| Autore |
Sharifabadi Kamran <1963->
|
| Pubbl/distr/stampa |
Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : , : Wiley & Sons, , 2016
|
| Descrizione fisica |
xxiii, 386 s : ill
|
| Disciplina |
621.31/7
|
| Soggetto topico |
Convertidors de corrent elèctric
Energia elèctrica - Transmissió - Corrent continu
Electric power transmission - Direct current - Equipment and supplies
Electric current converters - Automatic control
Electric current converters - Design and construction
|
| ISBN |
9781118851555
1-118-85154-4
1-118-85152-8
1-118-85155-2
|
| Formato |
Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione |
eng
|
| Nota di contenuto |
-- Preface xiii -- Acknowledgements xv -- About the Companion Website xvii -- Nomenclature xix -- Introduction 1 -- 1 Introduction to Modular Multilevel Converters 7 -- 1.1 Introduction 7 -- 1.2 The Two-Level Voltage Source Converter 9 -- 1.2.1 Topology and Basic Function 9 -- 1.2.2 Steady-State Operation 12 -- 1.3 Benefits of Multilevel Converters 15 -- 1.4 Early Multilevel Converters 17 -- 1.4.1 Diode Clamped Converters 17 -- 1.4.2 Flying Capacitor Converters 20 -- 1.5 Cascaded Multilevel Converters 23 -- 1.5.1 Submodules and Submodule Strings 23 -- 1.5.2 Modular Multilevel Converter with Half-Bridge Submodules 28 -- 1.5.3 Other Cascaded Converter Topologies 43 -- 1.6 Summary 57 -- References 58 -- 2 Main-Circuit Design 60 -- 2.1 Introduction 60 -- 2.2 Properties and Design Choices of Power Semiconductor Devices for High-Power Applications 61 -- 2.2.1 Historical Overview of the Development Toward Modern Power Semiconductors 61 -- 2.2.2 Basic Conduction Properties of Power Semiconductor Devices 64 -- 2.2.3 P-N Junctions for Blocking 65 -- 2.2.4 Conduction Properties and the Need for Carrier Injection 67 -- 2.2.5 Switching Properties 72 -- 2.2.6 Packaging 73 -- 2.2.7 Reliability of Power Semiconductor Devices 80 -- 2.2.8 Silicon Carbide Power Devices 84 -- 2.3 Medium-Voltage Capacitors for Submodules 92 -- 2.3.1 Design and Fabrication 93 -- 2.3.2 Self-Healing and Reliability 95 -- 2.4 Arm Inductors 96 -- 2.5 Submodule Configurations 98 -- 2.5.1 Existing Half-Bridge Submodule Realizations 99 -- 2.5.2 Clamped Single-Submodule 104 -- 2.5.3 Clamped Double-Submodule 105 -- 2.5.4 Unipolar-Voltage Full-Bridge Submodule 106 -- 2.5.5 Five-Level Cross-Connected Submodule 107 -- 2.5.6 Three-Level Cross-Connected Submodule 107 -- 2.5.7 Double Submodule 108 -- 2.5.8 Semi-Full-Bridge Submodule 109 -- 2.5.9 Soft-Switching Submodules 110 -- 2.6 Choice of Main-Circuit Parameters 112 -- 2.6.1 Main Input Data 112 -- 2.6.2 Choice of Power Semiconductor Devices 114 -- 2.6.3 Choice of the Number of Submodules 115.
2.6.4 Choice of Submodule Capacitance 117 -- 2.6.5 Choice of Arm Inductance 117 -- 2.7 Handling of Redundant and Faulty Submodules 118 -- 2.7.1 Method 1 118 -- 2.7.2 Method 2 119 -- 2.7.3 Comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 120 -- 2.7.4 Handling of Redundancy Using IGBT Stacks 121 -- 2.8 Auxiliary Power Supplies for Submodules 121 -- 2.8.1 Using the Submodule Capacitor as Power Source 121 -- 2.8.2 Power Supplies with High-Voltage Inputs 123 -- 2.8.3 The Tapped-Inductor Buck Converter 125 -- 2.9 Start-Up Procedures 126 -- 2.10 Summary 126 -- References 127 -- 3 Dynamics and Control 133 -- 3.1 Introduction 133 -- 3.2 Fundamentals 134 -- 3.2.1 Arms 135 -- 3.2.2 Submodules 135 -- 3.2.3 AC Bus 136 -- 3.2.4 DC Bus 136 -- 3.2.5 Currents 136 -- 3.3 Converter Operating Principle and Averaged Dynamic Model 137 -- 3.3.1 Dynamic Relations for the Currents 137 -- 3.3.2 Selection of the Mean Sum Capacitor Voltages 137 -- 3.3.3 Averaging Principle 138 -- 3.3.4 Ideal Selection of the Insertion Indices 140 -- 3.3.5 Sum-Capacitor-Voltage Ripples 141 -- 3.3.6 Maximum Output Voltage 144 -- 3.3.7 DC-Bus Dynamics 146 -- 3.3.8 Time Delays 148 -- 3.4 Per-Phase Output-Current Control 148 -- 3.4.1 Tracking of a Sinusoidal Reference Using a PI Controller 149 -- 3.4.2 Resonant Filters and Generalized Integrators 150 -- 3.4.3 Tracking of a Sinusoidal Reference Using a PR Controller 152 -- 3.4.4 Parameter Selection for a PR Current Controller 153 -- 3.4.5 Output-Current Controller Design 157 -- 3.5 Arm-Balancing (Internal) Control 161 -- 3.5.1 Circulating-Current Control 163 -- 3.5.2 Direct Voltage Control 163 -- 3.5.3 Closed-Loop Voltage Control 166 -- 3.5.4 Open-Loop Voltage Control 168 -- 3.5.5 Hybrid Voltage Control 172 -- 3.6 Three-Phase Systems 175 -- 3.6.1 Balanced Three-Phase Systems 175 -- 3.6.2 Imbalanced Three-Phase Systems 175 -- 3.6.3 Instantaneous Active Power 176 -- 3.6.4 Wye (Y) and Delta (̧Æ) Connections 177 -- 3.6.5 Harmonics 177 -- 3.6.6 Space Vectors 178 -- 3.6.7 Instantaneous Power 182.
3.6.8 Selection of the Space-Vector Scaling Constant 184 -- 3.7 Vector Output-Current Control 184 -- 3.7.1 PR (PI) Controller 186 -- 3.7.2 Reference-Vector Saturation 188 -- 3.7.3 Transformations 188 -- 3.7.4 Zero-Sequence Injection 190 -- 3.8 Higher-Level Control 192 -- 3.8.1 Phase-Locked Loop 193 -- 3.8.2 Open-Loop Active- and Reactive-Power Control 197 -- 3.8.3 DC-Bus-Voltage Control 198 -- 3.8.4 Power-Synchronization Control 200 -- 3.9 Control Architectures 207 -- 3.9.1 Communication Network 209 -- 3.9.2 Fault-Tolerant Communication Networks 211 -- 3.10 Summary 212 -- References 212 -- 4 Control under Unbalanced Grid Conditions 214 -- 4.1 Introduction 214 -- 4.2 Grid Requirements 214 -- 4.3 Shortcomings of Conventional Vector Control 215 -- 4.3.1 PLL with Notch Filter 216 -- 4.4 Positive/Negative-Sequence Extraction 219 -- 4.4.1 DDSRF-PNSE 219 -- 4.4.2 DSOGI-PNSE 221 -- 4.5 Injection Reference Strategy 223 -- 4.5.1 PSI with PSI-LVRT Compliance 225 -- 4.5.2 MSI-LVRT Mixed Positive- and Negative-Sequence Injection with both PSI-LVRT and NSI-LVRT Compliance 226 -- 4.6 Component-Based Vector Output-Current Control 226 -- 4.6.1 DDSRF-PNSE-Based Control 226 -- 4.6.2 DSOGI-PNSE-Based Control 227 -- 4.7 Summary 228 -- References 231 -- 5 Modulation and Submodule Energy Balancing 232 -- 5.1 Introduction 232 -- 5.2 Fundamentals of Pulse-Width Modulation 233 -- 5.2.1 Basic Concepts 233 -- 5.2.2 Performance of Modulation Methods 234 -- 5.2.3 Reference Third-Harmonic Injection in Three-Phase Systems 235 -- 5.3 Carrier-Based Modulation Methods 236 -- 5.3.1 Two-Level Carrier-Based Modulation 236 -- 5.3.2 Analysis by Fourier Series Expansion 237 -- 5.3.3 Polyphase Systems 242 -- 5.4 Multilevel Carrier-Based Modulation 243 -- 5.4.1 Phase-Shifted Carriers 243 -- 5.4.2 Level-Shifted Carriers 250 -- 5.5 Nearest-Level Control 252 -- 5.6 Submodule Energy Balancing Methods 256 -- 5.6.1 Submodule Sorting 256 -- 5.6.2 Predictive Sorting 259 -- 5.6.3 Tolerance Band Methods 263 -- 5.6.4 Individual Submodule-Capacitor-Voltage Control 269.
5.7 Summary 270 -- References 271 -- 6 Modeling and Simulation 272 -- 6.1 Introduction 272 -- 6.2 Leg-Level Averaged (LLA) Model 274 -- 6.3 Arm-Level Averaged (ALA) Model 275 -- 6.3.1 Arm-Level Averaged Model with Blocking Capability (ALA-BLK) 276 -- 6.4 Submodule-Level Averaged (SLA) Model 278 -- 6.4.1 Vectorized Simulation Models 279 -- 6.5 Submodule-Level Switched (SLS) Model 280 -- 6.5.1 Multiple Phase-Shifted Carrier (PSC) Simulation 281 -- 6.6 Summary 281 -- References 282 -- 7 Design and Optimization of MMC-HVDC Schemes for Offshore Wind-Power Plant Application 283 -- 7.1 Introduction 283 -- 7.2 The Influence of Regulatory Frameworks on the Development Strategies for Offshore HVDC Schemes 284 -- 7.2.1 UK's Regulatory Framework for Offshore Transmission Assets 285 -- 7.2.2 Germany's Regulatory Framework for Offshore Transmission Assets 286 -- 7.3 Impact of Regulatory Frameworks on the Functional Requirements and Design of Offshore HVDC Terminals 286 -- 7.4 Components of an Offshore MMC-HVDC Converter 287 -- 7.4.1 Offshore HVDC Converter Transformer 289 -- 7.4.2 Phase Reactors and DC Pole Reactors 290 -- 7.4.3 Converter Valve Hall 292 -- 7.4.4 Control and Protection Systems 293 -- 7.4.5 AC and DC Switchyards 293 -- 7.4.6 Auxiliary Systems 293 -- 7.5 Offshore Platform Concepts 294 -- 7.5.1 Accommodation Offshore 295 -- 7.6 Onshore HVDC Converter 295 -- 7.6.1 Onshore DC Choppers/Dynamic Brakers 296 -- 7.6.2 Inrush Current Limiter Resistors 297 -- 7.7 Recommended System Studies for the Development and Integration of an Offshore HVDC Link to a WPP 298 -- 7.7.1 Conceptual and Feasibility Studies with Steady-State Load Flow 299 -- 7.7.2 Short-Circuit Analysis 301 -- 7.7.3 Dynamic System Performance Analysis 301 -- 7.7.4 Transient Stability Analysis 301 -- 7.7.5 Harmonic Analysis 302 -- 7.7.6 Ferroresonance 302 -- 7.8 Summary 303 -- References 303 -- 8 MMC-HVDC Standards and Commissioning Procedures 305 -- 8.1 Introduction 305 -- 8.2 CIGRE and IEC Activities for the Standardization of MMC-HVDC Technology 306.
8.2.1 Hierarchy of Available and Applicable Codes, Standards and Best Practice Recommendations for MMC-HVDC Projects 309 -- 8.3 MMC-HVDC Commissioning and Factory and Site Acceptance Tests 309 -- 8.3.1 Pre-Commissioning 311 -- 8.3.2 Offsite Commissioning Tests or Factory Acceptance Tests 312 -- 8.3.3 Onsite Testing and Site Acceptance Tests 313 -- 8.3.4 Onsite Energizing Tests 314 -- 8.4 Summary 317 -- References 317 -- 9 Control and Protection of MMC-HVDC under AC and DC Network Fault Contingencies 318 -- 9.1 Introduction 318 -- 9.2 Two-Level VSC-HVDC Fault Characteristics under Unbalanced AC Network Contingency 319 -- 9.2.1 Two-Level VSC-HVDC Fault Characteristics under DC Fault Contingency 321 -- 9.3 MMC-HVDC Fault Characteristics under Unbalanced AC Network Contingency 322 -- 9.3.1 Internal AC Bus Fault Conditions at the Secondary Side of the Converter Transformer 323 -- 9.4 DC Pole-to-Ground Short-Circuit Fault Characteristics of the Half-Bridge MMC-HVDC 325 -- 9.4.1 DC Pole-to-Pole Short-Circuit Fault Characteristics of the Half-Bridge MMC-HVDC 325 -- 9.5 MMC-HVDC Component Failures 327 -- 9.5.1 Submodule Semiconductor Failures 327 -- 9.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Failure 328 -- 9.5.3 Phase Reactor Failure 329 -- 9.5.4 Converter Transformer Failure 329 -- 9.6 MMC-HVDC Protection Systems 329 -- 9.6.1 AC-Side Protections 331 -- 9.6.2 DC-Side Protections 331 -- 9.6.3 DC-Bus Undervoltage, Overvoltage Protection 331 -- 9.6.4 DC-Bus Voltage Unbalance Protection 332 -- 9.6.5 DC-Bus Overcurrent Protection 332 -- 9.6.6 DC Bus Differential Protection 332 -- 9.6.7 Valve and Submodule Protection 332 -- 9.6.8 Transformer Protection 333 -- 9.6.9 Primary Converter AC Breaker Failure Protection 333 -- 9.7 Summary 333 -- References 334 -- 10 MMC-HVDC Transmission Technology and MTDC Networks 336 -- 10.1 Introduction 336 -- 10.2 LCC-HVDC Transmission Technology 336 -- 10.3 Two-Level VSC-HVDC Transmission Technology 338 -- 10.3.1 Comparison of VSC-HVDC vs. LCC-HVDC Technology 338.
10.4 Modular Multilevel HVDC Transmission Technology 339 -- 10.4.1 Monopolar Asymmetric MMC-HVDC Scheme Configuration 340 -- 10.4.2 Symmetrical Monopole MMC-HVDC Scheme Configuration 340 -- 10.4.3 Bipolar HVDC Scheme Configuration 341 -- 10.4.4 Homopolar HVDC Scheme Configuration 342 -- 10.4.5 Back-to-Back HVDC Scheme Configuration 342 -- 10.5 The European HVDC Projects and MTDC Network Perspectives 343 -- 10.5.1 The North Sea Countries Offshore Grid Initiative (NSCOGI) 343 -- 10.5.2 Large Integration of Offshore Wind Farms and Creation of the Offshore DC Grid 344 -- 10.6 Multi-Terminal HVDC Configurations 345 -- 10.6.1 Series-Connected MTDC Network 346 -- 10.6.2 Parallel-Connected MTDC Network 346 -- 10.6.3 Meshed MTDC Networks 347 -- 10.7 DC Load Flow Control in MTDC Networks 348 -- 10.8 DC Grid Control Strategies 349 -- 10.8.1 Dynamic Voltage Control and Power Balancing in MTDC Networks 350 -- 10.8.2 Power and Voltage Droop Control Strategy 351 -- 10.8.3 Voltage Margin Control Method 352 -- 10.8.4 Dead-Band Droop Control 352 -- 10.8.5 Centralized and Distributed Voltage Control Strategies 354 -- 10.9 DC Fault Detection and Protection in MTDC Networks 355 -- 10.10 Fault-Detection Methods in MTDC 357 -- 10.10.1 Overcurrent and Voltage Detection Methods 357 -- 10.10.2 Distance Relay Protection 359 -- 10.10.3 Differential Line Protection 359 -- 10.10.4 Voltage Derivative Detection 359 -- 10.10.5 Traveling Wave Based Detection 360 -- 10.10.6 Frequency Domain Based Detection 361 -- 10.10.7 Wavelet Based Fault Detection 361 -- 10.11 DC Circuit Breaker Technologies 362 -- 10.11.1 DC Circuit Breaker with MOVs in Series with the DC Line 364 -- 10.11.2 DC Breakers with MOVs in Parallel with the DC Line 366 -- 10.12 Fault-Current Limiters 367 -- 10.12.1 Fault Current Limiting Reactors 367 -- 10.12.2 Solid-State Fault-Current Limiters 368 -- 10.12.3 Superconducting Fault-Current Limiters 369 -- 10.13 The Influence of Grounding Strategy on Fault Currents 369 -- 10.14 DC Supergrids of the Future 370.
10.15 Summary 371 -- References 371 -- Index 373.
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| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910134875803321 |
Info
Design, control, and application of modular multilevel converters for HVDC transmission systems / / Kamran Sharifabadi, Lennart Harnefors, Hans-Peter Nee, Staffan Norrga, Remus Teodorescu
