- 2.3 AI-Enhanced Verification from a Theoretical Perspective -- 3 AI for Enhancing Arms Control and Verification -- 3.1 Translation and Analysis of Text -- 3.2 Analysis of Graphical Data -- 3.3 Analysis of Other Sensor Data -- 3.4 Multimodal Data and Other Uses -- 4 Limitations and Challenges -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Verifying the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in a Digitalized World -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Verification Under the Chemical Weapons Convention -- 2.1 Routine Verification -- 2.2 Non-routine Verification -- 2.3 Beyond Traditional Verification -- 3 Science and Technology Under the CWC -- 3.1 CWC Provisions -- 3.2 The SAB Report to the 4th CWC Review Conference: Toward a Holistic Approach to Verification -- 4 CWC Verification in the Age of Digitalization -- 4.1 Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence and Security -- 4.2 What Is Artificial Intelligence? -- 4.3 Digitalization in Routine Chemical Weapons Convention Verification -- 4.4 Digitalization in Non-routine Chemical Weapons Convention Verification -- 4.5 Will Digitalization Disrupt Verification Procedures? -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- AI and Biological Weapons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Adding Computing Power to Bioinformatics -- 3 Mounting Security Concerns -- 4 How Should the BWC Respond? -- 5 Evolving Biological Arms Control -- References -- Doomsday Machines? Nukes, Nuclear Verification and Artificial Intelligence -- 1 Introduction -- 2 AI in Nuclear Weapon Systems.
2.1 Qualitative Improvements in Nuclear Weapon Systems -- 2.2 The Other (Dark) Side of the Coin -- 2.3 The Nuclear-Conventional Nexus and Nuclear Psychology -- 3 Opportunities for Nuclear Verification -- 4 Advanced Wonder Weapon or Doomsday Machine? -- References -- AI, WMD and Arms Control: The Case of Nuclear Testing -- 1 The Nuclear Testing Status Quo -- 2 Application of AI in Nuclear Testing -- 2.1 AI and Virtual Testing -- 3 Detecting Nuclear Tests: Present State of the Art -- 3.1 Detecting a Nuclear Test with Seismic Waveform Analysis -- 3.1.1 Creating a High-Quality Event Bulletin -- 3.1.2 Yield Estimation -- 3.2 Radionuclides -- 3.3 Threads for AI in Nuclear Test Detection -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Artificial Intelligence in Conventional Arms Control and Military Confidence-Building -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Approaches to Arms Control and Military Confidence-Building -- 2.1 The Structural Realist Approach to Arms Control and Military Confidence-Building -- 2.2 The Neoliberal Institutionalist Approach to Arms Control and Military Confidence-Building -- 2.3 The Constructivist Approach to Arms Control and Military Confidence-Building -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 Conventional Arms Control and Military Confidence-Building in Europe: A Brief Overview -- 3.1 The Vienna Document (VDoc) -- 3.2 The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) -- 3.3 The Treaty on Open Skies (OS) -- 3.4 Major Challenges -- 4 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Conventional Arms Control: Opportunities, Challenges and Risks -- 4.1 Changes in the Balance of Power -- 4.2 Analysis, Planning, Coordination and Evaluation -- 4.3 More Thorough and Comprehensive Verification -- 4.4 The Importance of Maintaining the ``Human Factor´´ in Arms Control -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References.
Cyber Weapons and Artificial Intelligence: Impact, Influence and the Challenges for Arms Control -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyber Weapons and the Militarization of Cyberspace -- 2.1 The Current Situation of State-Driven Cyberattacks -- 3 How the Technology of Cyber Weapons and Its Application Will Evolve -- 4 How Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Could Influence Cyber Weapons -- 4.1 Explainability and Responsibility of AI-Enabled Cyber Weapons -- 4.2 AI and the Pitfalls of the Attribution of Cyberattacks -- 5 The Negative Impact on Arms Control of Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Weapons -- 6 How Can Artificial Intelligence Support Cyber Arms Control? -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Drones and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Drones and LAWS: Technology and Functions -- 2.1 Remotely Piloted Drones: Steps Toward Autonomy -- 2.2 LAWS: A New Quality of Autonomous Functions Enabled by AI and ML -- 3 LAWS Necessitate a New Perspective on Arms Control -- 3.1 The Arms Control Debate on LAWS -- 3.2 Human Control: The Decision-Making Process as a New Subject of Regulation -- 3.3 Specific Challenges Arising from Enabling Technologies -- 3.4 Positive Impact of AI on Arms Control for LAWS -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- No, Not That Verification: Challenges Posed by Testing, Evaluation, Validation and Verification of Artificial Intelligence in ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 TEV& -- V: The Traditional Way -- 2.1 Military TVVE -- 2.2 Verification and Validation -- 2.3 Methods -- 3 What Is AI? -- 4 Problems with the Technology -- 4.1 The Logics of AI -- 4.2 Developing ML -- 4.3 Integrating AI -- 5 Problems with the Process -- 5.1 Testing AI -- 5.2 Measuring AI -- 6 Implications for Arms Control -- 7 The Search for Solutions -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading.
Applying Export Controls to AI: Current Coverage and Potential Future Controls -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Export Controls on AI and Related Hardware, Software and Technology -- 2.1 Key Types of Export Controls on AI -- 2.1.1 Hardware Controls -- 2.1.2 Software Controls -- 2.1.3 Technology Controls -- 2.1.4 Catch-All Controls -- 3 National and Multilateral Approaches to Expanding Export Controls on AI -- 3.1 US Emerging Technologies Review Process -- 3.2 EU Emerging Technologies Review and Dual-Use Regulation Recast -- 3.3 Wassenaar Arrangement Discussions on Export Control on AI -- 4 Challenges and Opportunities of Applying Export Controls to AI -- 4.1 Challenges and Adverse Consequences -- 4.1.1 Implementation Challenges -- 4.1.2 Potential Adverse Consequences -- 4.1.3 Conflicting Aims of Export Controls on AI -- 4.2 Opportunities and Benefits -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Arms Control for Artificial Intelligence -- 1 Introduction: Or why Hard Arms Control for Artificial Intelligence Should Be Considered -- 2 The Rise of Artificial Intelligence and Its Militarization -- 3 Best Practices and Lessons Learned from Other Technologies -- 4 The AI Life Cycle: The Components of Artificial Intelligence Applications -- 5 The Components of AI Development: Applying Tailored Arms Control Measures -- 5.1 The Training Data -- 5.2 The Classifiers -- 5.3 The Model -- 5.4 The Effectors -- 6 Verification -- 7 Pre-conditions and Pitfalls for Arms Control -- 8 Confidence-Building Measures for Military AI Applications: An Alternative? -- 9 Conclusion: Or How AI May Develop and What Arms Control Can Do About It -- References.
|
Info
An analysis of the Army's Arsenal Support Program Initiative [[electronic resource]]
