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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Facial Paralysis -- 1: Facial Paralysis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Medical Treatment -- 1.1 The Facial Nerve -- 1.2 Facial Nerve Pathways -- 1.3 Terminology and Grading of Facial Palsy -- 1.4 Evaluation of Peripheral Facial Palsy -- 1.5 Causes of Peripheral Facial Palsy -- 1.6 Differential Diagnosis of Peripheral Facial Palsy -- 1.7 Bell's Palsy -- 1.8 Acquired Peripheral Facial Palsy in Children -- 1.9 Herpes Zoster Oticus or Ramsay Hunt syndrome -- 1.10 Lyme Disease (Neuroborreliosis) -- 1.11 Sarcoidosis -- 1.12 Guillain-Barré Syndrome -- 1.13 Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome -- 1.14 Ear Infection -- 1.15 Intratemporal Facial Nerve Trauma -- 1.16 Extratemporal Facial Nerve Trauma -- 1.17 Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Trauma -- 1.18 Tumor -- 1.19 Peripheral Facial Palsy in Newborn, Congenital Facial Palsy -- References -- 2: A Multi-modal Approach to Outcome Tracking in Facial Palsy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Patient-Reported Outcome Measures -- 2.3 Clinician Grading Scoring Systems -- 2.4 Objective Assessment Systems -- 2.5 Emerging Systems -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Documentation and Imaging in Facial Palsy -- 3.1 Documentation in Facial Palsy -- 3.1.1 Overview -- 3.1.2 Patient Assessment -- 3.2 Imaging in Facial Palsy Overview -- 3.2.1 Composition and Positioning -- 3.2.2 Post-paralytic Facial Synkinesis (PPFS) -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Pre- and Post-op Rehabilitation in Facial Palsy Patients -- 4.1 Facial Nerve Grading Instruments -- 4.2 House-Brackmann Score -- 4.3 Sunnybrook Score -- 4.4 Chuang's Smile Excursion Score -- 4.5 Exercise Therapy -- 4.6 Electromyography-Biofeedback (EMG-Biofeedback) -- 4.7 Electrical Stimulation -- 4.8 Massage -- 4.9 Manual Lymphatic Drainage -- 4.10 Botulinum Toxin.
4.11 Postoperative Facial Rehabilitation -- 4.11.1 Rehabilitation After Temporalis and Masseter Muscle Transposition -- 4.11.2 Rehabilitation After Labbé Technique -- 4.11.3 Rehabilitation After Nerve Transfers and Cross-Facial Nerve Grafting -- 4.11.4 Rehabilitation After Free Gracilis Muscle Transfer for Reconstruction of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Palsy -- References -- 5: Electrophysiology in Facial Paralysis -- 5.1 Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) -- 5.1.1 Recording -- 5.1.2 Parameter -- 5.2 Electromyography (EMG) -- 5.3 Blink Reflex Studies -- 5.4 Magnetic Stimulation -- 5.5 Outcome Indicators -- References -- Part II: Facial Nerve Reconstruction -- 6: Principles of Facial Nerve Reconstruction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types of Facial Nerve Injuries -- 6.3 Methods of Facial Nerve Reconstruction -- 6.4 The Distal Target in Facial Nerve Reconstruction: Innervation of Mimetic Muscles -- 6.5 Timing of Facial Nerve Reconstruction -- 6.5.1 Timing or Nerve Reconstruction in Open Facial Nerve Injuries with Facial Nerve Deficits or Oncological Resections Including the Facial Nerve -- 6.5.2 Timing for Nerve Reconstruction in Acquired Facial Paralysis with Unknown Facial Nerve Status -- 6.6 Classification of Levels of Facial Nerve Injuries in Relation to Facial Reconstruction Method -- 6.6.1 Level 1: Central Nerve System or Intratemporal Nerve Injuries with Not Available Facial Nerve Stump -- 6.6.2 Clinical Example -- 6.6.3 Level 2: Intratemporal and Extratemporal Intraparotid Nerve Injuries with Available Facial Nerve Stump -- 6.6.4 Clinical Example -- 6.6.5 Level 3: Extratemporal Extraparotid or Distal Nerve Injuries -- 6.6.6 Clinical Example -- References -- 7: Anatomy of the Facial Nerve -- 7.1 Cranial Nerve (CN)7 -- 7.1.1 Targets of CN7 -- 7.2 Facial Nerve: Motoric Portion of CN7 -- 7.2.1 Intracerebral Segment.
7.2.2 Intracranial Segment -- 7.2.3 Extracranial Segment -- 7.2.4 Parotid Plexus -- 7.2.5 Innervation of Facial Muscles -- References -- 8: Nerve Transfers to the Facial Nerve -- 8.1 Background -- 8.2 Patient Presentation -- 8.3 Nerve Transfers: Goals, Indications, and Rationale -- 8.3.1 Goals -- 8.3.2 Indications -- 8.3.3 Rationale -- 8.3.4 Advantages of Nerve Transfers -- 8.3.5 Disadvantages of Nerve Transfers -- 8.4 Masseteric to Facial Nerve Transfer -- 8.5 Cross-Facial Nerve Grafting -- 8.6 Dual Innervation -- 8.7 Summary -- References -- 9: Vascularized Nerve Grafts in Facial Nerve Reconstruction -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 A Historical Overview -- 9.3 The Blood Supply of Nerves -- 9.4 Evidence for Vascularized Nerve Grafts -- 9.4.1 Blood Supply -- 9.4.2 Motor Versus Sensory Nerve Grafts -- 9.5 Clinical Applications -- 9.5.1 The Dilemma -- 9.5.2 Facial Nerve Defects in the Head and Neck Cancer Patient -- 9.6 Pedicled Nerve Graft Options -- 9.7 Vascularized Nerve Grafts and the ALT Free Flap -- 9.8 Clinical Example of a Chimeric Free Flap Reconstruction of Soft Tissue and Facial Nerve -- 9.9 Clinical Example of Vascularized Nerve Graft to the Marginal Mandibular Nerve -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Non-vascularized Nerve Grafts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Donor Nerves -- 10.2.1 Sural Nerve -- 10.2.1.1 Surgical Technique for Sural Nerve Harvest -- 10.2.2 Greater Auricular Nerve -- 10.2.3 Motor Nerves -- 10.3 Ipsilateral Nerve Repair -- 10.4 Cross-Face Nerve Grafts -- 10.4.1 Timing of Surgery -- 10.4.2 Donor Branch Selection -- 10.4.3 Augmentation of Partial Function -- 10.4.4 Sensory Pathway Protection -- 10.5 Coaptation Techniques -- References -- 11: Avoiding Damage of the Facial Nerve in Parotid Surgery -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Type of Parotidectomy -- 11.2.1 Extracapsular Dissection.
11.2.2 Superficial Parotidectomy -- 11.2.3 Total Parotidectomy -- 11.3 Pre- and Perioperative Considerations -- 11.3.1 Facial Nerve Monitoring -- 11.3.2 Surgical Microscope or Surgical Loupes for Parotidectomy? -- 11.3.3 Single Shot Antibiotic Treatment -- 11.4 Superficial Parotidectomy -- 11.4.1 Positioning and Skin Incision -- 11.4.2 SMAS Flap -- 11.4.3 Landmark I: Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle -- 11.4.4 Landmark II: Tragal Pointer -- 11.4.5 Dissection -- 11.4.6 Wound Closure, Dressing, and Postoperative Antibiotic Treatment -- 11.5 Neck Dissection and Facial Nerve -- 11.5.1 Level I: Boundaries -- 11.5.2 Risk for Damage of the Marginal Mandibular Branch -- 11.6 Level Ib Neck Dissection -- 11.6.1 Skin Incision -- 11.6.2 Elevation of Platysma Flaps -- 11.6.3 Identification of the Marginal Mandibular Branch -- References -- 12: Avoiding Facial Nerve Injury in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Retromandibular Approach to the TMJ -- 12.2.1 Surgical Anatomy -- 12.2.2 Retromandibular Anteroparotid Transmasseteric Approach -- 12.2.3 Retromandibular Transparotid Approach -- 12.3 Preauricular Approach to the TMJ -- 12.3.1 Surgical Anatomy -- 12.3.2 Subfascial Approach -- 12.3.3 Deep Subfascial Approach -- 12.4 Approaches to the TMJ and Risk for Facial Nerve Injury -- References -- Part III: Smile Reanimation in Long Standing Facial Paralysis -- 13: Principles of Smile Reanimation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 History of the Smile -- 13.1.2 Evolution of the Human Smile -- 13.1.3 Social and Cultural Aspects of the Smile -- 13.1.4 Types of Smile and Anatomical Variations -- 13.1.5 The Dimple and the Smile -- 13.2 Preoperative Evaluation of the Smile -- 13.2.1 Mouth Corner Vector for Smile Reanimation -- 13.2.2 Donor Nerves and Muscles in Smile Reanimation.
13.3 Intraoperative Evaluation of the Smile -- 13.4 Postoperative Care of the Smile -- 13.4.1 Immediate Postoperative Care -- 13.4.2 Long-Term Postoperative Care -- References -- 14: One-Stage Facial Reanimation Using Masseter Nerve Free Flap -- 14.1 Anatomy -- 14.2 Diagnostics -- 14.3 Indications -- 14.4 Technique -- 14.5 Summary -- References -- 15: Spinal Accessory Nerve-Innervated Gracilis (XI-Gracilis) for Facial Reanimation: Chang Gung Experience -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.3 Anatomy Review -- 15.3.1 Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) -- 15.4 Technique of XI-Gracilis for Facial Reanimation, One-Stage Procedure -- 15.4.1 Preoperative Evaluation -- 15.4.2 Operative Method -- 15.5 Postoperative Cares and Rehabilitation -- 15.6 Outcome Assessment -- 15.7 Statistical Analysis -- 15.8 Results -- 15.8.1 Denervation Time -- 15.8.2 Ischemic Time for Gracilis Transfer -- 15.8.3 Complications -- 15.8.4 Smile Excursion Score -- 15.8.5 Cortical Adaptation Stage -- 15.8.6 Patient Questionnaire -- 15.8.7 Hadlock's SMILE Lip Excursion Scale -- 15.8.8 Terzis's Functional and Aesthetic Grading System -- 15.9 Discussion -- 15.9.1 Why Is the XI-Gracilis Not Popular? -- 15.9.2 Sequelae by XI Transect -- 15.9.3 Why Patients of Postparalysis Facial Synkinesis Are Included? -- 15.9.4 Cortical Adaptation -- 15.9.5 Result Evaluation -- 15.9.6 Indication and Contraindication -- 15.10 Summary -- References -- 16: One-Stage Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Transfer for Facial Reanimation: Comparison Between Single and Dual Innervation -- 16.1 History of One-Stage Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Transfer -- 16.2 Dual-Innervation Technique -- 16.2.1 Emergence of the Dual-Innervation Technique -- 16.2.2 Surgical Technique -- 16.2.2.1 Preoperative Planning -- 16.2.2.2 Preparation of the Cheek Pocket.
16.2.2.3 Harvesting the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Segment.
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Info
Bell's Palsy fact sheet [[electronic resource] /] / [prepared by Office of Communications and Public Liason, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health]
