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Series Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction Section I: Overview and Background Information 1 Work-Life Balance: Its Meaning, Origins, and Modern Influences Birth of WLB Definitions of WLB The Early History of WLB Later WLB History: In the New World The Psychological Theories of WLB Modern Trends Affecting WLB The Worldwide WLB Trend Summary 2 The Causes and Effects of Work-Life Imbalance Imbalances Caused by Gender Roles Imbalances Caused by Financial Pressures Imbalances Caused by Family Values Imbalances Caused by Work-Family Conflict Imbalances Caused by Personal Goals Imbalances Caused by Home Problems Imbalances Caused by Co-workers Imbalances Caused by Personal Values Imbalances Caused by Lack of Resources Imbalances Caused by Discrimination and Aggression Physical and Psychological Health Consequences Summary 3 Self-Help Strategies to Ease Employee Stress Strategy 1: Change Jobs Strategy 2: Be Your Own Boss Strategy 3: Clarify Your Values Strategy 4: Build Support Networks Strategy 5: Avoid Rudeness Strategy 6: Volunteer in the Community Strategy 7: Practice Mindfulness Strategy 8: Avoid Transfers and Travel Strategy 9: Make Smart Use of Technology Strategy 10: Respect Boundaries Strategy 11: Maximize Resilience Strategy 12: Synchronize Goals with Your Partner Strategy 13: Prioritize Tasks Strategy 14: Take Control Strategy 15: Get Spiritual Strategy 16: Use EAPs Strategy 17: Use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Other Positive Tools Summary 4 Employer Techniques for Minimizing Stress and Maximizing Return on Investment Technique 1: Offer Flexible Scheduling Technique 2: Paid Maternity and Family Care Leaves Technique 3: Career Development Technique 4: Employee Participatory Decision Making Technique 5: Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) Technique 6: Perks to Engage Workers Technique 7: Company Culture Can Attract Talent The Four Components of Return on Investment (ROI) Summary 5 Past and Present Government Support for WLB Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Equal Pay Act of 1963 1964 Civil Rights Act and Title VII Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 1967 Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 1978 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 1993 Labor-Related Legislation from 2009 to 2014 State Laws Regarding Leave State Laws Regarding Minimum Wage Proposed Federal Legislation Executive Orders Issued WLB Laws Countries around the World Reasons for Slow Enactment of U.S. WLB Laws Effects of Legislative Lag on Families Women in the Labor Force and the Need for Paid Leave Summary Section II: Controversies and Issues 6 Do Men and Women Compete on a Level Playing Field? Women: Flexibility Stigma Women: Salary Inequity Women: Occupational Inequity Women: Discrimination in Promotions Women: Subtle Stereotyping Women: Parent, Employee, Partner Men: Flexibility Stigma Men: Salary Discrimination Men: Advancement Summary 7 Do Demographics Affect WLB? Age Marital Status Economic Class Ethnicity Diversity Programs Sexual Preference Summary 8 Are Employees and Employers on the Same Page? Disconnect about Causes of Work Stress Disconnect in Communication Preferences Disconnect in Perception of Employee WLB Disconnect in Engagement or Motivational Strategies Disconnect on Trust Issue Disconnect on Culture (Ideal Worker vs. Flextime) Disconnect on Bonding Disconnect with HR Department Disconnect in Values Summary 9 Do Benefits Close the Salary Gap? Objections to Breastfeeding and Pumping Breaks Lack of Financial Literacy Health Care Programs: Cost Efficiency and Accessibility Flexibility "Unfairness": The Benefit Not Everyone Gets Corporate Costs: Do Benefits Hurt the Bottom Line? Summary 10 Are There Better Solutions for a Better WLB? Occupation-Specific Structural Models General Models Altering Work Structure Company Culture Solutions Proactive Strategies to Alter Culture Cooperative Engagement Alters Culture Governmental Interventions to Alter WLB Summary Section III: Resources Primary Documents Jonathan Foley: Testimony before Congress on ROWE and Other Work-Life Balance Programs (2010) President Barack Obama: Memo on Workplace Flexibilities and Work-Life Programs (2014) OPM Memo: "Enhancing Workplace Flexibilities and Work-Life Programs" (2014) Steve Shih: "Celebrating a Culture of Work-Life Balance and Wellness" (2015) Heather Boushey's Testimony in Favor of Washington, DC's Universal Paid Leave Act (2015) Mayte Figuerosa: "Work-Life Balance Does Not Mean an Equal Balance" (2016) Timeline Sources for Further Information Notes Glossary Index
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