Info
- Utilizzare la checkbox di selezione a fianco di ciascun documento per attivare le funzionalità di stampa, invio email, download nei formati disponibili del (i) record.
ABRs and electrically evoked ABRs in children / / Kimitaka Kaga, editor
| ABRs and electrically evoked ABRs in children / / Kimitaka Kaga, editor |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Tokyo, Japan : , : Springer, , [2022] |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (264 pages) |
| Disciplina | 152.15 |
| Collana | Modern otology and neurotology |
| Soggetto topico |
Auditory perception
Brain stem - Diseases Hearing disorders Trastorns auditius Malalties cerebrals Tronc de l'encèfal Percepció auditiva Infants |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Llibres electrònics |
| ISBN |
9784431541899
9784431541882 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: History of ABR and EABR -- 1.1 Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) -- 1.2 Electrically Auditory Brainstem Responses (EABRs) -- References -- Part II: ABRs -- Chapter 2: Origins of ABR -- 2.1 Origins of the ABR -- 2.1.1 Experiment 1: Whole Brainstem Mapping Study in the Cat -- 2.1.2 Experiment 2: Medial Geniculate Body Mapping Study in the Cat. ABR Wave P6 -- 2.2 Experiment 3: Origins of the Six Waves of the ABR Waveform in the Cat as Determined by Depth Recordings and Lesion Studies -- 2.2.1 Cochlear Nerve (Eighth Cranial Nerve): ABR Wave P1 -- 2.2.2 Cochlear Nucleus: ABR Wave P2 -- 2.2.3 Superior Olivary Complex: ABR Wave P3 -- 2.2.4 Inferior colliculus in the Midbrain: ABR Wave P4 and P5 -- 2.2.5 Medial Geniculate Body: ABR Wave P6 -- 2.2.6 Comments -- References -- Chapter 3: Gestational Development of the Human Auditory System Including the Cochlea and the Central Auditory Pathways -- 3.1 Gestational Development of Inner Ear -- 3.2 Development of the Inner Ear Hair Cells and the Ganglion Cells -- 3.2.1 Formation of the Otic Vesicle and the Development of the Inner Ear During Gestation -- 3.2.2 Differentiation of Inner Ear Hair Cells within the Organ of Corti -- 3.2.3 Differentiation of the Spiral Ganglion Cells within the Cochlea -- 3.2.4 Innervation of the Inner Ear Hair Cells -- 3.3 Development of the Central Ascending Auditory Pathway -- 3.3.1 Gestational Development of Myelination of the Human Cochlear Nerve -- 3.3.2 Development of the Rhombencephalon (Medulla Oblongata) -- 3.3.2.1 The Developmental Origin of the Cochlear Nucleus and Its Neural Proliferation -- 3.3.2.2 Migration of the Cochlear Nucleus During Fetal Development -- 3.3.2.3 Differentiation Between the Development of the Primary and Secondary Cochlear Nuclei.
3.3.2.4 Myelination of the Auditory Neural Substrate -- 3.4 Development of the Mesencephalon (Inferior Colliculus) -- 3.4.1 Differentiation of the Inferior Colliculus in the Midbrain -- 3.4.2 Myelination of the Inferior Colliculus -- 3.5 Development of the Diencephalon (Medial Geniculate Body) -- 3.5.1 Differentiation of the Medial Geniculate Body -- 3.5.2 Myelination of the Medial Geniculate Body -- 3.5.3 Development of the Telencephalon (the Auditory Cortex) -- 3.5.4 Neuronal Differentiation within the Auditory Cortex -- 3.5.5 Myelination of the Auditory Radiation -- 3.5.6 Cytoarchitectural and Axonal Maturation of the Human Auditory Cortex -- References -- Chapter 4: ABR Recording Technique and the Evaluation of Peripheral Hearing Loss -- 4.1 Requirements Necessary to Obtain ABR Recordings -- 4.1.1 Location (Montage) and Application of ABR Electrodes -- 4.1.2 Description of the Click Stimuli Employed to Provoke the ABR -- 4.2 ABR Wave V Peak Latency-Intensity Curves -- 4.2.1 ABRs from Normal Hearing Subjects -- 4.3 Peripheral Hearing Loss -- 4.3.1 Conductive Hearing Loss as it Effects the ABR -- 4.3.2 Sensorineural Hearing Loss as Manifest by the ABR -- 4.4 Audiogram Patterns Compared to ABR Findings -- 4.4.1 ABR Findings of Patients with a Low-Frequency Hearing Loss but with Normal High-Frequency Hearing -- 4.4.2 ABR Recordings from Each Ear of a Patient with a Typical Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (an Audiometric Concave Frequency Loss Pattern) -- 4.5 ABR Recordings from Patients with High-Frequency Hearing Loss with Otherwise Normal Hearing Thresholds, Audiometrically, at the Low and Middle Frequencies -- 4.6 Unusual ABR Findings -- 4.6.1 A "Bump" in the ABR Appearing within the Expected Latency Range of Wave I (~ 1 Msec) with no Subsequently Evoked ABR Waves -- 4.6.2 Unusual ABR Findings Wherein Only Wave I or Waves I and II Are Evoked. 4.6.3 The Influence of Incomplete Brainstem Maturation in Preterm Infants and the Progression of Their ABRs with Development -- References -- Chapter 5: Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorders -- 5.1 The First Report of Auditory Nerve Disease and Auditory Neuropathy in 1996 -- 5.2 Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorders (ANSD) in Newborns -- 5.3 Our Classification of ANSD in Newborns, Infants, and Children -- 5.4 ANSD for Type III and Cochlear Implantation -- 5.5 Genetic Mutation -- 5.6 Adults AN and Newborns ANSD -- References -- Chapter 6: Normalization and Deterioration of Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) in Child Neurology -- 6.1 Normalization and Deterioration of ABR in Children -- 6.1.1 What Constitutes the Difference Between Normal and Abnormal ABR? -- 6.1.2 What Causes the Normalization and Deterioration of the ABR? -- 6.2 Normalization -- 6.2.1 Normal Development of the ABR -- 6.2.2 Clinical Appreciation at NICU -- 6.2.3 Improvement of Conductive Hearing Loss -- 6.2.4 ABR Changes Pre- and Post-surgical Resection of Tumors on the Brainstem or Cerebellar -- 6.2.5 Normalization of the ABR as a Result of Effective Medical Treatment -- 6.2.6 Normalization of the ABR of Unknown Etiology -- 6.2.6.1 Case Reports Showing Normalization of the ABR of Unknown Etiology -- Five Patients Without Chromosomal Abnormalities -- Nine Patients with Chromosomal Abnormalities Including Down Syndrome and ABR Improvement -- 6.2.6.2 What Could Be the Underlying Cause/Causes of Normalization of the ABR in These Patients with Chromosomal Aberration? -- 6.2.7 Recovery from Severe Anoxic Events with Normalization of the ABR -- 6.2.7.1 ABRs in Anoxia -- 6.2.7.2 Case Reports of Anoxic Patients with Unexpected ABR Recovery -- 6.2.7.3 Discussion of Anoxic Patients with Unexpected ABR Recovery. 6.3 Deterioration of ABR in Child Neurology: Neurological Assessment of Childhood Deterioration of the ABR -- 6.3.1 Loss or Decline of Hearing Acuity -- 6.3.1.1 Intrauterine Infections -- 6.3.1.2 Neurocutaneous Syndrome as a Category of Genetically Determined Systemic Diseases with Central Nervous System Involvement -- 6.3.1.3 Progressive Hearing Loss in NICU Patients and the Graduates from NICU -- Patients with Hearing Loss Discovered in NICUs and in NICU Graduates -- Case Presentation of Patients With or Without PPHN and Delayed Hearing Impairment -- The Cause of the Later Deterioration of Hearing in Patients -- 6.3.2 Deterioration of ABR in Degenerative Diseases -- 6.3.2.1 Slow Virus Infection -- 6.3.2.2 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis -- 6.3.3 Leukodystrophies -- 6.3.3.1 Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) -- 6.3.3.2 Krabbe Disease, Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD) -- 6.3.3.3 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) -- 6.3.3.4 Alexander Disease (AXD) -- 6.3.3.5 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease (PMD) -- 6.3.3.6 Leukodystrophy of Unknown Origin -- 6.3.4 Lysosomal Diseases -- 6.3.4.1 Lipidosis -- Tay-Sachs Disease -- Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) -- Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD), Krabbe Disease -- Mucopolysaccaridosis (MPS) -- Gaucher Disease -- 6.3.5 Degenerative Diseases of Cerebral Gray Matter -- 6.3.5.1 Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis -- 6.3.5.2 Nieman-Pick Disease Type C (NPC) -- 6.3.5.3 Mitochondrial Diseases -- 6.3.6 Degenerative Diseases Mainly Effecting the Cerebellum and Spinal Cord (Spinocerebellar Degeneration, SCD) -- 6.3.6.1 Dentate-Rubro-Pallido-Luysian Atrophy -- 6.3.6.2 Joubert Syndrome -- 6.3.7 Degenerative Disease of Peripheral Nervous System -- 6.3.7.1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease -- 6.3.7.2 Giant Axonal Neuropathy -- References -- Chapter 7: Hypoxic and Anoxic Brain Damage -- 7.1 Hypoxic and Anoxic Brain Damage in Infants and Children. 7.2 Hypoxic Brain Damage in Near-Suffocation (Hypoxic) Group -- 7.3 Brain Damage in the Near-Drowning (Anoxic) Group -- 7.4 Pathophysiology of Hypoxic and Anoxic Brain Damage Due to Near-Suffocation and Near-Drowning Accidents -- 7.5 Effects of Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest on the ABR and the EEG Undergoing Cardiac Surgery -- 7.6 ABRs from the Cat During Artificial Respiratory Arrest and Restoration -- References -- Chapter 8: Only Wave I, II of the ABR with Residual Hearing Acuity -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease -- 8.3 Adrenoleukodystrophy -- 8.4 Metabolic Disease -- 8.4.1 Gaucher's Disease -- 8.4.2 Tay-Sachs Disease -- 8.4.2.1 Case Report -- 8.5 Brainstem Tumor -- 8.5.1 Case Report -- References -- Chapter 9: Auditory Agnosia and Later Cortical Deafness in a Child over 29 Years Follow-Up -- 9.1 Bilateral Auditory Cortex Lesions and Hearing -- 9.2 Case Report: Long-Term Follow-Up of a Pediatric Patient over 29 Years Who Manifested Auditory Agnosia and Later Cortical Deafness Caused by Herpes Encephalitis -- 9.3 Schema of the Auditory Cortex or the Auditory Radiation Lesions in Auditory Agnosia and Cortical Deafness -- 9.4 Cortical Deafness Following Auditory Agnosia -- References -- Part III: Electrically Evoked ABRs (EABRs) -- Chapter 10: Electrically Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses (EABRs), Recording Techniques, Normal (Control) and Abnormal Waveforms of the EABR -- 10.1 Two Types of EABRs Recordings for Patient -- 10.2 EABR Recording Protocol -- 10.2.1 Montage of Skin Needle Electrodes for Recording EABRs -- 10.2.2 Electrical Stimulation from Intracochlear Electrodes -- 10.2.3 Recording Conditions -- 10.3 Measurement of the Amplitudes and Latencies of eIII and eV -- 10.4 Typical Waveform of the EABR in Control (Normal) Subjects. 10.4.1 EABRs Waveforms Recorded from Each of the Twelve Intracochlear Electrodes of an Intracochlear Implant. |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910624376603321 |
| Tokyo, Japan : , : Springer, , [2022] | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
L'Accueillance : une nouvelle écologie de la relation aux malentendants / / Collectif JNA
| L'Accueillance : une nouvelle écologie de la relation aux malentendants / / Collectif JNA |
| Autore | JNA Collectif |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Ulis, France : , : EDP Sciences, , 2014 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (63 p.) |
| Disciplina | 617.89 |
| Collana | Monographies de l'audition |
| Soggetto topico |
Hearing aids
Hearing disorders Deaf |
| ISBN | 2-7598-1207-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | fre |
| Nota di contenuto | Frontmatter -- PRÉAMBULE -- SOMMAIRE -- « L’Accueillance® », définition -- PARTIE 1 – L’ACCUEILLANCE®, UN NOUVEAU LEVIER DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ET DE FIDÉLISATION -- PARTIE 2 – L’ACCUEILLANCE®, UN ART DE VIVRE LE MÉTIER DE L’AUDITION -- PARTIE 3 – TRANSFORMER SON CENTRE EN CENTRE DE L’ACCUEILLANCE® -- PARTIE 4 – TRANSMETTRE L’ACCUEILLANCE® À SON ÉQUIPE -- Conclusion -- Pour aller plus loin -- Bibliographie |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910787832203321 |
JNA Collectif
|
||
| Ulis, France : , : EDP Sciences, , 2014 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
L'Accueillance : une nouvelle écologie de la relation aux malentendants / / Collectif JNA
| L'Accueillance : une nouvelle écologie de la relation aux malentendants / / Collectif JNA |
| Autore | JNA Collectif |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Ulis, France : , : EDP Sciences, , 2014 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (63 p.) |
| Disciplina | 617.89 |
| Collana | Monographies de l'audition |
| Soggetto topico |
Hearing aids
Hearing disorders Deaf |
| ISBN | 2-7598-1207-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | fre |
| Nota di contenuto | Frontmatter -- PRÉAMBULE -- SOMMAIRE -- « L’Accueillance® », définition -- PARTIE 1 – L’ACCUEILLANCE®, UN NOUVEAU LEVIER DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ET DE FIDÉLISATION -- PARTIE 2 – L’ACCUEILLANCE®, UN ART DE VIVRE LE MÉTIER DE L’AUDITION -- PARTIE 3 – TRANSFORMER SON CENTRE EN CENTRE DE L’ACCUEILLANCE® -- PARTIE 4 – TRANSMETTRE L’ACCUEILLANCE® À SON ÉQUIPE -- Conclusion -- Pour aller plus loin -- Bibliographie |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910820445703321 |
|
JNA Collectif
|
||
| Ulis, France : , : EDP Sciences, , 2014 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
L'Accueillance : une nouvelle écologie de la relation aux malentendants / / Collectif JNA
| L'Accueillance : une nouvelle écologie de la relation aux malentendants / / Collectif JNA |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Ulis, France : , : EDP Sciences, , 2014 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (63 p.) |
| Disciplina | 617.89 |
| Soggetto topico |
Hearing aids
Hearing disorders Deaf |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN | 2-7598-1207-3 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | fre |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910463971903321 |
| Ulis, France : , : EDP Sciences, , 2014 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
ACQ : issues in language, speech and hearing / / Speech Pathology Australia
| ACQ : issues in language, speech and hearing / / Speech Pathology Australia |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Melbourne, : Speech Pathology Australia, 1999- |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource |
| Disciplina | 616.855023 |
| Soggetto topico |
Speech therapy - Australia
Language disorders Speech disorders Hearing disorders Speech Therapy Language Disorders Hearing Disorders |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Periodical |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Periodico |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Altri titoli varianti |
ACQuiring knowledge in speech, language and hearing
ACQuiring Knowledge in Speech, Language & Hearing |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910219903503321 |
| Melbourne, : Speech Pathology Australia, 1999- | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Advances in audiology and hearing science . Volume 1 Clinical protocols and hearing devices / / Stavros Hatzopoulos, editor
| Advances in audiology and hearing science . Volume 1 Clinical protocols and hearing devices / / Stavros Hatzopoulos, editor |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Burlington : , : Apple Academic Press, , [2021] |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (600 pages) |
| Disciplina | 617.8 |
| Soggetto topico |
Audiology
Hearing Hearing disorders |
| ISBN |
1-000-01245-X
1-000-00563-1 0-429-29259-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto | Part 1: Clinical Protocols Revised1. Current and Emerging Clinical Applications of the Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR)James W. Hall III and Sara Momtaz2. Application of Wideband Acoustic Immittance (WAI) in Assessment of the Middle Ear in Newborns, Children, and AdultsNavid Shahnaz3. Auditory Efferent SystemThalita Ubiali and Maria Francisca Colella-Santos4. Blinking and Looking: An Eye-Tracking Approach to Studying Cognitive Processing Differences in Individuals with Speech, Language, and Communication DisordersJennifer M. Roche and Schea N. Fissel5. Canine AudiologyKristine E. Sonstrom and Peter M. Scheifele6. Central Auditory Processing: From Diagnosis to RehabilitationMaria Isabel Ramos do Amaral, Leticia Reis Borges, and Maria Francisca Colella-Santos7. Recent Advances in Otoacoustic EmissionsLisa Hunter8. Non-Conventional Clinical Applications of Otoacoustic Emissions: From Middle Ear Transfer to Cochlear Homeostasis to Access to Cerebrospinal Fluid PressureBlandine Louren©ʹo, Fabrice Giraudet, Thierry Mom, and Paul Avan9. Clinical Applications of Frequency Following Response in Children and AdultsMilaine Dominici Sanfins, Stavros Hatzopoulos, and Maria Francisca Colella-Santos10. Functional Neuroimaging of the Central Auditory SystemDavid L. McPherson, Richard Harris, and David Sorensen11. Genomics and Hearing Loss: Towards a New Standard of Care?Thierry Morlet12. Global Initiatives for Hearing Health in the 21st CenturyBradley McPherson and Shelly Chadha13. Solutions for Partial DeafnessHenryk Skarzynski and Piotr Henryk Skarzynski14. Effect of Noise Exposure on Human Auditory Function: Hidden Versus Not-So-Hidden Hearing LossColleen G. Le PrellPart 2: Protocol and Last Moment Updates15. Calibration Issues in OAE MeasurementsDiane Sabo16. Decomposition Methods of OAE Signals: Investigation of TEOAE Components with WVD and Time-Varying FilteringAntoni D. Grzanka17. Decomposition Methods of OAE Signals: Time⁰́₃Frequency Analysis by the Matching Pursuit AlgorithmW. Wiktor Jedrzejczak18. Hearing Screening: Teleaudiology and Its Application with Children in Africa and EuropeMaciej Ludwikowski et al.19. Hearing and Musicians⁰́₉ Recent Findings on Hearing Health and Auditory EnhancementS©Łvia Leticia Menuzzo Quental, Maria Isabel Ramos do Amaral, and Christiane Marques do CoutoIndex |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910860830103321 |
| Burlington : , : Apple Academic Press, , [2021] | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Advances in rehabilitation of hearing loss / / edited by Diego Zanetti and Federica Di Berardino
| Advances in rehabilitation of hearing loss / / edited by Diego Zanetti and Federica Di Berardino |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | London, England : , : IntechOpen, , [2020] |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (176 pages) : illustrations |
| Disciplina | 617.8 |
| Soggetto topico |
Hearing disorders
Hearing disorders - Treatment |
| ISBN | 1-78985-250-1 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910409737303321 |
| London, England : , : IntechOpen, , [2020] | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Advances in rehabilitation of hearing loss / / edited by Diego Zanetti
| Advances in rehabilitation of hearing loss / / edited by Diego Zanetti |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | London, England : , : IntechOpen, , 2020 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (176 pages) |
| Disciplina | 617.8 |
| Soggetto topico |
Deafness
Hearing disorders |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910688582103321 |
| London, England : , : IntechOpen, , 2020 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
Age-related vestibular loss : current understanding and future research directions / / topic editors, Yuri Agrawal, Johns Hopkins University, United States, John Carey, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| Age-related vestibular loss : current understanding and future research directions / / topic editors, Yuri Agrawal, Johns Hopkins University, United States, John Carey, Johns Hopkins University, United States |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Frontiers Media SA, 2017 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 electronic resource (100 p.) |
| Disciplina | 617.8 |
| Collana | Frontiers Research Topics |
| Soggetto topico |
Vestibular apparatus
Hearing disorders |
| Soggetto non controllato |
dizziness
falls vestibular diseases aging vestibular function tests |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Altri titoli varianti | Age-Related Vestibular Loss |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910261138703321 |
| Frontiers Media SA, 2017 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
American journal of audiology
| American journal of audiology |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | [Rockville, MD], : American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, [1991]- |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource |
| Disciplina | 617.8 |
| Soggetto topico |
Audiology
Hearing aids Hearing disorders Hearing Aids Hearing Disorders Audiologie Prothèses auditives Troubles de l'audition |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Periodicals. |
| ISSN | 1558-9137 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Periodico |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Altri titoli varianti | AJA |
| Record Nr. | UNISA-996213539903316 |
| [Rockville, MD], : American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, [1991]- | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno | ||
| ||
Soggetto topico
-
Hearing disorders
(103)
- Hearing Disorders (31)
- Audiology (26)
- Speech disorders (17)
- Speech Disorders (15)