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Biblioteca

MARC Lista (tabellare)
Advanced selenium web test accessibility : software automation secrets revealed. / / Narayanan Palani
Advanced selenium web test accessibility : software automation secrets revealed. / / Narayanan Palani
Autore Palani Narayanan
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , 2019
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (144 pages)
Disciplina 005.71376
Soggetto topico Browsers (Computer programs)
Soggetto genere / forma Electronic books.
ISBN 1-949449-44-0
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNINA-9910467067403321
Palani Narayanan  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , 2019
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Advanced selenium web test accessibility : software automation secrets revealed. / / Narayanan Palani
Advanced selenium web test accessibility : software automation secrets revealed. / / Narayanan Palani
Autore Palani Narayanan
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , 2019
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (144 pages)
Disciplina 005.71376
Soggetto topico Browsers (Computer programs)
ISBN 1-949449-44-0
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNINA-9910793450503321
Palani Narayanan  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , 2019
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Advanced selenium web test accessibility : software automation secrets revealed. / / Narayanan Palani
Advanced selenium web test accessibility : software automation secrets revealed. / / Narayanan Palani
Autore Palani Narayanan
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , 2019
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (144 pages)
Disciplina 005.71376
Soggetto topico Browsers (Computer programs)
ISBN 1-949449-44-0
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNINA-9910814597203321
Palani Narayanan  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , 2019
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Autore Nebylov Alexander
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (378 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Collana Sensors technology series
Soggetto topico Detectors
Aerospace engineering
Soggetto genere / forma Electronic books.
ISBN 1-283-89600-1
1-60650-061-9
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Series preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the series editor -- About the editor --
1. Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.1.1 Types of aerospace vehicles and missions -- 1.1.2 The role of sensors and control systems in aerospace -- 1.1.3 Specific design criteria for aerospace vehicles and their sensors -- 1.1.4 Physical principles influencing primary aerospace sensor design -- 1.1.5 Reference frames accepted in aviation and astronautics -- 1.2 Characteristics and challenges of the atmospheric environment -- 1.2.1 Components of the earth's atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Stationary models of the atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Anisotropy and variability in the atmosphere -- 1.2.4 Electrical charges in the atmosphere -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere -- 1.2.6 Geomagnetism -- 1.2.7 The planetary atmosphere -- 1.3 Characteristics and challenges of the space environment -- 1.3.1 General considerations -- 1.3.2 Near-earth space -- 1.3.3 Circumsolar (near-sun) space -- 1.3.4 Matter in space -- 1.3.5 Distances and time scales in deep space -- References --
2. Air pressure-dependent sensors -- 2.1 Basic aircraft instrumentation -- 2.2 Fundamental physical properties of airflow -- 2.2.1 Fundamental airflow physical property definitions -- 2.2.1.1 Pressure -- 2.2.1.2 Air density -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 Flow velocity -- 2.2.2 The equation of state for a perfect gas -- 2.2.3 Extension of definitions: total, dynamic, static, and stagnation -- 2.2.4 The speed of sound and mach number -- 2.2.4.1 The speed of sound -- 2.2.4.2 Mach number and compressibility -- 2.2.5 The source of aerodynamic forces -- 2.3 Altitude conventions -- 2.4 Barometric altimeters -- 2.4.1 Theoretical considerations -- 2.4.1.1 The troposphere -- 2.4.1.2 The stratosphere -- 2.4.2 Barometric altimeter principles and construction -- 2.4.3 Barometric altimeter errors -- 2.4.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.4.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.5 Airspeed conventions -- 2.6 The manometric airspeed indicator -- 2.6.1 Manometric airspeed indicator principles and construction -- 2.6.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.6.2.1 Subsonic incompressible operation -- 2.6.2.2 Subsonic compressible operation -- 2.6.2.3 Supersonic operation -- 2.6.3 Manometric airspeed indicator errors -- 2.6.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.6.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.7 The vertical speed indicator (VSI) -- 2.7.1 VSI principles and construction -- 2.7.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.7.2.1 Lag rate (time constant) -- 2.7.2.2 Sensitivity to mach number -- 2.7.2.3 Sensitivity to altitude -- 2.7.3 VSI errors -- 2.8 Angles of attack and slip -- 2.8.1 The pivoted vane -- 2.8.2 The differential pressure tube -- 2.8.3 The null-seeking pressure tube -- References -- Appendix --
3. Radar altimeters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Definitions -- 3.1.2 Altimetry methods -- 3.1.3 General principles of radar altimetry -- 3.1.4 Classification by different features -- 3.1.5 Application and performance characteristics -- 3.1.5.1 Aircraft applications -- 3.1.5.2 Spacecraft applications -- 3.1.5.3 Military applications -- 3.1.5.4 Remote sensing applications -- 3.1.6 Performance characteristics -- 3.2 Pulse radar altimeters -- 3.2.1 Principle of operation -- 3.2.2 Pulse duration -- 3.2.3 Tracking altimeters -- 3.2.4 Design principles -- 3.2.5 Features of altimeters with pulse compression -- 3.2.6 Pulse laser altimetry -- 3.2.7 Some examples -- 3.2.8 Validation -- 3.2.9 Future trends -- 3.3 Continuous wave radar altimeters -- 3.3.1 Principles of continuous wave radar -- 3.3.2 FMCW radar waveforms -- 3.3.3 Design principles and structural features -- 3.3.3.1 Local oscillator automatic tuning -- 3.3.3.2 Single-sideband receiver structure -- 3.3.4 The Doppler effect -- 3.3.5 Alternative measuring devices for FMCW altimeters -- 3.3.6 Accuracy and unambiguous altitude -- 3.3.7 Aviation applications -- 3.4 Phase precise radar altimeters -- 3.4.1 The phase method of range measurement -- 3.4.2 The two-frequency phase method -- 3.4.3 Ambiguity and accuracy in the two-frequency method -- 3.4.4 Phase ambiguity resolution -- 3.4.5 Waveforms -- 3.4.6 Measuring devices and signal processing -- 3.4.7 Remarks on the accuracy of CW and pulse radar altimeters -- 3.5 Radioactive altimeters for space application -- 3.5.1 Motivation and history -- 3.5.2 Physical bases -- 3.5.2.1 Features of radiation -- 3.5.2.2 Generators of photon emission -- 3.5.2.3 Receivers -- 3.5.2.4 Propagation features -- 3.5.3 Principles of operation -- 3.5.4 Radiation dosage -- 3.5.5 Examples of radioisotope altimeters -- References --
4. Autonomous radio sensors for motion parameters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Doppler sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.1 Physical basis and functions -- 4.2.2 Principle of operation -- 4.2.3 Classification and features of sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.4 Generalized structural diagram for the ground speed and crab angle meter -- 4.2.5 Design principles -- 4.2.6 Sources of Doppler radar errors -- 4.2.7 Examples -- 4.3 Airborne weather sensors -- 4.3.1 Weather radar as mandatory equipment of airliners and transport aircraft -- 4.3.2 Multifunctionality of airborne weather radar -- 4.3.3 Meteorological functions of AWR -- 4.3.4 Principles of DWP detection with AWR -- 4.3.4.1 Developing methods of DWP detection -- 4.3.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain -- 4.3.4.3 Turbulence detection -- 4.3.4.4 Wind shear detection -- 4.3.4.5 Hail zone detection -- 4.3.4.6 Probable icing-in-flight zone detection -- 4.3.5 Surface mapping -- 4.3.5.1 Comparison of radar and visual orientation -- 4.3.5.2 The surface-mapping principle -- 4.3.5.3 Reflecting behavior of the earth's surface -- 4.3.5.4 The radar equation and signal correction -- 4.3.5.5 Automatic classification of navigational landmarks -- 4.3.6 AWR design principles -- 4.3.6.1 The operating principle and typical structure of AWR -- 4.3.6.2 AWR structures -- 4.3.6.3 Performance characteristics: basic requirements -- 4.3.7 AWR examples -- 4.3.8 Lightning sensor systems: stormscopes -- 4.3.9 Optical radar -- 4.3.9.1 Doppler lidar -- 4.3.9.2 Infrared locators and radiometers -- 4.3.10 The integrated localization of dangerous phenomena -- 4.4 Collision avoidance sensors -- 4.4.1 Traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) -- 4.4.1.1 The purpose -- 4.4.1.2 A short history -- 4.4.1.3 TCAS levels of capability -- 4.4.1.4 TCAS concepts and principles of operation -- 4.4.1.5 Basic components -- 4.4.1.6 Operation -- 4.4.1.7 TCAS logistics -- 4.4.1.8 Cockpit presentation -- 4.4.1.9 Examples of system implementation -- 4.4.2 The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) -- 4.4.2.1 Purpose and necessity -- 4.4.2.2 GPWS history, principles, and evolution -- 4.4.2.3 GPWS modes -- 4.4.2.4 Shortcomings of classical GPWS -- 4.4.2.5 Enhanced GPWS -- 4.4.2.6 Look-ahead warnings -- 4.4.2.7 Implementation examples -- References --
5. Devices and sensors for linear acceleration measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Linear and pendulous accelerometers -- 5.2.2 Direct conversion accelerometers and compensating accelerometers -- 5.2.2.1 Direct conversion accelerometers -- 5.2.2.2 Compensating accelerometers -- 5.3 Accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.1 Acceleration measurement range azmax -- 5.3.2 Resolution azmin -- 5.3.3 Zero signal (bias) a0 -- 5.3.4 Scale factor Ka -- 5.3.5 Biasing error (misalignment) -- 5.3.6 Accelerometer frequency characteristics -- 5.3.7 Special accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.7.1 Magnetic leakage -- 5.3.7.2 Electromagnetic noise -- 5.3.7.3 Readiness time -- 5.3.7.4 Noise level in the accelerometer output -- 5.3.7.5 Sensitivity to external constant and variable magnetic fields -- 5.3.7.6 Sensitivity to changes in power supply voltage -- 5.3.7.7 Sensitivity to external pressure, humidity, and radiation -- 5.4 Float pendulous accelerometer (FPA) -- 5.4.1 Basic EMU design schemes -- 5.4.1.1 Advantages -- 5.4.1.2 Disadvantages -- 5.4.2 Hydrostatic accelerometer suspensions -- 5.4.3 FPA float balancing -- 5.4.4 Hydrodynamic forces and moments in the FPA -- 5.4.5 Movement of FPA float under vibration -- 5.5 Micromechanical accelerometers (MMAS) -- 5.5.1 The single-axis MMA -- 5.5.2 The three-axis MMA -- 5.5.3 The compensating type MMA -- 5.5.4 Solid-state MMA manufacturing techniques -- References --
6. Gyroscopic devices and sensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 6.1.2 Classification of gyros -- 6.1.3 Gyroscopic instruments -- 6.1.4 Positional gyros -- 6.1.5 The vertical (or horizontal) gyro -- 6.1.6 Orbit gyro -- 6.1.7 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.1.8 Gyro stabilizers -- 6.1.9 Gyroscopic instruments in aeronavigation -- 6.1.10 Inertial navigation systems (INS) -- 6.1.10.1 Types of INS -- 6.1.10.2 Strapdown INS -- 6.1.11 The scope of gyros and gyro instruments of various types -- 6.2 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.2.1 The solid rotor SDF gyro -- 6.2.2 The integrating gyro -- 6.2.3 Rate of speed gauging -- 6.2.3.1 Feedback contours of the angular rate gauge -- 6.2.3.2 Design variants -- 6.3 The TDF gyro in gimbal mountings -- 6.3.1 Properties of a free gyro -- 6.3.2 Areas of application, design features, and error sources -- 6.3.3 Two-component angular speed measuring instruments -- 6.4 The gyroscopic integrator for linear acceleration (GILA) -- 6.4.1 Principles of GILA operation -- 6.4.2 Sources of GILA errors -- 6.5 Contactless suspension gyros -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) -- 6.5.2.1 ESG accuracy -- 6.5.2.2 The ESG rotor -- 6.5.2.3 The rotor electrostatic suspension -- 6.5.2.4 Angular rotor position readout -- 6.5.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 The fiber optic gyro (FOG) -- 6.6.1 The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) -- 6.6.1.1 The basic IFOG scheme and the Sagnac effect -- 6.6.1.2 Open-loop operation -- 6.6.1.3 Closed-loop operation -- 6.6.1.4 Fundamental limitations -- 6.6.1.5 The multiple-axis IFOG -- 6.6.1.6 The depolarized IFOG -- 6.6.1.7 Applications of the IFOG -- 6.6.2 The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) -- 6.7 The ring laser gyro (RLG) -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Principle of operation -- 6.7.3 Frequency characteristics and mode-locking counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.4 The elimination of mode-locking in counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.5 Errors -- 6.7.6 Performance and application -- 6.7.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Dynamically tuned gyros (DTG) -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Key diagrams and dynamic tuning -- 6.8.3 Operating modes -- 6.8.4 Disturbance moments depending on external factors and instrumental errors -- 6.8.5 Magnetic, aerodynamic, and thermal disturbance moments -- 6.8.6 Design, application, technical characteristics -- 6.8.7 Conclusion -- 6.9 Solid vibrating gyros -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Dynamic behavior of the ideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.3 Operating modes of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.4 The nonideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.5 Control of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.6 Axisymmetric-shell gyros -- 6.9.7 The HRG, history and current status -- 6.9.8 HRG design characteristics -- 6.9.9 Additional HRG references -- 6.10 Micromechanical gyros -- 6.10.1 Introduction -- 6.10.2 Operating principles -- 6.10.2.1 Linear-linear (LL-type) gyros -- 6.10.2.2 Rotary-rotary (RR-type) gyro principles -- 6.10.2.3 Fork and rod gyro principles -- 6.10.2.4 Ring gyro principles -- 6.10.3 Adjustment of oscillation modes in gyros of the LL and RR types -- 6.10.4 Design, application, and performance -- 6.10.4.1 Gyros of the LL and RR-type -- 6.10.4.2 Fork and rod gyros -- 6.10.4.3 Ring gyros -- 6.10.5 Conclusion -- References --
7. Compasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Magnetic compasses -- 7.2.1 Brief historical sketch -- 7.2.2 The earth's magnetic field -- 7.2.3 Magnetic compass design principles and errors -- 7.2.4 Examples of magnetic compasses structures -- 7.3 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses -- 7.3.1 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses design principles -- 7.3.2 Examples of fluxgate and gyro-magnetic structures -- 7.4 Electronic compasses -- References --
8. Propulsion sensors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel quantity sensors -- 8.2.1 Mechanical and electromechanical methods of level sensing -- 8.2.1.1 Buoyancy or float methods -- 8.2.1.2 Level sensing using pressure transducers -- 8.2.2 Electronic methods of level sensing -- 8.2.2.1 Conductivity level sensing -- 8.2.2.2 Capacitive level sensing -- 8.2.2.3 Heat-transfer level sensing -- 8.2.2.4 Ultrasonic methods -- 8.3 Fuel consumption sensors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Flow-obstruction methods -- 8.3.2.1 Practical considerations for obstruction meters -- 8.3.3 The turbine flow meter -- 8.3.4 The vane-type flow meter -- 8.4 Pressure sensors -- 8.4.1 Basic concepts -- 8.4.2 Basic sensing methods -- 8.4.2.1 The diaphragm -- 8.4.2.2 Capsules -- 8.4.2.3 The bourdon tube -- 8.4.3 Signal acquisition -- 8.4.3.1 Capacitive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.2 Inductive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.3 Potentiometric deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.4 Null-balance servo pressure transducers -- 8.4.4 Operational requirements -- 8.5 Engine temperatures -- 8.5.1 Intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) -- 8.5.2 Oil temperature/fuel temperature -- 8.5.3 Fire sensors -- 8.5.4 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) -- 8.5.5 Nacelle temperature -- 8.6 Tachometry -- 8.6.1 The eddy current tachometer -- 8.6.2 The AC generator tachometer -- 8.6.3 The variable reluctance tachometer -- 8.6.4 The Hall effect tachometer -- 8.7 Vibration sensors, engine and nacelle -- 8.8 Regulatory issues -- References -- Bibliography --
9. Principles and examples of sensor integration -- 9.1 Sensor systems -- 9.1.1 The sensor system concept -- 9.1.2 Joint processing of readings from identical sensors -- 9.1.3 Joint processing of readings from cognate sensors with different measurement ranges -- 9.1.4 Joint processing of diverse sensors readings -- 9.1.5 Linear and nonlinear sensor integration algorithms -- 9.2 Fundamentals of integrated measuring system synthesis -- 9.2.1 Synthesis problem statement -- 9.2.2 Classes of dynamic system realization -- 9.2.3 Measurement accuracy indices -- 9.2.4 Excitation properties -- 9.2.5 Objective functions for robust system optimisation -- 9.2.6 Methods of dynamic system accuracy index analysis under excitation with given numerical characteristics of derivatives -- 9.2.6.1 Estimation of error variance -- 9.2.6.2 Example of error variance analysis -- 9.2.6.3 Use of equivalent harmonic excitation -- 9.2.6.4 Estimation of error maximal value -- 9.2.7 System optimization under maximum accuracy criteria -- 9.2.8 Procedures for the dimensional reduction of a measuring system -- 9.2.8.1 Determination of an optimal set of sensors -- 9.2.8.2 Analysis of the advantages of invariant system construction -- 9.2.8.3 Advantages of the zeroing of several system parameters -- 9.2.9 Realization and simulation of integration algorithms -- 9.3 Examples of two-component integrated navigation systems -- 9.3.1 Noninvariant robust integrated speed meter -- 9.3.2 Integrated radio-inertial measurement -- 9.3.3 Airborne gravimeter integration -- 9.3.4 The orbital verticant -- References --
Epilogue -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910462976603321
Nebylov Alexander  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Autore Nebylov Alexander
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (378 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Collana Sensors technology series
Soggetto topico Detectors
Aerospace engineering
ISBN 1-283-89600-1
1-60650-061-9
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Series preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the series editor -- About the editor --
1. Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.1.1 Types of aerospace vehicles and missions -- 1.1.2 The role of sensors and control systems in aerospace -- 1.1.3 Specific design criteria for aerospace vehicles and their sensors -- 1.1.4 Physical principles influencing primary aerospace sensor design -- 1.1.5 Reference frames accepted in aviation and astronautics -- 1.2 Characteristics and challenges of the atmospheric environment -- 1.2.1 Components of the earth's atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Stationary models of the atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Anisotropy and variability in the atmosphere -- 1.2.4 Electrical charges in the atmosphere -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere -- 1.2.6 Geomagnetism -- 1.2.7 The planetary atmosphere -- 1.3 Characteristics and challenges of the space environment -- 1.3.1 General considerations -- 1.3.2 Near-earth space -- 1.3.3 Circumsolar (near-sun) space -- 1.3.4 Matter in space -- 1.3.5 Distances and time scales in deep space -- References --
2. Air pressure-dependent sensors -- 2.1 Basic aircraft instrumentation -- 2.2 Fundamental physical properties of airflow -- 2.2.1 Fundamental airflow physical property definitions -- 2.2.1.1 Pressure -- 2.2.1.2 Air density -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 Flow velocity -- 2.2.2 The equation of state for a perfect gas -- 2.2.3 Extension of definitions: total, dynamic, static, and stagnation -- 2.2.4 The speed of sound and mach number -- 2.2.4.1 The speed of sound -- 2.2.4.2 Mach number and compressibility -- 2.2.5 The source of aerodynamic forces -- 2.3 Altitude conventions -- 2.4 Barometric altimeters -- 2.4.1 Theoretical considerations -- 2.4.1.1 The troposphere -- 2.4.1.2 The stratosphere -- 2.4.2 Barometric altimeter principles and construction -- 2.4.3 Barometric altimeter errors -- 2.4.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.4.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.5 Airspeed conventions -- 2.6 The manometric airspeed indicator -- 2.6.1 Manometric airspeed indicator principles and construction -- 2.6.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.6.2.1 Subsonic incompressible operation -- 2.6.2.2 Subsonic compressible operation -- 2.6.2.3 Supersonic operation -- 2.6.3 Manometric airspeed indicator errors -- 2.6.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.6.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.7 The vertical speed indicator (VSI) -- 2.7.1 VSI principles and construction -- 2.7.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.7.2.1 Lag rate (time constant) -- 2.7.2.2 Sensitivity to mach number -- 2.7.2.3 Sensitivity to altitude -- 2.7.3 VSI errors -- 2.8 Angles of attack and slip -- 2.8.1 The pivoted vane -- 2.8.2 The differential pressure tube -- 2.8.3 The null-seeking pressure tube -- References -- Appendix --
3. Radar altimeters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Definitions -- 3.1.2 Altimetry methods -- 3.1.3 General principles of radar altimetry -- 3.1.4 Classification by different features -- 3.1.5 Application and performance characteristics -- 3.1.5.1 Aircraft applications -- 3.1.5.2 Spacecraft applications -- 3.1.5.3 Military applications -- 3.1.5.4 Remote sensing applications -- 3.1.6 Performance characteristics -- 3.2 Pulse radar altimeters -- 3.2.1 Principle of operation -- 3.2.2 Pulse duration -- 3.2.3 Tracking altimeters -- 3.2.4 Design principles -- 3.2.5 Features of altimeters with pulse compression -- 3.2.6 Pulse laser altimetry -- 3.2.7 Some examples -- 3.2.8 Validation -- 3.2.9 Future trends -- 3.3 Continuous wave radar altimeters -- 3.3.1 Principles of continuous wave radar -- 3.3.2 FMCW radar waveforms -- 3.3.3 Design principles and structural features -- 3.3.3.1 Local oscillator automatic tuning -- 3.3.3.2 Single-sideband receiver structure -- 3.3.4 The Doppler effect -- 3.3.5 Alternative measuring devices for FMCW altimeters -- 3.3.6 Accuracy and unambiguous altitude -- 3.3.7 Aviation applications -- 3.4 Phase precise radar altimeters -- 3.4.1 The phase method of range measurement -- 3.4.2 The two-frequency phase method -- 3.4.3 Ambiguity and accuracy in the two-frequency method -- 3.4.4 Phase ambiguity resolution -- 3.4.5 Waveforms -- 3.4.6 Measuring devices and signal processing -- 3.4.7 Remarks on the accuracy of CW and pulse radar altimeters -- 3.5 Radioactive altimeters for space application -- 3.5.1 Motivation and history -- 3.5.2 Physical bases -- 3.5.2.1 Features of radiation -- 3.5.2.2 Generators of photon emission -- 3.5.2.3 Receivers -- 3.5.2.4 Propagation features -- 3.5.3 Principles of operation -- 3.5.4 Radiation dosage -- 3.5.5 Examples of radioisotope altimeters -- References --
4. Autonomous radio sensors for motion parameters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Doppler sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.1 Physical basis and functions -- 4.2.2 Principle of operation -- 4.2.3 Classification and features of sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.4 Generalized structural diagram for the ground speed and crab angle meter -- 4.2.5 Design principles -- 4.2.6 Sources of Doppler radar errors -- 4.2.7 Examples -- 4.3 Airborne weather sensors -- 4.3.1 Weather radar as mandatory equipment of airliners and transport aircraft -- 4.3.2 Multifunctionality of airborne weather radar -- 4.3.3 Meteorological functions of AWR -- 4.3.4 Principles of DWP detection with AWR -- 4.3.4.1 Developing methods of DWP detection -- 4.3.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain -- 4.3.4.3 Turbulence detection -- 4.3.4.4 Wind shear detection -- 4.3.4.5 Hail zone detection -- 4.3.4.6 Probable icing-in-flight zone detection -- 4.3.5 Surface mapping -- 4.3.5.1 Comparison of radar and visual orientation -- 4.3.5.2 The surface-mapping principle -- 4.3.5.3 Reflecting behavior of the earth's surface -- 4.3.5.4 The radar equation and signal correction -- 4.3.5.5 Automatic classification of navigational landmarks -- 4.3.6 AWR design principles -- 4.3.6.1 The operating principle and typical structure of AWR -- 4.3.6.2 AWR structures -- 4.3.6.3 Performance characteristics: basic requirements -- 4.3.7 AWR examples -- 4.3.8 Lightning sensor systems: stormscopes -- 4.3.9 Optical radar -- 4.3.9.1 Doppler lidar -- 4.3.9.2 Infrared locators and radiometers -- 4.3.10 The integrated localization of dangerous phenomena -- 4.4 Collision avoidance sensors -- 4.4.1 Traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) -- 4.4.1.1 The purpose -- 4.4.1.2 A short history -- 4.4.1.3 TCAS levels of capability -- 4.4.1.4 TCAS concepts and principles of operation -- 4.4.1.5 Basic components -- 4.4.1.6 Operation -- 4.4.1.7 TCAS logistics -- 4.4.1.8 Cockpit presentation -- 4.4.1.9 Examples of system implementation -- 4.4.2 The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) -- 4.4.2.1 Purpose and necessity -- 4.4.2.2 GPWS history, principles, and evolution -- 4.4.2.3 GPWS modes -- 4.4.2.4 Shortcomings of classical GPWS -- 4.4.2.5 Enhanced GPWS -- 4.4.2.6 Look-ahead warnings -- 4.4.2.7 Implementation examples -- References --
5. Devices and sensors for linear acceleration measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Linear and pendulous accelerometers -- 5.2.2 Direct conversion accelerometers and compensating accelerometers -- 5.2.2.1 Direct conversion accelerometers -- 5.2.2.2 Compensating accelerometers -- 5.3 Accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.1 Acceleration measurement range azmax -- 5.3.2 Resolution azmin -- 5.3.3 Zero signal (bias) a0 -- 5.3.4 Scale factor Ka -- 5.3.5 Biasing error (misalignment) -- 5.3.6 Accelerometer frequency characteristics -- 5.3.7 Special accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.7.1 Magnetic leakage -- 5.3.7.2 Electromagnetic noise -- 5.3.7.3 Readiness time -- 5.3.7.4 Noise level in the accelerometer output -- 5.3.7.5 Sensitivity to external constant and variable magnetic fields -- 5.3.7.6 Sensitivity to changes in power supply voltage -- 5.3.7.7 Sensitivity to external pressure, humidity, and radiation -- 5.4 Float pendulous accelerometer (FPA) -- 5.4.1 Basic EMU design schemes -- 5.4.1.1 Advantages -- 5.4.1.2 Disadvantages -- 5.4.2 Hydrostatic accelerometer suspensions -- 5.4.3 FPA float balancing -- 5.4.4 Hydrodynamic forces and moments in the FPA -- 5.4.5 Movement of FPA float under vibration -- 5.5 Micromechanical accelerometers (MMAS) -- 5.5.1 The single-axis MMA -- 5.5.2 The three-axis MMA -- 5.5.3 The compensating type MMA -- 5.5.4 Solid-state MMA manufacturing techniques -- References --
6. Gyroscopic devices and sensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 6.1.2 Classification of gyros -- 6.1.3 Gyroscopic instruments -- 6.1.4 Positional gyros -- 6.1.5 The vertical (or horizontal) gyro -- 6.1.6 Orbit gyro -- 6.1.7 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.1.8 Gyro stabilizers -- 6.1.9 Gyroscopic instruments in aeronavigation -- 6.1.10 Inertial navigation systems (INS) -- 6.1.10.1 Types of INS -- 6.1.10.2 Strapdown INS -- 6.1.11 The scope of gyros and gyro instruments of various types -- 6.2 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.2.1 The solid rotor SDF gyro -- 6.2.2 The integrating gyro -- 6.2.3 Rate of speed gauging -- 6.2.3.1 Feedback contours of the angular rate gauge -- 6.2.3.2 Design variants -- 6.3 The TDF gyro in gimbal mountings -- 6.3.1 Properties of a free gyro -- 6.3.2 Areas of application, design features, and error sources -- 6.3.3 Two-component angular speed measuring instruments -- 6.4 The gyroscopic integrator for linear acceleration (GILA) -- 6.4.1 Principles of GILA operation -- 6.4.2 Sources of GILA errors -- 6.5 Contactless suspension gyros -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) -- 6.5.2.1 ESG accuracy -- 6.5.2.2 The ESG rotor -- 6.5.2.3 The rotor electrostatic suspension -- 6.5.2.4 Angular rotor position readout -- 6.5.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 The fiber optic gyro (FOG) -- 6.6.1 The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) -- 6.6.1.1 The basic IFOG scheme and the Sagnac effect -- 6.6.1.2 Open-loop operation -- 6.6.1.3 Closed-loop operation -- 6.6.1.4 Fundamental limitations -- 6.6.1.5 The multiple-axis IFOG -- 6.6.1.6 The depolarized IFOG -- 6.6.1.7 Applications of the IFOG -- 6.6.2 The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) -- 6.7 The ring laser gyro (RLG) -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Principle of operation -- 6.7.3 Frequency characteristics and mode-locking counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.4 The elimination of mode-locking in counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.5 Errors -- 6.7.6 Performance and application -- 6.7.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Dynamically tuned gyros (DTG) -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Key diagrams and dynamic tuning -- 6.8.3 Operating modes -- 6.8.4 Disturbance moments depending on external factors and instrumental errors -- 6.8.5 Magnetic, aerodynamic, and thermal disturbance moments -- 6.8.6 Design, application, technical characteristics -- 6.8.7 Conclusion -- 6.9 Solid vibrating gyros -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Dynamic behavior of the ideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.3 Operating modes of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.4 The nonideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.5 Control of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.6 Axisymmetric-shell gyros -- 6.9.7 The HRG, history and current status -- 6.9.8 HRG design characteristics -- 6.9.9 Additional HRG references -- 6.10 Micromechanical gyros -- 6.10.1 Introduction -- 6.10.2 Operating principles -- 6.10.2.1 Linear-linear (LL-type) gyros -- 6.10.2.2 Rotary-rotary (RR-type) gyro principles -- 6.10.2.3 Fork and rod gyro principles -- 6.10.2.4 Ring gyro principles -- 6.10.3 Adjustment of oscillation modes in gyros of the LL and RR types -- 6.10.4 Design, application, and performance -- 6.10.4.1 Gyros of the LL and RR-type -- 6.10.4.2 Fork and rod gyros -- 6.10.4.3 Ring gyros -- 6.10.5 Conclusion -- References --
7. Compasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Magnetic compasses -- 7.2.1 Brief historical sketch -- 7.2.2 The earth's magnetic field -- 7.2.3 Magnetic compass design principles and errors -- 7.2.4 Examples of magnetic compasses structures -- 7.3 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses -- 7.3.1 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses design principles -- 7.3.2 Examples of fluxgate and gyro-magnetic structures -- 7.4 Electronic compasses -- References --
8. Propulsion sensors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel quantity sensors -- 8.2.1 Mechanical and electromechanical methods of level sensing -- 8.2.1.1 Buoyancy or float methods -- 8.2.1.2 Level sensing using pressure transducers -- 8.2.2 Electronic methods of level sensing -- 8.2.2.1 Conductivity level sensing -- 8.2.2.2 Capacitive level sensing -- 8.2.2.3 Heat-transfer level sensing -- 8.2.2.4 Ultrasonic methods -- 8.3 Fuel consumption sensors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Flow-obstruction methods -- 8.3.2.1 Practical considerations for obstruction meters -- 8.3.3 The turbine flow meter -- 8.3.4 The vane-type flow meter -- 8.4 Pressure sensors -- 8.4.1 Basic concepts -- 8.4.2 Basic sensing methods -- 8.4.2.1 The diaphragm -- 8.4.2.2 Capsules -- 8.4.2.3 The bourdon tube -- 8.4.3 Signal acquisition -- 8.4.3.1 Capacitive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.2 Inductive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.3 Potentiometric deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.4 Null-balance servo pressure transducers -- 8.4.4 Operational requirements -- 8.5 Engine temperatures -- 8.5.1 Intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) -- 8.5.2 Oil temperature/fuel temperature -- 8.5.3 Fire sensors -- 8.5.4 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) -- 8.5.5 Nacelle temperature -- 8.6 Tachometry -- 8.6.1 The eddy current tachometer -- 8.6.2 The AC generator tachometer -- 8.6.3 The variable reluctance tachometer -- 8.6.4 The Hall effect tachometer -- 8.7 Vibration sensors, engine and nacelle -- 8.8 Regulatory issues -- References -- Bibliography --
9. Principles and examples of sensor integration -- 9.1 Sensor systems -- 9.1.1 The sensor system concept -- 9.1.2 Joint processing of readings from identical sensors -- 9.1.3 Joint processing of readings from cognate sensors with different measurement ranges -- 9.1.4 Joint processing of diverse sensors readings -- 9.1.5 Linear and nonlinear sensor integration algorithms -- 9.2 Fundamentals of integrated measuring system synthesis -- 9.2.1 Synthesis problem statement -- 9.2.2 Classes of dynamic system realization -- 9.2.3 Measurement accuracy indices -- 9.2.4 Excitation properties -- 9.2.5 Objective functions for robust system optimisation -- 9.2.6 Methods of dynamic system accuracy index analysis under excitation with given numerical characteristics of derivatives -- 9.2.6.1 Estimation of error variance -- 9.2.6.2 Example of error variance analysis -- 9.2.6.3 Use of equivalent harmonic excitation -- 9.2.6.4 Estimation of error maximal value -- 9.2.7 System optimization under maximum accuracy criteria -- 9.2.8 Procedures for the dimensional reduction of a measuring system -- 9.2.8.1 Determination of an optimal set of sensors -- 9.2.8.2 Analysis of the advantages of invariant system construction -- 9.2.8.3 Advantages of the zeroing of several system parameters -- 9.2.9 Realization and simulation of integration algorithms -- 9.3 Examples of two-component integrated navigation systems -- 9.3.1 Noninvariant robust integrated speed meter -- 9.3.2 Integrated radio-inertial measurement -- 9.3.3 Airborne gravimeter integration -- 9.3.4 The orbital verticant -- References --
Epilogue -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910786438803321
Nebylov Alexander  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Autore Nebylov Alexander
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (378 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Collana Sensors technology series
Soggetto topico Detectors
Aerospace engineering
ISBN 1-283-89600-1
1-60650-061-9
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Series preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the series editor -- About the editor --
1. Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.1.1 Types of aerospace vehicles and missions -- 1.1.2 The role of sensors and control systems in aerospace -- 1.1.3 Specific design criteria for aerospace vehicles and their sensors -- 1.1.4 Physical principles influencing primary aerospace sensor design -- 1.1.5 Reference frames accepted in aviation and astronautics -- 1.2 Characteristics and challenges of the atmospheric environment -- 1.2.1 Components of the earth's atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Stationary models of the atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Anisotropy and variability in the atmosphere -- 1.2.4 Electrical charges in the atmosphere -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere -- 1.2.6 Geomagnetism -- 1.2.7 The planetary atmosphere -- 1.3 Characteristics and challenges of the space environment -- 1.3.1 General considerations -- 1.3.2 Near-earth space -- 1.3.3 Circumsolar (near-sun) space -- 1.3.4 Matter in space -- 1.3.5 Distances and time scales in deep space -- References --
2. Air pressure-dependent sensors -- 2.1 Basic aircraft instrumentation -- 2.2 Fundamental physical properties of airflow -- 2.2.1 Fundamental airflow physical property definitions -- 2.2.1.1 Pressure -- 2.2.1.2 Air density -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 Flow velocity -- 2.2.2 The equation of state for a perfect gas -- 2.2.3 Extension of definitions: total, dynamic, static, and stagnation -- 2.2.4 The speed of sound and mach number -- 2.2.4.1 The speed of sound -- 2.2.4.2 Mach number and compressibility -- 2.2.5 The source of aerodynamic forces -- 2.3 Altitude conventions -- 2.4 Barometric altimeters -- 2.4.1 Theoretical considerations -- 2.4.1.1 The troposphere -- 2.4.1.2 The stratosphere -- 2.4.2 Barometric altimeter principles and construction -- 2.4.3 Barometric altimeter errors -- 2.4.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.4.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.5 Airspeed conventions -- 2.6 The manometric airspeed indicator -- 2.6.1 Manometric airspeed indicator principles and construction -- 2.6.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.6.2.1 Subsonic incompressible operation -- 2.6.2.2 Subsonic compressible operation -- 2.6.2.3 Supersonic operation -- 2.6.3 Manometric airspeed indicator errors -- 2.6.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.6.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.7 The vertical speed indicator (VSI) -- 2.7.1 VSI principles and construction -- 2.7.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.7.2.1 Lag rate (time constant) -- 2.7.2.2 Sensitivity to mach number -- 2.7.2.3 Sensitivity to altitude -- 2.7.3 VSI errors -- 2.8 Angles of attack and slip -- 2.8.1 The pivoted vane -- 2.8.2 The differential pressure tube -- 2.8.3 The null-seeking pressure tube -- References -- Appendix --
3. Radar altimeters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Definitions -- 3.1.2 Altimetry methods -- 3.1.3 General principles of radar altimetry -- 3.1.4 Classification by different features -- 3.1.5 Application and performance characteristics -- 3.1.5.1 Aircraft applications -- 3.1.5.2 Spacecraft applications -- 3.1.5.3 Military applications -- 3.1.5.4 Remote sensing applications -- 3.1.6 Performance characteristics -- 3.2 Pulse radar altimeters -- 3.2.1 Principle of operation -- 3.2.2 Pulse duration -- 3.2.3 Tracking altimeters -- 3.2.4 Design principles -- 3.2.5 Features of altimeters with pulse compression -- 3.2.6 Pulse laser altimetry -- 3.2.7 Some examples -- 3.2.8 Validation -- 3.2.9 Future trends -- 3.3 Continuous wave radar altimeters -- 3.3.1 Principles of continuous wave radar -- 3.3.2 FMCW radar waveforms -- 3.3.3 Design principles and structural features -- 3.3.3.1 Local oscillator automatic tuning -- 3.3.3.2 Single-sideband receiver structure -- 3.3.4 The Doppler effect -- 3.3.5 Alternative measuring devices for FMCW altimeters -- 3.3.6 Accuracy and unambiguous altitude -- 3.3.7 Aviation applications -- 3.4 Phase precise radar altimeters -- 3.4.1 The phase method of range measurement -- 3.4.2 The two-frequency phase method -- 3.4.3 Ambiguity and accuracy in the two-frequency method -- 3.4.4 Phase ambiguity resolution -- 3.4.5 Waveforms -- 3.4.6 Measuring devices and signal processing -- 3.4.7 Remarks on the accuracy of CW and pulse radar altimeters -- 3.5 Radioactive altimeters for space application -- 3.5.1 Motivation and history -- 3.5.2 Physical bases -- 3.5.2.1 Features of radiation -- 3.5.2.2 Generators of photon emission -- 3.5.2.3 Receivers -- 3.5.2.4 Propagation features -- 3.5.3 Principles of operation -- 3.5.4 Radiation dosage -- 3.5.5 Examples of radioisotope altimeters -- References --
4. Autonomous radio sensors for motion parameters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Doppler sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.1 Physical basis and functions -- 4.2.2 Principle of operation -- 4.2.3 Classification and features of sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.4 Generalized structural diagram for the ground speed and crab angle meter -- 4.2.5 Design principles -- 4.2.6 Sources of Doppler radar errors -- 4.2.7 Examples -- 4.3 Airborne weather sensors -- 4.3.1 Weather radar as mandatory equipment of airliners and transport aircraft -- 4.3.2 Multifunctionality of airborne weather radar -- 4.3.3 Meteorological functions of AWR -- 4.3.4 Principles of DWP detection with AWR -- 4.3.4.1 Developing methods of DWP detection -- 4.3.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain -- 4.3.4.3 Turbulence detection -- 4.3.4.4 Wind shear detection -- 4.3.4.5 Hail zone detection -- 4.3.4.6 Probable icing-in-flight zone detection -- 4.3.5 Surface mapping -- 4.3.5.1 Comparison of radar and visual orientation -- 4.3.5.2 The surface-mapping principle -- 4.3.5.3 Reflecting behavior of the earth's surface -- 4.3.5.4 The radar equation and signal correction -- 4.3.5.5 Automatic classification of navigational landmarks -- 4.3.6 AWR design principles -- 4.3.6.1 The operating principle and typical structure of AWR -- 4.3.6.2 AWR structures -- 4.3.6.3 Performance characteristics: basic requirements -- 4.3.7 AWR examples -- 4.3.8 Lightning sensor systems: stormscopes -- 4.3.9 Optical radar -- 4.3.9.1 Doppler lidar -- 4.3.9.2 Infrared locators and radiometers -- 4.3.10 The integrated localization of dangerous phenomena -- 4.4 Collision avoidance sensors -- 4.4.1 Traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) -- 4.4.1.1 The purpose -- 4.4.1.2 A short history -- 4.4.1.3 TCAS levels of capability -- 4.4.1.4 TCAS concepts and principles of operation -- 4.4.1.5 Basic components -- 4.4.1.6 Operation -- 4.4.1.7 TCAS logistics -- 4.4.1.8 Cockpit presentation -- 4.4.1.9 Examples of system implementation -- 4.4.2 The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) -- 4.4.2.1 Purpose and necessity -- 4.4.2.2 GPWS history, principles, and evolution -- 4.4.2.3 GPWS modes -- 4.4.2.4 Shortcomings of classical GPWS -- 4.4.2.5 Enhanced GPWS -- 4.4.2.6 Look-ahead warnings -- 4.4.2.7 Implementation examples -- References --
5. Devices and sensors for linear acceleration measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Linear and pendulous accelerometers -- 5.2.2 Direct conversion accelerometers and compensating accelerometers -- 5.2.2.1 Direct conversion accelerometers -- 5.2.2.2 Compensating accelerometers -- 5.3 Accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.1 Acceleration measurement range azmax -- 5.3.2 Resolution azmin -- 5.3.3 Zero signal (bias) a0 -- 5.3.4 Scale factor Ka -- 5.3.5 Biasing error (misalignment) -- 5.3.6 Accelerometer frequency characteristics -- 5.3.7 Special accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.7.1 Magnetic leakage -- 5.3.7.2 Electromagnetic noise -- 5.3.7.3 Readiness time -- 5.3.7.4 Noise level in the accelerometer output -- 5.3.7.5 Sensitivity to external constant and variable magnetic fields -- 5.3.7.6 Sensitivity to changes in power supply voltage -- 5.3.7.7 Sensitivity to external pressure, humidity, and radiation -- 5.4 Float pendulous accelerometer (FPA) -- 5.4.1 Basic EMU design schemes -- 5.4.1.1 Advantages -- 5.4.1.2 Disadvantages -- 5.4.2 Hydrostatic accelerometer suspensions -- 5.4.3 FPA float balancing -- 5.4.4 Hydrodynamic forces and moments in the FPA -- 5.4.5 Movement of FPA float under vibration -- 5.5 Micromechanical accelerometers (MMAS) -- 5.5.1 The single-axis MMA -- 5.5.2 The three-axis MMA -- 5.5.3 The compensating type MMA -- 5.5.4 Solid-state MMA manufacturing techniques -- References --
6. Gyroscopic devices and sensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 6.1.2 Classification of gyros -- 6.1.3 Gyroscopic instruments -- 6.1.4 Positional gyros -- 6.1.5 The vertical (or horizontal) gyro -- 6.1.6 Orbit gyro -- 6.1.7 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.1.8 Gyro stabilizers -- 6.1.9 Gyroscopic instruments in aeronavigation -- 6.1.10 Inertial navigation systems (INS) -- 6.1.10.1 Types of INS -- 6.1.10.2 Strapdown INS -- 6.1.11 The scope of gyros and gyro instruments of various types -- 6.2 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.2.1 The solid rotor SDF gyro -- 6.2.2 The integrating gyro -- 6.2.3 Rate of speed gauging -- 6.2.3.1 Feedback contours of the angular rate gauge -- 6.2.3.2 Design variants -- 6.3 The TDF gyro in gimbal mountings -- 6.3.1 Properties of a free gyro -- 6.3.2 Areas of application, design features, and error sources -- 6.3.3 Two-component angular speed measuring instruments -- 6.4 The gyroscopic integrator for linear acceleration (GILA) -- 6.4.1 Principles of GILA operation -- 6.4.2 Sources of GILA errors -- 6.5 Contactless suspension gyros -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) -- 6.5.2.1 ESG accuracy -- 6.5.2.2 The ESG rotor -- 6.5.2.3 The rotor electrostatic suspension -- 6.5.2.4 Angular rotor position readout -- 6.5.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 The fiber optic gyro (FOG) -- 6.6.1 The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) -- 6.6.1.1 The basic IFOG scheme and the Sagnac effect -- 6.6.1.2 Open-loop operation -- 6.6.1.3 Closed-loop operation -- 6.6.1.4 Fundamental limitations -- 6.6.1.5 The multiple-axis IFOG -- 6.6.1.6 The depolarized IFOG -- 6.6.1.7 Applications of the IFOG -- 6.6.2 The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) -- 6.7 The ring laser gyro (RLG) -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Principle of operation -- 6.7.3 Frequency characteristics and mode-locking counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.4 The elimination of mode-locking in counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.5 Errors -- 6.7.6 Performance and application -- 6.7.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Dynamically tuned gyros (DTG) -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Key diagrams and dynamic tuning -- 6.8.3 Operating modes -- 6.8.4 Disturbance moments depending on external factors and instrumental errors -- 6.8.5 Magnetic, aerodynamic, and thermal disturbance moments -- 6.8.6 Design, application, technical characteristics -- 6.8.7 Conclusion -- 6.9 Solid vibrating gyros -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Dynamic behavior of the ideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.3 Operating modes of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.4 The nonideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.5 Control of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.6 Axisymmetric-shell gyros -- 6.9.7 The HRG, history and current status -- 6.9.8 HRG design characteristics -- 6.9.9 Additional HRG references -- 6.10 Micromechanical gyros -- 6.10.1 Introduction -- 6.10.2 Operating principles -- 6.10.2.1 Linear-linear (LL-type) gyros -- 6.10.2.2 Rotary-rotary (RR-type) gyro principles -- 6.10.2.3 Fork and rod gyro principles -- 6.10.2.4 Ring gyro principles -- 6.10.3 Adjustment of oscillation modes in gyros of the LL and RR types -- 6.10.4 Design, application, and performance -- 6.10.4.1 Gyros of the LL and RR-type -- 6.10.4.2 Fork and rod gyros -- 6.10.4.3 Ring gyros -- 6.10.5 Conclusion -- References --
7. Compasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Magnetic compasses -- 7.2.1 Brief historical sketch -- 7.2.2 The earth's magnetic field -- 7.2.3 Magnetic compass design principles and errors -- 7.2.4 Examples of magnetic compasses structures -- 7.3 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses -- 7.3.1 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses design principles -- 7.3.2 Examples of fluxgate and gyro-magnetic structures -- 7.4 Electronic compasses -- References --
8. Propulsion sensors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel quantity sensors -- 8.2.1 Mechanical and electromechanical methods of level sensing -- 8.2.1.1 Buoyancy or float methods -- 8.2.1.2 Level sensing using pressure transducers -- 8.2.2 Electronic methods of level sensing -- 8.2.2.1 Conductivity level sensing -- 8.2.2.2 Capacitive level sensing -- 8.2.2.3 Heat-transfer level sensing -- 8.2.2.4 Ultrasonic methods -- 8.3 Fuel consumption sensors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Flow-obstruction methods -- 8.3.2.1 Practical considerations for obstruction meters -- 8.3.3 The turbine flow meter -- 8.3.4 The vane-type flow meter -- 8.4 Pressure sensors -- 8.4.1 Basic concepts -- 8.4.2 Basic sensing methods -- 8.4.2.1 The diaphragm -- 8.4.2.2 Capsules -- 8.4.2.3 The bourdon tube -- 8.4.3 Signal acquisition -- 8.4.3.1 Capacitive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.2 Inductive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.3 Potentiometric deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.4 Null-balance servo pressure transducers -- 8.4.4 Operational requirements -- 8.5 Engine temperatures -- 8.5.1 Intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) -- 8.5.2 Oil temperature/fuel temperature -- 8.5.3 Fire sensors -- 8.5.4 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) -- 8.5.5 Nacelle temperature -- 8.6 Tachometry -- 8.6.1 The eddy current tachometer -- 8.6.2 The AC generator tachometer -- 8.6.3 The variable reluctance tachometer -- 8.6.4 The Hall effect tachometer -- 8.7 Vibration sensors, engine and nacelle -- 8.8 Regulatory issues -- References -- Bibliography --
9. Principles and examples of sensor integration -- 9.1 Sensor systems -- 9.1.1 The sensor system concept -- 9.1.2 Joint processing of readings from identical sensors -- 9.1.3 Joint processing of readings from cognate sensors with different measurement ranges -- 9.1.4 Joint processing of diverse sensors readings -- 9.1.5 Linear and nonlinear sensor integration algorithms -- 9.2 Fundamentals of integrated measuring system synthesis -- 9.2.1 Synthesis problem statement -- 9.2.2 Classes of dynamic system realization -- 9.2.3 Measurement accuracy indices -- 9.2.4 Excitation properties -- 9.2.5 Objective functions for robust system optimisation -- 9.2.6 Methods of dynamic system accuracy index analysis under excitation with given numerical characteristics of derivatives -- 9.2.6.1 Estimation of error variance -- 9.2.6.2 Example of error variance analysis -- 9.2.6.3 Use of equivalent harmonic excitation -- 9.2.6.4 Estimation of error maximal value -- 9.2.7 System optimization under maximum accuracy criteria -- 9.2.8 Procedures for the dimensional reduction of a measuring system -- 9.2.8.1 Determination of an optimal set of sensors -- 9.2.8.2 Analysis of the advantages of invariant system construction -- 9.2.8.3 Advantages of the zeroing of several system parameters -- 9.2.9 Realization and simulation of integration algorithms -- 9.3 Examples of two-component integrated navigation systems -- 9.3.1 Noninvariant robust integrated speed meter -- 9.3.2 Integrated radio-inertial measurement -- 9.3.3 Airborne gravimeter integration -- 9.3.4 The orbital verticant -- References --
Epilogue -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910820395403321
Nebylov Alexander  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Atomic absorption spectrometry : an introduction / / Alfredo Sanz-Medel and Rosario Pereiro
Atomic absorption spectrometry : an introduction / / Alfredo Sanz-Medel and Rosario Pereiro
Autore Sanz-Medel Alfredo
Edizione [Second edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2014]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (xiii, 190 pages) : illustrations
Disciplina 539.70287
Soggetto topico Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Soggetto genere / forma Electronic books.
ISBN 1-60650-437-1
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto 1. An introduction to analytical atomic spectrometry -- 1.1 Basic interactions of electromagnetic radiation with atoms for chemical analysis -- 1.2 Atomic line spectra and their origin -- 1.3 Atomic line characteristics -- 1.4 Atomic line spectral width -- 1.4.1 Natural broadening of lines -- 1.4.2 Doppler broadening -- 1.4.3 Lorentz broadening -- 1.4.4 Self-absorption effects -- 1.4.5 Other broadening processes -- 1.5 A comparative overview of analytical atomic spectrometric techniques -- 1.5.1 Dissolved sample analysis techniques -- 1.5.2 Direct solid analysis techniques --
2. Theory and basic concepts in atomic absorption spectrometry -- 2.1 General introduction -- 2.2 The basic atomic absorption spectrometry experiment -- 2.3 The absorption coefficient concept -- 2.4 Quantitative analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry -- 2.5 Interferences in flame analytical atomic spectrometry techniques -- 2.5.1 Spectral interferences -- 2.5.2 Physical (transport) interferences -- 2.5.3 Chemical interferences -- 2.5.4 Ionization interferences -- 2.5.5 Temperature variations in the atomizer -- 2.5.6 Light scattering and unspecific absorptions -- 2.5.7 Quenching of the fluorescence -- 2.6 Analytical performance characteristics of AAS -- 2.6.1 Sensitivity and detection limits -- 2.6.2 Selectivity of the three flame-based techniques -- 2.6.3 Accuracy and precision -- 2.6.4 Analytical linear range -- 2.6.5 Versatility and sample throughput -- 2.6.7 Robustness and availability of well-proven methodologies --
3. Basic components of atomic absorption spectrometric instruments -- 3.1 Introduction: single-beam and double-beam instruments -- 3.2 Primary radiation sources -- 3.2.1 Hollow cathode lamps -- 3.2.1.1 Details of the components of a HCL -- 3.2.1.2 HCL operation -- 3.2.1.3 Multi-element HCLs -- 3.2.2 Electrodeless discharge lamps -- 3.2.3 Boosted discharge lamps -- 3.2.4 Diode lasers -- 3.2.5 Continuous sources -- 3.3 Atomizers: a general view -- 3.4 Wavelength selectors -- 3.5 Detectors -- 3.6 Background correctors -- 3.6.1 Deuterium background corrector -- 3.6.2 Zeeman correction -- 3.6.3 Smith-Hieftje correction --
4. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The atomizer unit in flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.2.1 Nebulizer, nebulization chamber, and burner -- 4.2.2 Flame -- 4.2.3 Special sampling techniques -- 4.3 Flame atomic absorption instrumentation -- 4.3.1 Flame atomic absorption spectrometers -- 4.3.2 Accessories -- 4.3.2.1 Autosamplers -- 4.3.2.2 Atom concentrator tube or slotted tube atom trap -- 4.3.2.3 High-solid analyzer -- 4.3.2.4 Flame microsampler -- 4.3.2.5 Automatic burner rotation -- 4.4 Analytical performance characteristics and interferences -- 4.4.1 Spectral interferences -- 4.4.2 Nonspectral interferences -- 4.4.3 Calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.4.4 Analytical figures of merit -- 4.4.5 Use of organic solvents -- 4.5 Applications and example case studies -- 4.5.1 Determination of calcium in milk -- 4.5.2 Determination of molybdenum in fertilizers -- 4.5.3 Determination of lead in gasoline -- 4.5.4 Determination of boron, phosphorus, and sulfur by high-resolution continuum source FAAS for plant analysis --
5. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The electrothermal atomizer -- 5.2.1 The atomization tube -- 5.2.2 Side-heated atomizers -- 5.3 Basic steps in analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: the temperature program -- 5.4 Instrumentation -- 5.4.1 Sample-introduction system -- 5.4.2 Instrumental background correction -- 5.4.3 Data acquisition and treatment -- 5.5 Interferences -- 5.5.1 Spectral interferences -- 5.5.2 Nonspectral interferences -- 5.6 Chemical modifiers -- 5.7 Atomization from solids and slurries -- 5.8 Analytical performance characteristics of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods -- 5.9 Applications and example case studies -- 5.9.1 Determination of lead in human urine and blood -- 5.9.2 Determination of selenium in human milk -- 5.9.3 Determination of sulfur in coal and ash slurry --
6. Hydride generation and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Volatile hydride generation by tetrahydroborate (III) in aqueous media -- 6.2.1 Mechanisms of hydride formation -- 6.2.2 Basic instrumentation -- 6.2.3 Limits of detection -- 6.2.4 Selectivity: sources of interferences -- 6.3 Electrochemical generation of volatile hydrides -- 6.4 Cold-vapor generation -- 6.4.1 Mercury -- 6.4.2 Cadmium -- 6.5 Trapping/preconcentration of volatilized analytes -- 6.6 Applications and example case studies -- 6.6.1 Determination of arsenic in waters -- 6.6.2 Determination of mercury and methylmercury in hair -- 6.6.3 Determination of selenium in bean and soil samples using hydride generation, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry --
7. Flow analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Flow injection analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.3 Basic instrument components: sample introduction unit, propulsion system, and connecting tubes -- 7.3.1 Sample introduction unit -- 7.3.2 Propulsion system -- 7.3.3 Connecting tubes -- 7.4 Simple common manifolds: dilution, reagent addition, and calibration -- 7.5 Solid-liquid separation and preconcentration -- 7.5.1 Sorption -- 7.5.2 Precipitation and coprecipitation -- 7.6 Gas-phase formation strategies -- 7.6.1 Flow systems for the formation of volatile derivatives of the analyte(s) -- 7.6.2 Approaches for preconcentration in the gas phase -- 7.7 Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid-liquid extraction -- 7.8 Sample digestion -- 7.8.1 Online photo-oxidation flow systems -- 7.8.2 Online microwave-assisted digestion -- 7.9 Chromatographic separations coupled online to atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.10 Applications and example case studies -- 7.10.1 Online aluminium preconcentration and its application to the determination of the metal in dialysis concentrates -- 7.10.2 Indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iodine in milk products -- 7.10.3 High-performance liquid chromatography, microwave digestion, hydride generation, AAS for inorganic and organic arsenic speciation in fish tissue --
8. Emerging fields of applications, chemometrics, quality-control and troubleshooting -- 8.1 Emerging fields of atomic absorption spectrometry applications -- 8.2 Basic chemometric techniques in AAS -- 8.3 Quality-control guidelines and troubleshooting -- 8.3.1 Flame AAS -- 8.3.1.1 Light system -- 8.3.1.2 Nebulizer and burner system -- 8.3.1.3 System cleanliness -- 8.3.2 Electrothermal AAS -- 8.3.2.1 Autosampler -- 8.3.2.2 Furnace workhead -- 8.3.2.3 Background correction --
Appendix A. Buyer's guide -- Appendix B. Glossary of terms -- Appendix C. Standards -- References -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910458558803321
Sanz-Medel Alfredo  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2014]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Atomic absorption spectrometry : an introduction / / Alfredo Sanz-Medel and Rosario Pereiro
Atomic absorption spectrometry : an introduction / / Alfredo Sanz-Medel and Rosario Pereiro
Autore Sanz-Medel Alfredo
Edizione [Second edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2014]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (xiii, 190 pages) : illustrations
Disciplina 539.70287
Soggetto topico Atomic absorption spectroscopy
ISBN 1-60650-437-1
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto 1. An introduction to analytical atomic spectrometry -- 1.1 Basic interactions of electromagnetic radiation with atoms for chemical analysis -- 1.2 Atomic line spectra and their origin -- 1.3 Atomic line characteristics -- 1.4 Atomic line spectral width -- 1.4.1 Natural broadening of lines -- 1.4.2 Doppler broadening -- 1.4.3 Lorentz broadening -- 1.4.4 Self-absorption effects -- 1.4.5 Other broadening processes -- 1.5 A comparative overview of analytical atomic spectrometric techniques -- 1.5.1 Dissolved sample analysis techniques -- 1.5.2 Direct solid analysis techniques --
2. Theory and basic concepts in atomic absorption spectrometry -- 2.1 General introduction -- 2.2 The basic atomic absorption spectrometry experiment -- 2.3 The absorption coefficient concept -- 2.4 Quantitative analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry -- 2.5 Interferences in flame analytical atomic spectrometry techniques -- 2.5.1 Spectral interferences -- 2.5.2 Physical (transport) interferences -- 2.5.3 Chemical interferences -- 2.5.4 Ionization interferences -- 2.5.5 Temperature variations in the atomizer -- 2.5.6 Light scattering and unspecific absorptions -- 2.5.7 Quenching of the fluorescence -- 2.6 Analytical performance characteristics of AAS -- 2.6.1 Sensitivity and detection limits -- 2.6.2 Selectivity of the three flame-based techniques -- 2.6.3 Accuracy and precision -- 2.6.4 Analytical linear range -- 2.6.5 Versatility and sample throughput -- 2.6.7 Robustness and availability of well-proven methodologies --
3. Basic components of atomic absorption spectrometric instruments -- 3.1 Introduction: single-beam and double-beam instruments -- 3.2 Primary radiation sources -- 3.2.1 Hollow cathode lamps -- 3.2.1.1 Details of the components of a HCL -- 3.2.1.2 HCL operation -- 3.2.1.3 Multi-element HCLs -- 3.2.2 Electrodeless discharge lamps -- 3.2.3 Boosted discharge lamps -- 3.2.4 Diode lasers -- 3.2.5 Continuous sources -- 3.3 Atomizers: a general view -- 3.4 Wavelength selectors -- 3.5 Detectors -- 3.6 Background correctors -- 3.6.1 Deuterium background corrector -- 3.6.2 Zeeman correction -- 3.6.3 Smith-Hieftje correction --
4. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The atomizer unit in flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.2.1 Nebulizer, nebulization chamber, and burner -- 4.2.2 Flame -- 4.2.3 Special sampling techniques -- 4.3 Flame atomic absorption instrumentation -- 4.3.1 Flame atomic absorption spectrometers -- 4.3.2 Accessories -- 4.3.2.1 Autosamplers -- 4.3.2.2 Atom concentrator tube or slotted tube atom trap -- 4.3.2.3 High-solid analyzer -- 4.3.2.4 Flame microsampler -- 4.3.2.5 Automatic burner rotation -- 4.4 Analytical performance characteristics and interferences -- 4.4.1 Spectral interferences -- 4.4.2 Nonspectral interferences -- 4.4.3 Calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.4.4 Analytical figures of merit -- 4.4.5 Use of organic solvents -- 4.5 Applications and example case studies -- 4.5.1 Determination of calcium in milk -- 4.5.2 Determination of molybdenum in fertilizers -- 4.5.3 Determination of lead in gasoline -- 4.5.4 Determination of boron, phosphorus, and sulfur by high-resolution continuum source FAAS for plant analysis --
5. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The electrothermal atomizer -- 5.2.1 The atomization tube -- 5.2.2 Side-heated atomizers -- 5.3 Basic steps in analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: the temperature program -- 5.4 Instrumentation -- 5.4.1 Sample-introduction system -- 5.4.2 Instrumental background correction -- 5.4.3 Data acquisition and treatment -- 5.5 Interferences -- 5.5.1 Spectral interferences -- 5.5.2 Nonspectral interferences -- 5.6 Chemical modifiers -- 5.7 Atomization from solids and slurries -- 5.8 Analytical performance characteristics of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods -- 5.9 Applications and example case studies -- 5.9.1 Determination of lead in human urine and blood -- 5.9.2 Determination of selenium in human milk -- 5.9.3 Determination of sulfur in coal and ash slurry --
6. Hydride generation and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Volatile hydride generation by tetrahydroborate (III) in aqueous media -- 6.2.1 Mechanisms of hydride formation -- 6.2.2 Basic instrumentation -- 6.2.3 Limits of detection -- 6.2.4 Selectivity: sources of interferences -- 6.3 Electrochemical generation of volatile hydrides -- 6.4 Cold-vapor generation -- 6.4.1 Mercury -- 6.4.2 Cadmium -- 6.5 Trapping/preconcentration of volatilized analytes -- 6.6 Applications and example case studies -- 6.6.1 Determination of arsenic in waters -- 6.6.2 Determination of mercury and methylmercury in hair -- 6.6.3 Determination of selenium in bean and soil samples using hydride generation, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry --
7. Flow analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Flow injection analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.3 Basic instrument components: sample introduction unit, propulsion system, and connecting tubes -- 7.3.1 Sample introduction unit -- 7.3.2 Propulsion system -- 7.3.3 Connecting tubes -- 7.4 Simple common manifolds: dilution, reagent addition, and calibration -- 7.5 Solid-liquid separation and preconcentration -- 7.5.1 Sorption -- 7.5.2 Precipitation and coprecipitation -- 7.6 Gas-phase formation strategies -- 7.6.1 Flow systems for the formation of volatile derivatives of the analyte(s) -- 7.6.2 Approaches for preconcentration in the gas phase -- 7.7 Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid-liquid extraction -- 7.8 Sample digestion -- 7.8.1 Online photo-oxidation flow systems -- 7.8.2 Online microwave-assisted digestion -- 7.9 Chromatographic separations coupled online to atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.10 Applications and example case studies -- 7.10.1 Online aluminium preconcentration and its application to the determination of the metal in dialysis concentrates -- 7.10.2 Indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iodine in milk products -- 7.10.3 High-performance liquid chromatography, microwave digestion, hydride generation, AAS for inorganic and organic arsenic speciation in fish tissue --
8. Emerging fields of applications, chemometrics, quality-control and troubleshooting -- 8.1 Emerging fields of atomic absorption spectrometry applications -- 8.2 Basic chemometric techniques in AAS -- 8.3 Quality-control guidelines and troubleshooting -- 8.3.1 Flame AAS -- 8.3.1.1 Light system -- 8.3.1.2 Nebulizer and burner system -- 8.3.1.3 System cleanliness -- 8.3.2 Electrothermal AAS -- 8.3.2.1 Autosampler -- 8.3.2.2 Furnace workhead -- 8.3.2.3 Background correction --
Appendix A. Buyer's guide -- Appendix B. Glossary of terms -- Appendix C. Standards -- References -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910791006803321
Sanz-Medel Alfredo  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2014]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Atomic absorption spectrometry : an introduction / / Alfredo Sanz-Medel and Rosario Pereiro
Atomic absorption spectrometry : an introduction / / Alfredo Sanz-Medel and Rosario Pereiro
Autore Sanz-Medel Alfredo
Edizione [Second edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2014]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (xiii, 190 pages) : illustrations
Disciplina 539.70287
Soggetto topico Atomic absorption spectroscopy
ISBN 1-60650-437-1
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto 1. An introduction to analytical atomic spectrometry -- 1.1 Basic interactions of electromagnetic radiation with atoms for chemical analysis -- 1.2 Atomic line spectra and their origin -- 1.3 Atomic line characteristics -- 1.4 Atomic line spectral width -- 1.4.1 Natural broadening of lines -- 1.4.2 Doppler broadening -- 1.4.3 Lorentz broadening -- 1.4.4 Self-absorption effects -- 1.4.5 Other broadening processes -- 1.5 A comparative overview of analytical atomic spectrometric techniques -- 1.5.1 Dissolved sample analysis techniques -- 1.5.2 Direct solid analysis techniques --
2. Theory and basic concepts in atomic absorption spectrometry -- 2.1 General introduction -- 2.2 The basic atomic absorption spectrometry experiment -- 2.3 The absorption coefficient concept -- 2.4 Quantitative analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry -- 2.5 Interferences in flame analytical atomic spectrometry techniques -- 2.5.1 Spectral interferences -- 2.5.2 Physical (transport) interferences -- 2.5.3 Chemical interferences -- 2.5.4 Ionization interferences -- 2.5.5 Temperature variations in the atomizer -- 2.5.6 Light scattering and unspecific absorptions -- 2.5.7 Quenching of the fluorescence -- 2.6 Analytical performance characteristics of AAS -- 2.6.1 Sensitivity and detection limits -- 2.6.2 Selectivity of the three flame-based techniques -- 2.6.3 Accuracy and precision -- 2.6.4 Analytical linear range -- 2.6.5 Versatility and sample throughput -- 2.6.7 Robustness and availability of well-proven methodologies --
3. Basic components of atomic absorption spectrometric instruments -- 3.1 Introduction: single-beam and double-beam instruments -- 3.2 Primary radiation sources -- 3.2.1 Hollow cathode lamps -- 3.2.1.1 Details of the components of a HCL -- 3.2.1.2 HCL operation -- 3.2.1.3 Multi-element HCLs -- 3.2.2 Electrodeless discharge lamps -- 3.2.3 Boosted discharge lamps -- 3.2.4 Diode lasers -- 3.2.5 Continuous sources -- 3.3 Atomizers: a general view -- 3.4 Wavelength selectors -- 3.5 Detectors -- 3.6 Background correctors -- 3.6.1 Deuterium background corrector -- 3.6.2 Zeeman correction -- 3.6.3 Smith-Hieftje correction --
4. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The atomizer unit in flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.2.1 Nebulizer, nebulization chamber, and burner -- 4.2.2 Flame -- 4.2.3 Special sampling techniques -- 4.3 Flame atomic absorption instrumentation -- 4.3.1 Flame atomic absorption spectrometers -- 4.3.2 Accessories -- 4.3.2.1 Autosamplers -- 4.3.2.2 Atom concentrator tube or slotted tube atom trap -- 4.3.2.3 High-solid analyzer -- 4.3.2.4 Flame microsampler -- 4.3.2.5 Automatic burner rotation -- 4.4 Analytical performance characteristics and interferences -- 4.4.1 Spectral interferences -- 4.4.2 Nonspectral interferences -- 4.4.3 Calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.4.4 Analytical figures of merit -- 4.4.5 Use of organic solvents -- 4.5 Applications and example case studies -- 4.5.1 Determination of calcium in milk -- 4.5.2 Determination of molybdenum in fertilizers -- 4.5.3 Determination of lead in gasoline -- 4.5.4 Determination of boron, phosphorus, and sulfur by high-resolution continuum source FAAS for plant analysis --
5. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The electrothermal atomizer -- 5.2.1 The atomization tube -- 5.2.2 Side-heated atomizers -- 5.3 Basic steps in analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: the temperature program -- 5.4 Instrumentation -- 5.4.1 Sample-introduction system -- 5.4.2 Instrumental background correction -- 5.4.3 Data acquisition and treatment -- 5.5 Interferences -- 5.5.1 Spectral interferences -- 5.5.2 Nonspectral interferences -- 5.6 Chemical modifiers -- 5.7 Atomization from solids and slurries -- 5.8 Analytical performance characteristics of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods -- 5.9 Applications and example case studies -- 5.9.1 Determination of lead in human urine and blood -- 5.9.2 Determination of selenium in human milk -- 5.9.3 Determination of sulfur in coal and ash slurry --
6. Hydride generation and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Volatile hydride generation by tetrahydroborate (III) in aqueous media -- 6.2.1 Mechanisms of hydride formation -- 6.2.2 Basic instrumentation -- 6.2.3 Limits of detection -- 6.2.4 Selectivity: sources of interferences -- 6.3 Electrochemical generation of volatile hydrides -- 6.4 Cold-vapor generation -- 6.4.1 Mercury -- 6.4.2 Cadmium -- 6.5 Trapping/preconcentration of volatilized analytes -- 6.6 Applications and example case studies -- 6.6.1 Determination of arsenic in waters -- 6.6.2 Determination of mercury and methylmercury in hair -- 6.6.3 Determination of selenium in bean and soil samples using hydride generation, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry --
7. Flow analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Flow injection analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.3 Basic instrument components: sample introduction unit, propulsion system, and connecting tubes -- 7.3.1 Sample introduction unit -- 7.3.2 Propulsion system -- 7.3.3 Connecting tubes -- 7.4 Simple common manifolds: dilution, reagent addition, and calibration -- 7.5 Solid-liquid separation and preconcentration -- 7.5.1 Sorption -- 7.5.2 Precipitation and coprecipitation -- 7.6 Gas-phase formation strategies -- 7.6.1 Flow systems for the formation of volatile derivatives of the analyte(s) -- 7.6.2 Approaches for preconcentration in the gas phase -- 7.7 Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid-liquid extraction -- 7.8 Sample digestion -- 7.8.1 Online photo-oxidation flow systems -- 7.8.2 Online microwave-assisted digestion -- 7.9 Chromatographic separations coupled online to atomic absorption spectrometry -- 7.10 Applications and example case studies -- 7.10.1 Online aluminium preconcentration and its application to the determination of the metal in dialysis concentrates -- 7.10.2 Indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iodine in milk products -- 7.10.3 High-performance liquid chromatography, microwave digestion, hydride generation, AAS for inorganic and organic arsenic speciation in fish tissue --
8. Emerging fields of applications, chemometrics, quality-control and troubleshooting -- 8.1 Emerging fields of atomic absorption spectrometry applications -- 8.2 Basic chemometric techniques in AAS -- 8.3 Quality-control guidelines and troubleshooting -- 8.3.1 Flame AAS -- 8.3.1.1 Light system -- 8.3.1.2 Nebulizer and burner system -- 8.3.1.3 System cleanliness -- 8.3.2 Electrothermal AAS -- 8.3.2.1 Autosampler -- 8.3.2.2 Furnace workhead -- 8.3.2.3 Background correction --
Appendix A. Buyer's guide -- Appendix B. Glossary of terms -- Appendix C. Standards -- References -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910817511303321
Sanz-Medel Alfredo  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2014]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Auger electron spectroscopy : practical application to materials analysis and characterization of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films / / John Wolstenholme
Auger electron spectroscopy : practical application to materials analysis and characterization of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films / / John Wolstenholme
Autore Wolstenholme John
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York, New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2015]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (256 p.)
Disciplina 543.0858
Collana Materials characterization and analysis collection
Soggetto topico Electron spectroscopy
Soggetto genere / forma Electronic books.
ISBN 1-60650-682-X
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto 1. Introduction -- 2. The interaction of electrons with solid materials -- 3. AES methodologies -- 4. Instrumentation for auger analysis -- 5. Auger electron spectroscopy in materials analysis -- 6. Analytical methods for the characterization of materials -- Appendix 1. Abbreviations and acronyms -- Appendix 2. Quantum numbers -- Appendix 3. Comparison of surface and thin film analysis techniques -- Appendix 4. Standardization in surface analysis -- Appendix 5. Sources of the figures -- Further reading -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910460798303321
Wolstenholme John  
New York, New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2015]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui