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Intro -- Contents -- Part I: General Aspects of Astrogliopathology with Emphasis on Neurocognitive Disorders -- Neuroglia in Psychiatric Disorders -- Introduction: Definition, Classification, and Main Functions of Neuroglia -- Microglia -- Oligodendrocyte and NG-2 Glia -- Astrocytes -- Astrogliopathology in Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Reactive Astrogliosis in Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Astrocyte Degeneration, Atrophy, and Loss of Function in Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Astrocyte Pathological Remodeling in Cognitive Disorders -- Envoi -- References -- Astrocytes: The Housekeepers and Guardians of the CNS -- Astroglia: Definition and Evolutionary Origins -- Types of Astroglia -- Protoplasmic Astrocytes -- Fibrous Astrocytes -- Juxtavascular Astrocytes -- Surface-Associated Astrocytes -- Velate Astrocytes -- Radial Astrocytes -- Interlaminar and Varicose Projection Astrocytes in the Primate Brain -- Physiology of Astrocytes -- Ion Channels -- Receptors of Neurotransmitters -- Astroglial Plasma Membrane Transporters -- Intracellular Excitability of Astrocytes -- Astrocyte Ca2+ Excitability -- Sodium Signalling -- Astrocyte Functions -- Ion Homeostasis in the CNS, or Ionostasis -- Neurotransmitter Homeostasis -- Astroglial Cradle in Regulation of Synaptic Transmission -- Astrocytes Protect Nervous Tissue Against Reactive Oxygen Species -- Neurogliovascular Unit and the Blood-Brain Barrier -- Astrocytes and Gliotransmission -- Astrocytes and the Glymphatic System -- Envoi -- References -- Principles of Astrogliopathology -- Pathological Potential of Neuroglia -- Astrogliopathology: General Principles -- Reactive Astrogliosis -- Pathological Remodelling of Astrocytes -- Astroglial Atrophy, Asthenia and Loss of Function -- Astrodegeneration or Clasmatodendrosis -- Envoi -- References.
Morphological Features of Astrocytes in Health and Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Introduction -- Astrocyte Morphological Heterogeneity -- Astrocyte Molecular Heterogeneity -- Morphological Changes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Major Depressive Disorder -- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder -- References -- Part II: Astroglia in Mood Disorders -- Astrocytes in Bipolar Disorder -- Introduction -- Neuropathology of BD -- Astrocyte Changes in BD -- Astroglial Glutamate Regulation in BD -- Astrocytes and Disruption of Circadian Rhythms in BD -- Astrocytes and Altered Metabolism in BD -- Lithium-Responsive Astroglial Gene Networks -- Conclusions -- References -- Astroglia Abnormalities in Post-stroke Mood Disorders -- Overview of Stroke -- Pathological Processes of Ischemic Stroke -- Acute Responses and Cell Death After Ischemic Stroke -- Astrocytes and Reactive Astrogliosis After Ischemic Stroke -- Post-stroke Symptoms and Post-stroke Mood Disorder (PSMD) -- Astrocytes in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and PSMD -- Astrocyte in MDD -- Studies from Human Postmortem Brain Specimens -- Studies from Animal Models -- Astrocytes in PSMD -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Astroglia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder -- Introduction -- Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter GLT1-Deficient Mice Exhibit Pathological Repetitive Behaviors -- GLT-1 Loss in C. elegans Drives Repetitive Behavior Through Presynaptic Activation of mGluR5 -- Reduced Astrocyte Calcium Signaling Produces Abnormal Repetitive Behavior via Functional Upregulation of Astrocytic GABA Transporter GAT-3 -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Astroglia in Schizophrenia -- Astrocytes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Review of Postmortem Evidence -- Introduction -- Postmortem Changes in Astrocytes in Schizophrenia (SCZ) -- Postmortem Changes in Astrocytes in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).
Postmortem Changes in Astrocytes in Bipolar Disorder (BPD) -- Factors That Affect Astrocytes in Postmortem Studies of Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Effects of Psychotropic Medications on Astrocytes in Postmortem Tissue -- References -- Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders -- Introduction -- Metabolite-Mediated Interorgan Signaling -- Regulation of Vascular Energy Supply -- Metabolic Fluxes in Gray Matter -- Pathways of Nutrient Utilization -- Intercellular Transport of Metabolites -- Flux Redistribution in Response to Demand -- Metabolic Disorders and Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Postmortem Evidence -- Genetic Evidence -- Gene Expression and Functional Data -- Effects of Antipsychotic Medications -- Insights from Animal Models -- Pharmacological Models -- Neuroinflammatory Models -- Clues from Models of Substance Use Disorders -- Genetic Models -- Therapeutic Possibilities -- Outlook -- References -- Part IV: Astroglia in Addictive Disorders -- Astrocytes in Addictive Disorders -- Overview of Addiction Biology -- Circuitry and Transmitters -- Transmitter Uptake -- Glutamate -- GABA -- Dopamine -- Gliotransmission -- Glutamate -- D-Serine -- ATP -- Synaptic Proximity -- Morphological Plasticity of Astrocytes -- Impact of Synaptic Insulation on Synapse Function -- Drug-Induced Morphological Plasticity -- Homeostatic Functions -- Synaptogenesis -- Network Homeostasis -- Conclusions -- References -- Astroglia in the Vulnerability and Maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorders -- Introduction -- Molecular Pathology of Astrocytes in Alcohol Use Disorders -- Neuropathology of Astrocytes in Alcohol-Related Neurological Disorders -- Alcohol Effects on Glutamate Receptors and Astrocyte Components of the Cycle for Release and Reuptake of Glutamate -- AUDs and the Role of NMDA-Type Glutamate Receptors.
AUDs and the Release of NMDA Receptor Co-agonists by Astrocytes -- Astrocytic Glutamate and GABA Transporters and Glutamine Synthetase in the Vulnerability to Alcohol Abuse -- Gap Junctions of Astrocytes in AUDs -- Involvement of Astrocytes in Neuroimmune Responses Elicited by Alcohol Exposure -- Astrocyte Thrombospondin in AUD-Related Synaptic Alterations -- Astrocyte Processes at the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Involvement of Aquaporins in AUD-Related Neuropathology -- Epigenetic Changes in Astrocytes in AUDs -- Astrocyte Epigenetic Markers -- Variety of Mechanisms Involving Astrocytes in the Vulnerability to AUDs -- Effects of Early Alcohol Exposure and Stress on Astrocyte and Their Role in AUDs -- References -- Part V: Astroglia in Eating Disorders -- Brain Volume Loss, Astrocyte Reduction, and Inflammation in Anorexia Nervosa -- Introduction -- Brain Volume Reduction -- Potentially Underlying Pathophysiology of Brain Volume Loss and the Role of Astrocytes -- The Origin of Astrocyte Loss in AN -- Potential Functional Consequences of Astrocyte Loss -- Astroglia as Targets for Gonadal Steroid Hormones -- Inflammation in AN and the Role of Astrocytes -- Inflammation in AN -- Astrocytes and Inflammation in the CNS -- Astrocytes and Metabolic Diseases -- The Hungry Astrocyte In Vitro -- Astrocytes in Animal Models of AN -- Gut Microbiota Alterations in AN and the Influence on Astrocytes -- The Microbiome: General -- The Microbiome: Anorexia Nervosa Animal Model -- The Microbiome: Astrocytes -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part VI: Targeting Astrocytes in Therapeutic Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders -- Astroglial Serotonin Receptors as the Central Target of Classic Antidepressants -- Introduction -- Serotonin Receptors in the Treatments of MDD -- 5-HT1 Receptors -- 5-HT2 Receptors -- Other Serotonin Receptors.
Astrocytes as a Target for Classic Antidepressants -- SSRIs -- SNRIs -- TCAs and MAOIs -- Astrocytes in Treatments of Bipolar Disorders -- Conclusion -- References -- Ketamine Action on Astrocytes Provides New Insights into Rapid Antidepressant Mechanisms -- Astrocytes and Mood Disorders -- Impact of Antidepressants on Astrocytes -- Ketamine: The Fastest Acting Antidepressant -- Ketamine Increases Astrocyte cAMP and Alters Single Vesicle Interactions with the Plasmalemma -- Ketamine Induces Cholesterol Redistribution in the Astrocyte Plasmalemma -- Ketamine Attenuates Mobility of Vesicles Delivering Kir4.1 -- References -- Epilogue -- Index.
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Astrocyte : Physiology and Pathology / / Maria Teresa Gentile, Luca Colucci D'Amato, editors
