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Intro -- CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES -- CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM IS IMPORTANT -- 2.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Chromium -- 2.2. Chromium Use -- 2.3. Chromium Regulations in Wastewater -- 3. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL -- 3.1. Precipitation -- 3.2. Ion Exchange -- 3.3. Reverse Osmosis -- 3.4. Adsorption Method -- Physisorption -- Chemisorption -- 4. CR(VI) ADSORPTION FROM WASTEWATER BY COIR PITH -- 4.1. Coir Pith -- 4.2. Adsorption Isotherm for Cr(VI) Adsorption by Coir Pith -- 4.2.1. Langmuir isotherm -- 4.2.2. Freundlich isotherm -- 4.3. Mechanism of Chromium Adsorption by Coir Pith -- 4.3.1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) -- 4.3.2. FTIR Spectroscopy -- 4.3.3. Electron spin resonance (ESR) -- 4.4.4. Desorption -- 5. INCREASING CR(VI) ADSORPTION BY COIR PITH GRAFTED WITH CHEMICAL REAGENTS -- 6. APPLICATION OF COLUMN STUDY FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER -- 6.1. Effect of Flow Rate on the Breakthrough Curves -- 6.2. Bed Depth Service time (BDST) Model -- 6.3. Application of the Thomas Model -- 6.4. Desorption and Column Regeneration -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CHROMIUM TOXICITY: FREE RADICAL ASPECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. CHROMIUM AS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES -- 1.1. Chromium Characteristics -- 1.2. Natural Sources of Chromium -- 1.3. Anthropogenic Sources of Chromium -- 2. CHROMIUM ABSORPTION AND RELEASE BY LIVING ORGANISMS -- 3. CHROMIUM-INDUCED GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES -- 3.1. Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress -- 3.2. Involvement of Chromium in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species.
4. CHROMIUM-MEDIATED ROS-INDUCED MODIFICATION OF CELLULAR MACROMOLECULES -- 4.1. Damage to Proteins -- 4.2. Damage to Lipids -- 4.3. DNA Breakage -- 5. TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM -- 5.1. Mutagenicity -- 5.2. Cytoxicity -- 5.3. Immunotoxicity -- 6. BIOLOGICAL REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM -- 6.1. Enzymatic Reduction of Chromium -- 6.2. Reduction of Chromium by Low Molecular Mass Compounds: Glutathione and Ascorbate -- 7. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS -- 7.1. Stabilization of HIF-1α -- 7.2. Activation of P53 Nuclear Factor -- 7.3. Activation of Nrf2/Keap1 System -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 CHROMIUM IN MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM FOR MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- Mechanical and Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- Thin Film Deposition Techniques -- Sputtering -- Evaporation -- Electroplating -- Wet Chemical Etching of Chromium -- Dry Etching of Chromium -- Chromium in Lithographic Masks -- Hard Masks -- Adhesion Layers -- Chromium Alloys -- Thin Films Resistors -- Other Applications -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 THE CELLULAR RESPONSE TO CHROMIUM (VI) - INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- ABSTRACT -- I. CHROMIUM EXPOSURE -- II. TYPES OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- III. REPAIR OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- Nucleotide Excision Repair -- Base Excision Repair -- Repair of Double-Strand Breaks and Replication-Associated Damage -- Mismatch Repair -- Checkpoint Control through DNA Damage Signaling -- IV. THE ROLE OF THE DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE IN CR(VI)-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS -- V. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 CHROMIUM PICOLINATE INDUCES DNA DAMAGE, SENESCENCE AND CELL DEATH IN NORMAL COLONIC FIBROBLASTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Cell Line.
Treatments -- Chemiluminescent Quantitation of DNA Synthesis -- Cell Cycle Analysis -- Measurement of Oxidative Stress -- Measurement of DNA Damage - Comet Assay -- ERK, P38 and JNK Activities -- Immunoblotting -- Epigenetic Assay -- Cellular Senescence Assay -- Cell Death Analysis -- Criteria for Determination of Type of Cell Death -- Statistics -- 3. RESULTS -- DNA Synthesis and Cell Cycle -- DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress -- EPIGENETIC CHANGES -- MAPK Activities -- Cellular Senescence and Cell Death -- Effects of Pharmacological Inhibitors on Senescence, -- Apoptosis and Autophagy -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 CHROMIUM COMPLEXES BASED CATALYSTS: THE ROLE OF THE LIGAND NATURE IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS AND CYCLOOLEFINS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POLYMERIZATION OF 1,3-DIENES -- 2.1. Polydienes: Structures and Polymerization Mechanism -- 2.2. Ziegler-Natta Chromium Catalysts -- 2.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Diphosphine Chromium Complexes -- 2.4. Diphosphine Chromium Complexes Based Catalysts -- 2.5. Polymerization of Substituted Butadienes -- 2.6. Mechanistic Considerations -- 2.7. Butadiene-Isoprene Copolymerization -- 3. POLYMERIZATION OF NORBORNENE -- 3.1. Polynorbornenes: Modes of Polymerization and Structures -- 3.2. Polymerization of Norbornene with Chromium Catalysts -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS BASED ON CHROMIUM SITES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION -- 2.1. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Amorphous Materials -- Effect of Hydroxyl Population -- Effect of Support Chemical Composition -- Effect of Support Porosity -- 2.2. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Mesostructured Materials.
3. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR OXIDATION REACTIONS -- 3.1. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for Cyclohexane Oxidation -- 3.2. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for the Oxidation of Other -- Organic Compounds -- 4. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS -- 5. FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 MACROPOROUS AND NON-POROUS AMINO-FUNCTIONALIZED GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE BASED COPOLYMERS FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SORPTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Analysis and Spectroscopy -- 2.3. Preparation of PGME -- 2.4. Functionalization of PGME with Diethylene Triamine -- 2.5. Chromium Sorption Batch Experiments -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Synthetic Aspects -- 3.2. Chromium(VI) Sorption on Amino-Functionalized PGME -- 3.3. Kinetic Models -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM POLLUTED WATER THROUGH BIOSORPTION - AN ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY APPROACH -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HEAVY METAL POLLUTION -- CHROMIUM -- COMMON METAL REMOVAL TECHNIQUES -- BIOSORPTION - A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 RECYCLING OF LEATHER WASTE CONTAINING CHROMIUM - A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COLLAGEN STRUCTURE AND CHROMIUM TANNING -- 3. DIRECT APPLICATIONS OF CHROMIUM TANNED LEATHER WASTE -- 3.1. Direct Use in Tanning Process -- 3.2. Use as Absorption and Adsorbent Material -- 3.3. Addition to Clays for Bricks and Tiles Manufacture -- 4. COMPOSITES INCORPORATING CHROMIUM-TANNED LEATHER WASTE FIBERS -- 5. CHROMIUM-CONTAINING WASTE HYDROLYSIS AND RESULTING PRODUCTS USE -- 5.1. Oxidative Dechroming -- 5.2. Acid Hydrolysis -- 5.3. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 5.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 5.5. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Reuse in Leather Industry -- Condensates of Collagen By-Products with Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde.
Modification of Collagen By-Products with Microbial Transglutaminase, Casein and Whey -- Chemical Modification of Collagen by-Products with Acrylic Acid and Related Polymers -- Miscellaneous Modifications and Mixtures -- 5.6. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Use in Other Industrial Processes -- Gelatine By-Products Applications -- Collagen Hydrolysates Application in Agriculture and Animal Feed Supplement -- Use In Rubber, Surfactants, Glues and Adhesives -- Use in Biodegradable Plastics, Fibers and Biotechnological Applications -- Building Industry -- Biomethanization -- 5.7. Alkaline and Alkaline Enzymatic Hydrolysis Chromium Cake/Sludge Reuse -- 6. ENERGY RECOVERY -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter11COMPUTERSIMULATIONOF -CHROMIAANDITSSURFACE -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.ASimpleTransferableInteratomicPotentialModelforBinaryOxides -- 2.1.InteractionPotential -- 2.2.FittingMethodology -- 2.3.SimplificationoftheInteractionPotential -- 2.4.TransferabilityoftheModeltoMgOandCaO -- 3.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3withaModifiedMatsuiPotential -- 3.1.PotentialandFittingProcedure -- 3.2.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3 -- 4.CalculationofNativeDefectEnergiesin -Al2O3, -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3usingaModifiedMatsuiPotential -- 4.1.PotentialParametersandMott-LittletonTheory -- 4.2.Calculationofnativedefectenergies -- 4.2.1.Convergencetest -- 4.2.2.Defectenergies -- 5.MolecularDynamicsSimulationofthe(0001) -Al2O3and -Cr2O3Surfaces -- 5.1.MolecularDynamicsSimulationDetails -- 5.2.ThermalExpansionCoefficients -- 5.3.SurfaceRelaxation -- 5.4.SurfaceDynamics -- 6.StructureandSurfaceEnergyofLow-indexSurfacesofStoichiometric -Al2O3and -Cr2O3 -- 6.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetails -- 6.2.SurfaceRelaxation -- 6.3.SurfaceEnergy -- 7.StructureandElectronicPropertiesCalculationofUltrathin -Al2O3filmson(0001) -Cr2O3Templates.
7.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetailsforSingleCellCalculations.
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Chromium / / Greg Roza
