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Intro -- NEW TRENDS IN MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS: FOOD AND SAFETY CONCERNS -- NEW TRENDS IN MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS: FOOD AND SAFETY CONCERNS -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL SEAFOOD AND FRESHWATER TOXINS: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD-BORNE ILLNESS -- ABSTRACT -- 1.1. FRESHWATER TOXINS DIVERSITY AND OCCURRENCE -- 1.1.1. Microcystins (MC) -- 1.1.2. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) -- 1.1.3. Anatoxin-a -- 1.1.4. Nodularins (NOD) -- 1.2. MARINE TOXINS DIVERSITY AND OCCURRENCE -- 1.2.1. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) -- 1.2.2. Okadaic Acid (OA) -- 1.2.3. Domoic Acid (DA) -- 1.2.4. Palytoxin (PlTX) -- 1.2.5. Ciguatoxin (CTX) -- 1.2.6. Brevetoxin (BTX) -- 1.3. TOXINS FROM FRESHWATER AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS -- 1.3.1. β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) -- 1.3.2. Saxitoxin and Analogues (STXs) -- 1.4. FOOD-BORN ILLNESS PRODUCED BY MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: TOXIC HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. DEFINITION OF HARMUL ALGAL BLOOMS -- 1.1.1. Harmful -- 1.1.2. Algal -- 1.1.3. Blooms -- 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HABS -- Ecological Role of Toxins -- Residence Time and Hydrography -- Role of Flotation and Swimming -- Temperature and Water Column Stratification -- Benthic Ecology -- Immigration -- Grazing -- 1.3. ENVIRONMENTAL GENERALIZATIONS -- 1.4. UNKNOWN TOXINS AND EFFECTS -- 1.5. ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS -- 1.6. SPECIFIC CASES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS AND FOOD SAFETY: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING TOXIN PRODUCTION AND THEIR ACCUMULATION IN SHELLFISH -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. INTRINSIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT TOXIN PRODUCTION BY MICROALGAE.
1.1.1. Differences in Toxin Profile and Cell Toxin Content (Qt) -- 1.1.2. Genetic Analyses of Toxin Producing Microalgae -- 1.1.3. Genetic Analyses of Toxin Production by Microalgae -- 1.1.4. Influence of Cell Cycle Stages, Life Cycle and Behaviour -- 1.1.5. Phases of Population Growth -- 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT TOXIN PRODUCTION BY MICROALGAE -- 1.2.1. Abiotic Factors -- 1.2.2. Biotic Factors -- 1.3. HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS, EUTROPHICATION AND SHELLFISH CONTAMINATION -- 1.4. TOXIN ACCUMULATION IN SHELLFISH: A BALANCE BETWEEN UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION -- 1.4.1. Filtration -- 1.4.2. Pre-Ingestive Selection and Rejection -- 1.4.3. Post-Ingestive Selection and Absorption -- 1.4.4. Enzymatic Biotransformation -- 1.4.5. Elimination (Depuration) -- 1.4.6. Allometric Effects -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: SOLID-PHASE ADSORPTION PASSIVE SAMPLING: REVIEW OF A MONITORING TOOL TRACKING IN SITU MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND GENESIS OF SPATT -- 1.2. SPATT SAMPLER DESIGNS: BAGS AND DISCS -- 1.3. SPATT AND ADSORPTION OF HYDROPHILIC ALGAL TOXINS -- 1.4. CYANOBACTERIA -- 1.5. LIPOPHILIC MARINE BIOTOXINS AND SPATT FIELD TRIALS -- 1.5.1. New Zealand -- 1.5.2. Scotland -- 1.5.3. Australia -- 1.5.4. Ireland -- 1.5.5. Spain -- 1.5.6. Norway -- 1.6. SPATT MONITORING AND FOOD SAFETY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: PHYCOTOXINS BIOTRANSFORMATIONS, SHELLFISH DETOXIFICATION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. ENZYMATIC BIOTRANSFORMATIONS, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CHANGES IN THE SHELLFISH TOXIC PROFILE -- 1.1.1. Lipophilic Toxins -- 1.1.2. Hydrophilic Toxins -- 1.2. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF TOXINS -- 1.3. HUMAN DETOXIFICATION -- 1.3.1. Non- Toxic Algal Feeding Detoxification -- 1.4. INDUSTRIAL DETOXIFICATION.
1.4.1. Decrease of Lipophilic Toxins -- 1.4.2. Decrease of PSP Toxins -- 1.4.3. Decrease of Domoic Acid Content -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE OF PHYCOTOXINS, NEW INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR TOXICOLOGY AND CONSEQUENCES ON EUROPEAN LEGISLATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. NEW TRENDS RELATED TO TOXICOLOGY -- 1.1.1. Hydrophilic Toxins -- 1.1.2. Lipophilic Toxins -- 1.2. EUROPEAN UNION REGULATION OF MARINE BIOTOXIN CONTENTS IN SHELLFISH. RISK ASSESMENT AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ACUTE REFERENCE DOSES AND LEGAL LIMITS -- 1.3. REVISION OF TOXICITY DATA AND OF EUROPEAN UNION MAXIMUM LEGAL LIMITS FOR MARINE BIOTOXINS -- 1.3.1. Hydrophilic Toxins -- 1.3.2. Lipophilic Toxins -- 1.3.3. Processing of Bivalve Mollusks and Its Effect on the Level of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins -- CONCLUSION -- AKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF PHYCOTOXINS: BIOASSAYS AND IN VITRO ASSAYS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Marine Toxins Detection -- 1.2. In Vitro Assays -- CONCLUSION -- AKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: CHEMICAL METHODS FOR DETECTING PHYCOTOXINS: LC AND LC/MS/MS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Hydrophilic Toxins -- 1.2. Lipophilic Toxins -- 1.3. Lipophilic Toxins whose Effects have not been Demonstrated in Humans -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAE AND PHYCOTOXINS: IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, ELISAS AND OTHER INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies -- 1.2. Immunofluorescence: Microscopy, Flow Cytometry and Flow Cam with Toxic Algae -- 1.3. ELISAs for Natural Biotoxin Control -- 1.4. Phage Display Libraries for Identification of Marine Toxins -- 1.5. Biosensor Detection of Algal Toxins -- 1.6. Lateral Flow Immunochromatography.
CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: SHELLFISH TOXIN MONITORING SYSTEM IN JAPAN AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCLUSION -- Monitoring System for Shellfish Toxins -- Development of Alternative Testing Method to Mouse Bioassay in Japan -- Monitoring System for Shellfish Toxins in other Asian Countries -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: BIOTOXIN CONTROL PROGRAMS IN NORTH, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- Canada -- Mexico -- United States -- 1.2. CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- Belize -- Costa Rica -- El Salvador -- Guatemala -- Honduras -- Nicaragua -- Panama -- 1.3. SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- Argentina -- Brazil -- Chile -- Colombia -- Ecuador -- Peru -- Uruguay -- Venezuela -- 1.4. Global Standardization -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12: PHYTOPLANKTON AND BIOTOXIN MONITORING PROGRAMS FOR THE SAFE EXPLOITATION OF SHELLFISH IN EUROPE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION FOR BIOTOXINS IN EUROPE -- 1.2. BIOTOXIN MONITORING SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: A HARMONISED NETWORK? -- 1.2.1. Description of Official Control Systems and Guidance Given on End-Product Control -- 1.2.2. Verification of the Control Systems Implemented by EU Member States -- 1.3. FAILURES OF MONITORING SYSTEMS -- 1.4. OUTLOOK -- 1.4.1. Global Change Impacting on Harmful Algae and Biotoxin Occurrence -- 1.4.2. Monitoring of Biological Effects and Emerging Toxins -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX.
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Domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central California coast, May-October 1998 [[electronic resource] ] : report to the National Marine Fisheries Service Working Group on Unusual Marine Mammal Mortality Events / / Frances Gulland
