Fundamentals of Air Pollution

• Autore: Vallero Daniel A
• Pubblicazione: Academic Press [Imprint], April 2025; San Diego, : Elsevier Science & Technology Books; Saint Louis, : Elsevier [Distributor]; Chantilly : , : Elsevier Science & Technology, , 2025; ©2025
• Edizione: 6th ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1066 pages)
• Disciplina: 628.53
• Nota di contenuto: Front Cover -- Fundamentals of Air Pollution -- Fundamentals of Air Pollution -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- I - Foundations of Air Pollution -- 1. The State of the Atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Atmosphere -- 1.2.1 Tropospheric Composition -- 1.3 Atmospheric Chemical Concentrations -- 1.3.1 Chemical Concentration -- 1.3.2 Concentration Unit Example -- 1.4 Fluid Properties and Dynamics -- 1.4.1 Atmospheric Fluid Properties -- Questions -- References -- 2. The Physics of the Atmosphere -- 2.1 Energy -- 2.1.1 Radiation from a Blackbody -- 2.1.2 Incoming Solar Radiation -- 2.1.3 Albedo and Angle of Incidence -- 2.1.4 Outgoing Longwave Radiation -- 2.1.5 Heat Balance -- 2.2 Motion -- 2.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.2.2 Adiabatic Processes -- 2.2.3 Determining Stability -- 2.2.4 Potential Temperature -- 2.2.5 Effect of Mixing -- 2.2.6 Radiation or Nocturnal Inversions -- 2.2.7 Subsidence Inversions -- 2.3 Energy-Motion Relationships -- 2.3.1 Pressure Gradient Force -- 2.3.2 Coriolis Force -- 2.3.3 Geostrophic Wind -- 2.3.4 Gradient Wind -- 2.3.5 Friction -- 2.3.6 Divergence -- 2.4 Local Wind Systems -- 2.4.1 Sea and Land Breezes -- 2.4.2 Mountain and Valley Winds -- 2.4.3 Urban-Rural Circulations -- 2.4.4 Flow Around Structures -- 2.5 General Circulation -- 2.5.1 Tropics -- 2.5.2 Mid-latitudes -- 2.5.3 Polar Region -- 2.5.4 Other Factors -- 2.6 Introduction to Air Pollution Physics -- 2.6.1 Atmospheric Entropy -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Questions -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 3. The Science of Air Pollution -- 3.1 Air Pollution in Perspective -- 3.2 Emergence of Air Pollution Science, Engineering, and Technology -- 3.3 What is Air Pollution? -- 3.3.1 Particulate Matter -- 3.4 Atmospheric Transport and Fate -- 3.4.1 Sources and Sinks -- 3.4.2 Receptors -- 3.4.3 Transport and Dispersion. ; 3.4.4 Polluted Atmosphere -- 3.5 Air Pollution Engineering -- 3.6 Social Aspects of Air Pollution -- 3.7 Air Pollution Laws -- 3.7.1 The National Environmental Policy Act -- 3.7.2 Clean Air Act and Amendments -- 3.7.2.1 State Implementation Plans -- 3.7.2.2 Prevention Strategies: Source Review -- 3.7.2.3 Urban Air Pollution -- 3.7.2.4 Mobile Sources -- 3.7.2.5 Toxic Air Pollutants -- 3.7.2.6 Acid Deposition -- 3.7.2.7 Protecting the Ozone Layer -- 3.7.3 Solid and Hazardous Wastes Laws -- 3.7.3.1 Management of Active Hazardous Waste Facilities -- 3.7.3.2 Addressing Abandoned Hazardous Wastes -- 3.7.4 Environmental Product and Consumer Protection Laws -- 3.8 Air Pollution Before the Industrial Revolution -- 3.9 Air Pollution and the Industrial Revolution -- 3.10 Air Pollution Events in the 20th and 21st Centuries -- 3.10.1 Early-20th Century Events -- 3.10.2 Events During 1925-50 -- 3.10.3 Events During 1950-80 -- 3.10.4 The 1980s -- 3.10.5 Recent History -- 3.11 The Future -- Questions -- References -- 4. Air Pollution Decision Tools -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Interpreting Data -- 4.2.1 Expressions of Air Pollution Risk -- 4.2.1.1 Hypothetical Probability Example -- 4.2.2 Risk Factors and Confounders -- 4.2.3 Causal Links Between Risk Factors and Adverse Outcomes -- 4.2.3.1 Strength of Association -- 4.2.3.2 Consistency -- 4.2.3.3 Specificity -- 4.2.3.4 Temporality -- 4.2.3.5 Biologic Gradient -- 4.2.3.6 Plausibility -- 4.2.3.7 Coherence -- 4.2.3.8 Experimentation -- 4.2.3.9 Analogy -- 4.3 Rare Events: Black Swans and Perfect Storms -- 4.4 Data and Information Selection -- 4.5 The Nondetect Problem -- 4.6 Data Manipulation -- 4.7 Conclusions -- Questions -- References -- 5. Life Cycle Assessment of Air Pollutants -- 5.1 Systems Context for Air Pollution -- 5.2 Energy -- 5.3 Energy Life Cycles -- 5.3.1 Upstream Impacts -- 5.3.1.1 Mining Stressors. ; 5.3.1.2 Uranium Mining -- 5.3.1.3 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Stressors -- 5.4 Environmental Justice During Extraction -- 5.5 Fuel Cycle Impacts -- 5.5.1 Fuel Cycle Stressors -- 5.5.2 Crude Oil Transport Stressors -- 5.6 Refining Stressors -- 5.7 Operation Stage -- 5.7.1 Combustion -- 5.7.2 Operation -- 5.8 Downstream Impacts -- Questions -- References -- II - The Risks of Air Pollution -- 6. Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants -- 6.1 Inherency -- 6.1.1 Basic Chemical Concepts -- 6.1.2 Expressions of Chemical Characteristics -- 6.1.2.1 The Periodic Table -- 6.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation, Electron Density, Orbitals, and Valence -- 6.1.3.1 Physicochemical Processes in the Formation of Air Toxics -- 6.1.3.1.1 Combustions Reactions -- 6.1.3.1.2 Ionization -- 6.1.3.1.3 Solubility and Electrolytes -- 6.1.3.2 Environmental Acid and Base Chemistry -- 6.1.3.2.1 Hydrolysis -- 6.1.3.2.2 Photolysis -- 6.1.3.2.3 Precipitation Reactions -- 6.1.4 Organic Chemistry -- 6.1.4.1 Isomers -- 6.1.5 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry -- 6.1.5.1 Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations -- 6.1.5.2 Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry -- 6.1.5.3 Gas-phase Chemical Reaction Pathways -- 6.1.5.3.1 Photoabsorption of Solar Radiation -- 6.1.5.3.2 Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone Cycles -- 6.1.5.3.3 Role of Hydrocarbons -- 6.1.5.3.3.1 Ozone Reaction With Propene -- 6.1.5.3.3.2 Hydroxyl Radical Addition to Propene -- 6.1.5.3.3.3 Aldehyde Photolysis and Reactions -- 6.1.5.3.3.4 Radical Reactions With Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide -- 6.1.5.3.3.5 Radical Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide -- 6.1.6 Heterogeneous Reactions -- 6.1.7 Scavenging and Removal From the Atmosphere -- 6.2 Vapor Pressure -- 6.2.1 Henry's Law -- 6.3 Solubility -- 6.4 Persistence -- 6.4.1 Photochemical Reactivity -- 6.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Potential -- 6.4.3 Biodegradation. ; 6.4.4 Hydrolysis -- 6.5 Physical Phase -- 6.5.1 Particulate Matter Size and Mass -- 6.5.2 Fibers -- 6.5.2.1 Asbestos: The Fiber of Concern -- 6.5.2.2 Particulate Morphology -- 6.5.2.3 Particle Characteristics and Air Pollution Technology -- Questions -- References -- 7. Air Pollutant Hazards -- 7.1 Hazards -- 7.1.1 Chemical Hazards -- 7.1.2 Biological Hazards -- 7.1.3 Ecological Hazards -- 7.2 Dose-Response -- 7.3 Air Pollution Hazards -- 7.4 Air Toxics -- 7.4.1 Maximum Available Control Technology -- 7.4.2 Coke Oven Emissions: A Complex Hazardous Air Pollutant Class -- 7.5 Criteria Pollutants -- 7.5.1 Particulate Matter -- 7.5.2 Tropospheric Ozone -- 7.5.3 Nitrogen Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen -- 7.5.4 Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Sulfur -- 7.5.5 Carbon Monoxide -- 7.5.6 Lead -- Questions -- References -- Further Reading -- 8. Air Pollutant Exposures -- 8.1 Exposure -- 8.2 Exposure Calculations -- 8.3 Chemical Intake and Exposure -- 8.4 Exposure Data -- 8.4.1 Environmental Data Needed for Air Pollution Exposure Calculations -- 8.4.1.1 Biomonitoring Data -- 8.4.2 Exposure Factors -- 8.4.3 Observational Studies -- 8.4.4 Acquiring Data for an Exposure Assessment -- 8.4.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Data -- 8.5 Assessing Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure -- 8.6 Questions -- References -- 9. Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants -- 9.1 Respiration in Humans -- 9.2 Lung Kinetics -- 9.3 Air Pollutant Properties Important to Respiration -- 9.4 Respiratory System Transport and Fluid Dynamics -- 9.5 Respiratory Health Effects -- Questions -- References -- 10. Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants -- 10.1 Human Cardiovascular System -- 10.2 Cardiovascular Disease and Air Pollution Associations -- 10.3 Cardiovascular Effects -- 10.3.1 Carbon Monoxide: A Cardiovascular Agent -- 10.3.2 Cooccurring Pollutants and Cardiovascular Effects. ; 10.3.3 Indirect Cardiovascular Effects -- 10.3.3.1 Nonrespiratory Routes -- 10.3.3.2 Environmental Changes Leading to Effects -- Questions -- References -- 11. Cancer and Air Pollutants -- 11.1 Linking Air Pollution to Cancer -- 11.1.1 Cancer Etiology -- 11.2 Estimating Risk From Airborne Carcinogens -- 11.3 National Air Toxics Assessment -- 11.4 Cancer Dose-Response -- 11.5 Airborne Carcinogens -- 11.5.1 Carcinogenic Metals -- 11.5.2 Fibers -- 11.5.3 Carcinogenic Organic Compounds -- 11.6 Indirect Relationships -- Questions -- References -- 12. Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants -- 12.1 Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- 12.2 Endocrine Disruption -- 12.2.1 Endocrine Disruptor Characteristics -- Questions -- References -- 13. Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants -- 13.1 Neurotoxicity -- 13.1.1 Demyelination -- 13.1.2 Axonopathy -- 13.1.3 Neuronopathy -- 13.1.4 Functional Neurotoxicity -- 13.1.5 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition -- 13.1.6 Developmental Neurotoxicity -- 13.2 Neurotoxic Metals -- 13.2.1 Lead -- 13.2.2 Mercury -- 13.2.3 Manganese -- 13.2.4 Other Neurotoxic Metals -- 13.3 Neurotoxic Organic Compounds -- 13.4 Neurotoxic Particulates -- 13.5 Relationship to Other Effects -- Questions -- References -- 14. Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems -- 14.1 Ecosystem Risk -- 14.2 Ecosystem Susceptibility to Air Pollution -- 14.3 Air Pollution Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems -- 14.3.1 Phytoplankton -- 14.3.2 Benthos -- 14.3.3 Disease-Causing Microbes -- 14.4 Net Primary Productivity and Eutrophication -- 14.4.1 Coral Reefs -- 14.5 Air Pollution Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 14.5.1 Effects on Flora -- 14.5.1.1 Forests -- 14.5.1.1.1 Low-Dose Levels -- 14.5.1.1.2 Intermediate-Dose Levels -- 14.5.1.1.3 High-Dose Levels -- 14.5.1.2 Crops and Food Supply -- 14.5.1.2.1 Vegetative Injury and Damage. ; 14.5.1.2.2 Vegetative Impacts From Acid Deposition.
• Titolo autorizzato: Fundamentals of air pollution
• ISBN: 9780443314476; 9780443314469
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911045229503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II