| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Introduction -- Complications of Dialysis or Complications in Dialysis -- The Dialysis Procedure -- Major Complications -- Home Dialysis -- Frailty, Muscle Wasting, and Falls -- Disaster Management -- Patient Safety -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: The Hemodialysis Procedure -- Introduction -- Most Common Contaminants -- Aluminum -- Chlorine and Chloramine -- Copper, Brass, Galvanized Metal -- Fluoride -- Lead -- Nitrates, Sulfates, Zinc, and Trace Elements -- Water Treatment Equipment -- Sediment Filter -- Cartridge Filters -- Water Softeners -- Carbon Filters -- Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- Microbes and Endotoxins -- Dialysis Fluids -- Hazards in Dialysis-and Their Protection -- Hazards Related to Setup, Calibration, and Maintenance -- Conductivity -- Air Embolism -- Temperature -- Fluid Protection -- Disconnection -- Batch and Proportioning Systems -- Prescription-Related -- Acid-Base -- Temperature -- Fluid Removal -- Potassium Prescriptions -- Inadequate Dialysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 2: Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Complications in Dialysis -- Introduction -- Blood Pressure and Dialysis Patients -- Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Dialysis Patients -- How and When to Measure Blood Pressure in Dialysis Patients for Diagnosis -- Target Blood Pressure in Dialysis Patients -- Treating Hypertension in Dialysis Patients -- RAAS Blockers -- β-Blockers -- Long-Acting Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) -- Mineralocorticoids Receptor Antagonists (MRA) -- Hypotension During Hemodialysis Session -- How to Treat Hypotension in Hemodialysis? -- How to Prevent Hypotension in Hemodialysis? -- Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) in Dialysis Patients -- LVH Definition -- Natural History of LVH in ESKD -- Mechanisms of LVH in ESKD Patients -- Diagnosis of LVH.
Prevention and Treatment of LVH -- Heart Failure in ESKD Patients -- Acute Myocardial Infarction in Dialysis Patients -- Stroke in Dialysis Patients -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: Dementia, Dwindles, Depression, Nonadherence, and Symptom Burden in End-Stage Kidney Disease -- Introduction -- Cognitive Dysfunction in End-Stage Renal Disease -- Mechanisms that Lead to Cognitive Decline -- Screening for Cognitive Decline -- Approach to Management of Cognitive Decline -- Kidney Supportive Care -- Advanced Care Planning -- Withdrawal of Dialysis -- Psychological Factors that Impact ESRD Patients -- Incidence and Prevalence of Psychological Disorders -- Management of Depression in ESKD -- Symptom Burden in End-Stage Kidney Disease -- Chronic Pain -- Pruritus -- Restless Legs Syndrome, Sleep Disturbance, and Muscle Cramps -- Fatigue -- Conclusion -- References -- 4: Hemodialysis Infectious Complications -- Introduction -- Best Practices and Standard Precautions -- Hand Hygiene -- Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection -- Medication Preparation and Injection Safety -- Bacterial Infections -- Vascular Access Infections (VAIs) -- Case Presentation -- Introduction, Clinical Presentation, and Complications -- Pathogenesis -- Surveillance -- Epidemiology -- Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing BSIs in Dialysis Facilities -- Catheter Devices -- Antimicrobial Locks -- Catheter Dressings -- Preventing Permanent Vascular Access (AVG/AVF) Infections -- Strategies to Avoid Catheters and Promote Permanent Vascular Access -- Antimicrobial Resistance -- Antimicrobial Stewardship -- Viral Bloodborne Infections -- Hepatitis B -- Epidemiology -- Screening and Diagnostic Tests -- Prevention of HBV Transmission -- Hepatitis C -- Epidemiology -- Screening and Diagnostic Tests -- Prevention of HCV Transmission -- Managing New HCV Infection -- Hepatitis D.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -- Epidemiology -- Screening -- Prevention of HIV Transmission -- Infection Prevention-Water Systems -- Potential for Microbial Contamination -- Water Treatment -- Dialysis Fluids (Dialysate) -- Distribution Systems -- Machines -- Waste -- Monitoring Water and Dialysis Fluids -- Disinfecting System and Machines -- Respiratory Infections -- Conclusion and Future Direction -- References -- 5: Arteriovenous Access and Catheter Complications -- Complications of Hemodialysis Catheters -- Suboptimal Flow -- Infection -- Central Venous Stenoses -- Complications of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Grafts -- Thrombosis -- Failure of Maturation -- Infection -- Aneurysmal Degeneration -- Access-Related Limb Ischemia -- Excessive Flow -- Unusable Access -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Anemia in Dialysis Patients -- Introduction -- Risks and Complications of Anemia -- Targets -- Treatment of Anemia in Dialysis Patients -- Novel Therapies -- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) -- Direct Analogues of rEPO -- Other Therapies -- Anemia and Special Conditions in Dialysis Patients -- Anemia and Surgical Clearance -- Sickle Cell Disease in Dialysis Patients -- Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Dialysis Patients -- Anemia and Malignancies in Dialysis Patients -- Acute Hemolysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Chronic Kidney Disease-Bone and Mineral Disease -- Introduction -- Parathyroid Hormone -- Calcium -- Phosphorus -- Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 -- α-Klotho -- Vascular Calcification -- Elastin Degradation -- Uremic Toxins -- Inducers and Inhibitors of Vascular Calcification -- Fetuin-A -- Role of Vitamin D -- Role of Vitamin K -- Calcific Uremic Arteriopathy -- Bone Disease -- Management Pearls for Clinicians -- References -- 8: Blood Clotting Complications in Dialysis -- Introduction and Historical Perspective.
The Clotting System -- The Extrinsic Pathway -- The Intrinsic Pathway -- The Common Pathway -- The Platelet System -- Serum Albumin -- Inhibitors of Coagulation -- Anticoagulants -- Heparin -- Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) -- Warfarin -- Rivaroxaban -- Apixaban -- Citrate -- Management of Clotting Disorders -- Venous Thromboembolism -- Thrombosing Arteriovenous (AV) Access -- Atrial Fibrillation -- Bleeding -- Head Trauma in Dialysis Patients -- Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Dialysis Patients -- Conclusion -- References -- 9: Strategies to Avoid and Treat Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Complications -- Strategies to Avoid and Treat Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Complications -- Types of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters -- Catheter-Related Complications -- References -- 10: Cycler Issues, Overfill, Inflow, and Drain Pain -- Introduction -- Cycler-Related Issues in CCPD -- Inflow Pain -- Drain Pain -- Role of Tidal PD (TPD) in Addressing Drain Pain -- Cycler Flow Issues -- References -- 11: Infections in Peritoneal Dialysis -- Introduction -- Diagnosis -- Preventative Measures -- Causes -- Management of Exit Site and Tunnel Infections -- Management of Peritonitis -- Outcomes -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: Peritoneal Membrane Dysfunction -- Introduction -- Peritoneal Membrane -- Evaluation of Peritoneal Membrane Permeability -- Membrane Dysfunction -- Prevention of Membrane Dysfunction -- Management of Membrane Dysfunction -- Conclusion -- References -- 13: Metabolic Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Hyperglycemia -- Hyperlipidemia -- Weight Gain -- Hyponatremia -- Hypokalemia -- Protein Losses -- Gastroesophageal Reflux -- Conclusion -- References -- 14: Miscellaneous Non-infectious Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Introduction -- Hemoperitoneum (Fig. 14.1) -- Infusion Pain -- Outflow Pain or Also Called Drain Pain -- Hydrothorax.
Pneumoperitoneum (Fig. 14.2) -- Chyloperitoneum -- Icodextrin Skin Rash -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: Hernias, Hydrothorax, and Other Leaks -- Introduction - Intra-abdominal Pressure -- Hernias -- Leaks -- Hydrothorax -- Conclusion -- References -- 16: Peritoneal Dialysis: Psychosocial Adaptations and Burnout -- Introduction -- Adapting to PD -- Conclusion -- References -- 17: Complications of Home Hemodialysis -- Introduction -- Long and Intense Training Time -- The Optimal Need for a Partner -- Lack of Home Supervision and Caregiver Burnout -- Frequent Hemodialysis: Pros and Cons -- Air Emboli -- Arteriovenous Access Catastrophes -- Infections -- Machine Failure -- Water Quality -- Conclusion -- References -- 18: Medication Errors in Dialysis Patients -- Introduction -- Pill Burden, Polypharmacy, and Prescribing Cascades -- The Economic Impact of Medication Errors -- Medication Complications in ESKD -- Patient Case Scenarios -- Strategies for Increasing Medication Safety -- Conclusion -- References -- 19: Falls in the Elderly and in Persons with Chronic Disease -- Introduction -- Fall Prediction Models -- Mechanical Vs. Non-mechanical Falls (See Fig. 19.1) -- Non-mechanical Falls -- Category 1: Frailty, Cognitive Decline, Neurological Deficit -- Frailty -- Fatigue: Are you Fatigued? -- Cognitive Decline -- Stroke -- Category 2: Patients Who Are Over-medicated -- Category 3: Patients with Systemic Diseases Who Have Trouble with Balance, Gait, Muscle Weakness, and Vision -- Kidney Disease -- Age -- Living Alone -- Impaired Vision -- Gait and Mobility Disorders -- Sarcopenia and Falls -- Volume-Related Disorders -- Arthritis and Neuropathy -- Chronic Illness (Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension, Diabetes) -- Prevention of Falls -- Preventing Falls Related to Medications -- Falls and Cognitive Decline -- Patients with Chronic Illnesses.
Preserving Muscle and Bone Loss.
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Info
Complications in Dialysis : A Clinical Guide / / Stephen Z. Fadem, José A. Moura-Neto, and Thomas A. Golper, editors
