| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction -- References -- 2: Patient-Centred Communication in Imaging -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 What Is Communication? -- 2.3 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication -- 2.4 Sign, Symbols, and Codes -- 2.5 Denotative and Connotative Meanings -- 2.6 Ensuring a Successful CTC Study: Suggested Communication Materials to Inform Patients of Their Responsibilities -- 2.7 CTC Examinations and Patient Feedback -- 2.8 Readability of Imaging Reports -- 2.9 Readability of Text of Instructions and Informed Consent for Patients -- 2.10 Summary -- References -- 3: Informed Consent -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What Is Consent? -- 3.2.1 Valid Consent -- 3.3 Why Informed Consent in CTC? -- 3.3.1 Informed Consent in Terms of the Use of Artificial Intelligence -- 3.4 The Legal Aspects of Consent -- 3.5 Patient Information -- 3.6 Risks Associated with CTC Procedures -- 3.7 The Duty of Consent and the Role of a CTC Radiographer -- 3.8 Good Practice in Information Giving -- 3.9 Clinical Audit to Include Informed Consent and Patient Information -- 3.10 Summary -- References -- 4: Principles of CT and Hybrid Imaging -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Principles of CT -- 4.2.1 The X-ray Tube -- 4.2.2 What Are We Imaging? -- 4.3 Tomographic Reconstruction: Backprojection -- 4.3.1 Backprojection: An Example -- 4.4 Tomographic Reconstruction: Iterative Reconstruction -- 4.5 CT Numbers -- 4.6 Multi-Slice CT -- 4.7 Other Considerations -- 4.8 Hybrid Imaging -- 4.9 Summary -- References -- 5: Principles of Radiation Dose in CT and CT Colonography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Radiation Units -- 5.3 CT-Specific Radiation Dose Measures -- 5.3.1 The CTDI Measurement -- 5.3.2 Limitations of CTDI -- 5.4 Effective Dose -- 5.5 Low-Dose CTC.
5.6 Dosimetric Considerations of Dual-Energy CT (DECT) -- 5.7 Dose for Clinical Audits -- 5.8 Summary -- References -- 6: Dose Optimisation in CT Colonography -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Justification -- 6.3 Optimisation -- 6.3.1 Risk -- 6.4 Patient Dose in CT: Controllable and Built-in Factors -- 6.4.1 Tube Current -- 6.4.2 Automatic Tube Current Modulation -- 6.4.3 Tube Voltage -- 6.4.4 Iterative Reconstruction -- 6.4.4.1 Use of Artificial Intelligence in CT Image Reconstruction -- 6.4.5 Pre-patient Beam Filter -- 6.4.6 Active Collimators: Over-Ranging -- 6.4.7 Detector Material -- 6.4.8 Shielding -- 6.4.9 Pitch -- 6.4.10 Slice Thickness -- 6.4.11 Matrix Size -- 6.5 Other Practical Dose Saving Approaches -- 6.6 Diagnostic Reference Levels as an Optimisation Tool -- 6.7 Ethics in Radiology Imaging -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Overview of CTC in Imaging the Colon -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reasons for Referral to CTC -- 7.3 Development of CTC -- 7.3.1 Scanner Technology -- 7.3.2 Interpretation Methods -- 7.4 Evolution of the Technique -- 7.4.1 Bowel Preparation -- 7.4.2 Insufflation -- 7.5 Limitations of CTC -- 7.6 Team Approach and Training -- 7.7 Published Documentation Which Has Influenced CTC -- 7.8 CTC in the Future -- 7.9 Summary -- References -- 8: The Role of Contrast Media in CTC: Types, Usage, Allergic Reactions, and Patient Safety -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Oral Contrast Within Bowel Preparation -- 8.3 Colonic Insufflation with CO2 and Perforation -- 8.4 Antispasmodic Drugs -- 8.5 Intravenous Contrast -- 8.6 Summary -- References -- 9: Preparation of CTC Patient: Diet, Bowel Preparation, the Role of Tagging, and Methods of Colonic Insufflation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bowel Preparation -- 9.3 Colonic Preparation -- 9.4 Recommended Bowel Preparation Including Diet.
9.4.1 Non-cathartic Options for CTC -- 9.5 CTC Colonic Insufflation -- 9.5.1 Carbon Dioxide Versus Room Air for Colonic Insufflation -- 9.5.2 Manual Insufflation Using Room Air or Carbon Dioxide -- 9.5.3 Automated Pressure-Controlled Insufflation with Carbon Dioxide -- 9.6 Perforation Risks -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10: CTC Technique and Image Interpretation Methods -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Indications and Contraindications -- 10.3 Colonic Classifications -- 10.4 Positioning and Introduction of CO2 -- 10.5 Evaluation of Polypoidal Lesions -- 10.6 Diagnostic CTC Following Incomplete OC -- 10.7 Diagnostic CTC Versus Colon Capsule Endoscopy Following Incomplete OC -- 10.8 Tattooing to Identify Polyps and CRC Lesions During Endoscopy -- 10.9 Extracolonic Findings -- 10.10 Interpretation -- 10.11 Methods and Software to View CTC Images -- 10.12 Summary -- References -- 11: Anatomy of the Colon: Rectum to Ileocaecal Valve -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Anatomy of the Bowel Wall -- 11.3 Colon Anatomy -- 11.3.1 Rectum and Valves of Houston -- 11.3.2 Rectosigmoid Junction -- 11.3.3 Descending Colon -- 11.3.4 Splenic Flexure -- 11.3.5 Transverse Colon -- 11.3.6 Hepatic Flexure -- 11.3.7 Ascending Colon -- 11.3.8 Ileocaecal Valve (ICV) -- 11.3.9 Caecum -- 11.3.10 Appendix -- 11.4 Malrotation of the Bowel -- 11.4.1 Mobility of Colon Segments -- 11.5 Extrinsic Impressions -- 11.6 Salient Points of CTC Anatomy -- 11.7 Summary -- References -- 12: CTC Traps and Artefacts -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 General Principles -- 12.2.1 Cathartic Preparation and the Use of Tagging Solutions -- 12.2.1.1 Retained Faecal Matter -- 12.2.2 Electronic Cleansing -- 12.2.3 Sigmoid Diverticular Disease -- 12.2.4 Morphology of Polyps -- 12.2.5 Anatomical Locations and Structures.
12.2.6 External Impressions of Organs and Bony Structures on the Colon -- 12.2.7 Position of the Catheter -- 12.2.8 Movement Artefacts -- 12.2.8.1 'Dense Waterfall' Sign -- 12.2.9 Beam Hardening Artefacts -- 12.2.10 Ingested Artefacts -- 12.2.11 Mucus Strand -- 12.2.12 Tampon and Vaginal Pessary -- 12.3 Summary -- References -- 13: Internal Haemorrhoids, Anal Papilla, and Other Anorectal Lesions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Rectal Tube Position -- 13.3 Definition and Causes of Haemorrhoids -- 13.4 Anatomical Location of Internal and External Haemorrhoids -- 13.4.1 2D and 3D Architecture of Internal Haemorrhoids -- 13.5 Other Anorectal Pathology -- 13.5.1 Anal Papilla -- 13.5.2 Difference Between an Anal Papilla and a Rectal Polyp -- 13.5.3 Rectal Tumours -- 13.6 Valves of Houston -- 13.7 Rectal Varices -- 13.8 Summary -- References -- 14: Polyps: Types and Sizes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Definition of Colon Polyps, Adenoma, and Lesion -- 14.3 Polyp Morphology, Prevalence Range, and Need for Accurate Measurements -- 14.4 Polyp Measurement -- 14.5 Reporting Polyps: C Classification -- 14.6 Natural History of Polyps According to Lesion Size -- 14.7 Small Lesions (6-9 mm) -- 14.8 Advanced Adenoma -- 14.9 Adenomatous Polyps -- 14.9.1 Tubular Adenomas -- 14.9.2 Tubulovillous Adenomas -- 14.9.3 Villous Adenomas -- 14.10 Hyperplastic Polyps -- 14.11 Carpet Lesions -- 14.12 Serrated Lesions of the Colon and Rectum -- 14.13 Non-neoplastic Mucosal Lesions -- 14.14 Submucosal Lesions -- 14.14.1 Neoplastic Intramural Submucosal Lesions -- 14.14.2 Non-neoplastic Submucosal Lesions -- 14.15 Dual-Energy CT for Polyp Detection -- 14.16 Artificial Intelligence for Polyp Detection -- 14.17 Summary -- References -- 15: The Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence, Management, and Treatment of Colon Cancer -- 15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Benign Colorectal Polyps, Precursor Lesions, and Histology -- 15.3 Colorectal Cancer Pathways -- 15.3.1 Adenoma-Carcinoma Pathway -- 15.3.2 Serrated Polyp-Carcinoma Pathway Sequence -- 15.4 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes -- 15.5 Preoperative CTC in CRC Patients -- 15.6 Imaging Modalities in Preoperative Evaluation of CRC -- 15.7 Treatment of CRC -- 15.7.1 Surgery -- 15.7.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy -- 15.7.2.1 Chemotherapy -- 15.8 Radiation Therapy -- 15.8.1 Treatment of CRC by Stage -- 15.9 Dual-Energy Computed Tomography -- 15.10 Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosis and Staging of CRC -- 15.11 AI Applications in Radiation Therapy -- 15.12 Summary -- References -- 16: Colonic Diverticular Disease -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Acute Diverticulitis Is Contraindicated in a CTC Study -- 16.3 Pathogenesis and Cause of Colonic Diverticular Disease -- 16.4 Chronic Diverticular Disease Pathological Features -- 16.5 Severity Score of Diverticular Disease -- 16.6 CTC in Patients with Diverticular Disease -- 16.7 Visualisation of Diverticula on 2D and 3D CTC Images -- 16.8 Role of Antispasmodics -- 16.9 Inadequate Luminal Distension -- 16.9.1 Possible Causes of Inadequate or No Luminal Distension in the Presence of Pain -- 16.10 Complications of Diverticular Disease -- 16.10.1 Clinical Features of Diverticulitis -- 16.10.2 Chronic Diverticulitis -- 16.11 Diagnostic Modalities for Acute Diverticulitis -- 16.11.1 Contrast Enemas -- 16.11.2 Imaging and Treatment Options for Complicated Diverticulitis -- 16.12 Differentiation of Chronic Diverticular Disease from an Underlying Tumour -- 16.13 Summary -- References -- 17: Lipomas of the Colon -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Lipoma Symptoms and Sites in the Colon -- 17.3 Gender Prevalence and Incidence -- 17.4 Anatomical Sites and Morphology of Lipomas.
17.5 Lipoma 'Signs' at Optical Colonoscopy.
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La colografia virtuale con TC multistrato (CTC) : principi e indicazioni cliniche / / Andrea Caprotti ; presentazione a cura di Ermanno Leo ; con la collaborazione di Filiberto Belli ... [et al.]
