| Nota di contenuto |
English Prepositions Explained -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface to the second edition -- Symbols, abbreviations and features of format -- Chapter 1. Introduction and orientation -- 1. Who is this book for? -- 2. Why not just consult a grammar handbook or dictionary? -- 3. Prepositions covered in this book -- 4. Prepositions not focused on -- 5. Where have the example sentences and phrases come from? -- 6. Prepositions in whose minds? -- 7. Collocations, strong collocations, fixed expressions -- 8. The 'Subjects' and 'Landmarks' of prepositions -- 8.1. The basics -- 8.2 People as Subjects and Landmarks -- 8.3 Plurals -- 8.4 Locating events in time -- 8.5 Arrangements of grammatical Subject and Landmark -- 8.6 Events, activities, and similar as Subject or Landmark -- 8.7 Grammatical subjects and landmarks in questions -- 8.8 Prepositions of path -- 8.9 Omission of lexical landmarks -- 8.10 Abstract Subjects and Landmarks -- 8.11 Secondary Landmarks -- 9. Meaning and form -- 10. Meaning, sense and usage -- 11. Literal, spatial meanings and abstract, figurative usages -- 12. Geometry, function and role -- 13. The icons as aids to understanding -- 14. Classifying prepositions -- 15. Prototypical (~ 'primary' or 'most representative') meanings and secondary (~ 'extended') meanings -- 16. Phrasal verbs (~ multi-word verbs) -- 17. Ordinary, idiomatic phrasal verbs vs perfective phrasal verbs -- 18. Prepositions, directional adverbs and particles -- 19. Prepositions and the guessability of idioms -- 20. The roles of functionality and metonymy -- 21. Major non-spatial notions -- Chapter 2. Toward(s), to, in/into, inward, outward, through, out (of), from (vs off), away (from) -- 1. Overview -- 2. Toward(s) -- 2.1 The meaning of toward(s) -- 2.2 The suffix -ward(s) -- 3. To -- 3.1 To: Basic, meaning.
3.2 To ~ 'toward' -- 4. In/into -- 4.1 In/into vs to -- 4.1.1 Basic differences -- 4.1.2 The difference in the scale of mental images for In/into and to -- 4.2 In vs into -- 4.3 Metaphorical usages of in & -- into -- 5. Inward(s) -- 6. Through -- 6.1 Two literal meanings -- 6.2 Metaphorical through -- 6.3 Metaphorical through ~ 'because of', 'by means of', 'owing to the action of' -- 7. Out (of) -- 7.1 The of in out of -- 7.2 Out -- 7.2.1 The basic meaning of out -- 7.2.2 Out ~ 'in all directions away from a central Landmark' -- 7.2.3 Out: Straightforward metaphorical usages of the basic meaning -- 7.3 More metaphorical senses and usages of out -- 7.3.1 Out for extension/expansion beyond former boundaries -- 7.3.2 Out ~ 'From the beginning to the end' -- 7.3.3 Out ~ 'better than' -- 7.4 Out and the matter of viewpoint -- 7.4.1 Leaving a house: The possible vantage points -- 7.4.2 Person B's viewpoint: Out & -- ex- ~ 'not here/there', 'gone' -- 7.4.3 Person C's viewpoint: Out & -- ex - ~ 'in the open', 'not hidden' ~ 'understandable' or 'available' -- 7.4.4 Person A's viewpoint: Out for loss of possession or supply -- 8. Outward(s) = 'away from the center' -- 9. From' -- 9.1 From: Literal meanings -- 9.1.1 From: The basic meaning -- 9.1.2 From and other prepositions of 'separation': Out, off, off from -- 9.1.3 Literal from vs of -- 9.2 From: Metaphorical usages -- 9.2.1 From for order of finishing -- 9.2.2 More on from vs of -- 9.2.3 A variation from the basic meaning: Keep from …-ing -- 9.2.4 From & -- to: Different from/to & -- similar expressions -- 9.3 Out of and off as colloquial alternatives to from -- 9.3.1 A stylistic difference between out of and from -- 9.3.2 A stylistic difference between off and from -- 10. Away (from) ~ 'farther (from)', 'in the opposite direction (from)' -- 10.1 Away and away from.
10.2 Away: More about its basic meaning and literal usages -- 10.3 Metaphorical usages of Away -- 10.3.1 Away for metaphorical taking and removing -- 10.3.2 Away for gradual disappearance -- 10.3.3 Away for acting freely, again and again -- 11. Time -- Chapter 3. On1 off, on2 -- 1. Overview -- 2. On1: 'Contact' & -- 'support' -- 2.1 The basic spatial meaning of on1 -- 2.2 On1: Variations in application & -- a variation in meaning -- 2.3 On1: Contact at ends & -- edges -- 2.3.1 Supportive contact blends into non-supportive contact -- 2.3.2 Catch on, hook on… -- 3. On2: 'in the direction being faced' & -- /or 'in the same direction as before' -- 4. Onto: 'forceful contact' -- 5. Off, the opposite of on1 -- 5.1 Off as a preposition of path -- 5.2 Off as a preposition of place -- 6. On top (of) -- 7. On the right/left (hand)(side) (of) vs to the right/left (hand)(side)(of) -- 8. More about literal on2 -- 8.1 On2 vs along, away, off -- 8.2 On2 vs out -- 8.3 On2 & -- toward(s) -- 9. Some common metaphorical usages of on1 and off -- 9.1 On1 for metaphorical contact vs off -- 9.1.1 On1 with topic Landmarks vs about, around, concerning -- 9.1.2 The burden metaphor: on1, under, upon, off -- 9.1.3 On1: Forceful contact from above -- 9.1.4 On1: Contact from any direction, including very forceful contact -- 9.1.5 On1: The Landmark as an object of slower action -- 9.1.6 The basis metaphor: On1 & -- do X 'on the back of' Y -- 9.1.7 Bet/spend x on y -- 9.2 On1 & -- off: Additional common metaphorical usages -- 9.2.1 On1 (vs off): Accessibility, availability, existence, currency -- 9.2.2 Not on & -- off ~ 'not good enough' -- 9.2.3 Off suggests 'up' as in lift off, take off -- 9.2.4 Live off x vs live on x -- 9.2.5 On fire/watch/guard/duty/patrol…& -- on the run, on the go… -- 9.2.6 Visual contact: Look on x -- 10. Metaphorical on2.
11. On1& -- on2 -- 11.1 A probably illusory, figurative blend of on1 & -- on2 -- 11.2 Are on1& -- on2 related? -- 12. Time -- 12.1 On1 vs at & -- in -- 12.2 On2 & -- onto -- 12.3 Off -- 12.4 Ahead (of) -- Chapter 4. In, on1 out, into -- 1. Overview -- 2. In vs other prepositions including on1 -- 2.1 In, on, within, inside, out (of): Representative applications -- 2.2 In re a Landmark which is like a line, but on1 re a line of one dimension -- 2.3 Being 'in' without really being geometrically 'in' -- 3. In and its relatives -- 3.1 In, inside, within -- 3.2 Inside & -- within vs outside & -- without -- 3.3 Be in vs be on a bus, train, etc. -- 4. Common metaphorical usages of in(to) -- 5. Time -- 5.1 In vs on1 & -- at -- 5.1.1 Long spans of time: In -- 5.1.2 Days: On -- 5.1.3 The expressions in the day/night/afternoon… -- 5.1.4 the morning/afternoon…of…: In vs on -- 5.2 Set phrases with in & -- on -- 5.3 During vs in, at & -- on -- 5.4 Do something in x seconds/minutes/hours… -- 5.5 Inside & -- within -- 5.6 In doing (~ 'while doing') vs on doing (~ 'when doing') -- Chapter 5. Beside, along, against, alongside, aside -- 1. Overview -- 2. Basic spatial meanings -- 2.1 Beside vs along, alongside -- 2.2 Beside & -- along vs against -- 2.2.1 Place or endpoint of a path -- 2.2.2 Landmarks that flow: against, into, with, along -- 2.3 Alongside vs beside & -- along -- 3. Metaphorical usages -- 3.1 Along -- 3.2 Along with ~ 'in addition to' -- vs together with & -- with -- 3.3 Besides -- 3.4 Alongside, beside ~ 'in cooperation with' -- 3.5 Beside yourself with anger -- 4. Aside -- 5. Right/left - to the right/left (of), etc. -- 6. Time -- Chapter 6. Between, among(st) -- 1. Overview -- 2. Literal and metaphorical usages of between -- 2.1 Between as a preposition of place & -- in Between.
2.2 Between: Movement to an endpoint between a double Landmark & -- in between -- 2.3 Between as a preposition of path vs in Between -- 2.4 Between for dividing and sharing -- 2.5 Between for choosing, distinguishing, discerning… -- 2.6 The difference between/among -- There's nothing in it! -- 2.7 Between for stating a range -- 3. Literal and metaphorical usages of among(st) ~ 'in a group or crowd' -- 4. Among vs between -- 5. Amid(st) vs among(st) & -- in the midst of, in the middle (of) -- 6. Inter- -- 7. Time -- Chapter 7. Across (from), opposite (from), on the other side (of), beyond -- 1. Overview -- 2. Across (from) vs opposite (from) -- 2.1 Across & -- opposite: More about flexibility of application -- 3. On the other side (of) vs across (from) & -- opposite -- 4. at the other/at the opposite end (of) vs on the other side (of) -- 5. Beyond -- 5.1 a typical physical scene -- beyond vs on the other side of, behind & -- over -- 5.2 Beyond: Metaphorical usages -- 6. Time -- Chapter 8. Behind, on the other side (of), in back (of), in front (of) -- 1. Overview -- 2. Behind -- 2.1 Behind, in back (of) vs on the other side (of) -- 2.2 Behind: Faces, fronts, and points of view -- 2.3 Behind: Metaphorical usages -- 3. In back (of) -- 4. In front (of) & -- before -- 4.1 Basic meanings -- 4.2 In front (of) for spatial location vs before/prior (to) (& -- after) for chronological sequence -- 4.3 In front (of) & -- ahead (of) for literal and metaphorical leading -- 4.4 Before for location -- 5. In front/back (of) vs in the front/back (of) -- 6. Time -- Chapter 9. Above, over -- 1. Overview -- 2. Basic literal meanings of Above & -- over -- 2.1 Above (~ 'situated directly up & -- separated from') & -- over -- 2.2 Above & -- over for movement to an endpoint -- 2.3 Above ~ 'at a greater altitude but off to one side'.
3. More about over &.
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Cognitive explorations into the category schema of 'For' / / by Katarzyna Rudkiewicz
