| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Foreword by Philip L. Woodworth -- Introduction by Amitava Bandopadhyay -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Climate Extremes -- 1 CORDEX Southeast Asia: Providing Regional Climate Change Information for Enabling Adaptation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate Information for Enabling Adaptation -- 1.3 Climate Change Modelling: GCM and Regional Climate Downscaling -- 1.4 Regional Climate Downscaling Activities in Southeast Asia -- 1.5 CORDEX Southeast Asia: Origin, Progress and Key Findings -- 1.6 SARCCIS: CORDEX-SEA Data Sharing Portal -- 1.7 Challenges and the Way Forward -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Technical and Infrastructure Modality for Extreme Climate Early Warning in Indonesia -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Annual Cycle -- 2.3 Definition of Extreme Rainfall of the Area -- 2.4 Extreme Phenomena of the Area -- 2.4.1 ENSO Variability -- 2.4.2 ITCZ Convergence -- 2.4.3 Madden-Julian Oscillation -- 2.4.4 Cold Surge -- 2.4.5 Tropical Cyclone -- 2.4.6 Mesoscale Convective System -- 2.4.7 Vortices -- 2.4.8 Air Quality Extreme -- 2.5 Works for Extremes -- 2.6 Future Extremes -- 2.7 Institutions for Disaster in Indonesia -- 2.7.1 BMKG or the Agency for MeteorologyClimatology and Geophysics -- 2.7.2 BNPB or the National Disaster Management Authority -- 2.7.3 BPPT or the Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology -- 2.7.4 LAPAN or the Agency for Space and Aeronautics -- 2.7.5 Ministry for Forestry and Environment -- 2.7.6 Ministry for Energy and Mineral Resources -- 2.7.7 Ministry for Public Work and Housing -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Challenges in Predicting Extreme Weather Events Over the South Asian Region -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 What is Severe? -- 3.1.2 What Are Different Types of Severe Weather Over South Asia? -- 3.2 How to Predict the Severe Weather? -- 3.2.1 Lightning Potential Index (J/kg).
3.2.2 Lightning Flash Rate Density -- 3.2.3 SuperCell Composite Parameter (SCP) -- 3.2.4 Data Assimilation -- 3.3 What Are the Challenges in Observations? -- 3.4 What Are the Challenges in Modeling? -- 3.4.1 Inaccurate Initial Conditions -- 3.4.2 Multiscale Interactions -- 3.4.3 Chaos and Limit on Deterministic Predictability -- 3.4.4 Ensemble Forecasting System -- 3.4.5 Horizontal and Vertical Resolution -- 3.4.6 High-Performance Computing -- 3.4.7 AI and ML in Extreme Weather Forecasting -- 3.5 What is the Current Status of Severe Weather Forecasting? -- 3.5.1 Numerical Prediction of Severe Thunderstorms/Nor'westers -- 3.5.2 Lightning Threat Forecasts -- 3.5.3 Cloudburst Forecasts -- 3.5.4 A Historic Tornado of Nepal -- 3.5.5 Tropical Cyclone Forecasting -- 3.5.6 Heavy Rainfall Causing Catastrophic Floods -- 3.5.7 How Reliable Are Weather Forecasts? -- 3.5.8 What is the Projection of Extreme Weather Events in a Changing Climate? -- 3.6 What is the Severe Weather Forecast Demonstration Project? -- 3.6.1 SAARC STORM -- 3.6.2 Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP)-Cyclone -- 3.6.3 Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX) -- 3.7 Summary and Discussion -- References -- Part II Extreme Rainfall Events and Thunderstorms -- 4 Statistical Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall Events Over the Indian Subcontinent -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- 4.1.2 Precipitation Extremes and Climate Change -- 4.1.3 Precipitation Extremes-Indian Scenario -- 4.2 Data and Methodology -- 4.2.1 The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Daily Extreme Rainfall Indices -- 4.3.2 GINI Index -- 4.3.3 Gamma Probability Distribution Function (Gamma PDF) -- 4.4 Results and Discussion.
4.4.1 Seasonal Spatial Distribution of R95 Threshold Values, Number of Extreme Rainfall and Extreme Rainfall Contribution -- 4.4.2 Gamma Probability Density Function -- 4.4.3 GINI Index -- 4.4.4 Tracks of the Low-Pressure Systems -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Complexities of Extreme Rainfall in the Philippines -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Historical Extreme Rainfall Events -- 5.2.1 Tropical Cyclones -- 5.2.2 Tropical Cyclone-Enhanced Southwest Monsoon -- 5.2.3 Tropical Cyclone-Enhanced Northeast Monsoon -- 5.2.4 Cold Surges, Vortices, and Shearlines -- 5.2.5 Local Thunderstorms -- 5.3 Challenges and Directions for Future Research -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 A Case Study of an Unexpected Extreme Rainfall Event on September 1, 2020, in Sri Lanka -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and Methodology -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Synoptic Situation -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Thermodynamic Changes in the Atmosphere Associated with Pre-monsoon Thunderstorms Over Eastern and North-Eastern India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Region and Availability of In-Situ Observations -- 7.3 Thermodynamic Indices, Skill Scores and Rank Sum Score -- 7.4 Atmospheric Thermodynamics Over Eastern and North-Eastern India During Pre-monsoon Thunderstorms -- 7.4.1 Thermodynamic Changes Related to Pre-monsoon Thunderstorms Over Kolkata -- 7.4.2 Thermodynamic Changes Over Eastern and North-Eastern India (Excluding Kolkata) Related to Pre-monsoon Thunderstorms -- 7.5 Newly Developed Thermodynamic Indices for Nor'westers -- 7.6 Climate Change and Thunderstorms Activity -- 7.7 Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Formulations of Popular Thermodynamic Indices -- Appendix 2 -- Skill Score Analysis -- Rank Sum Score (RSS) -- References -- 8 Real-Time Detection of Tornado-Induced Ionospheric Disturbances by Stand-Alone GNSS Receiver -- 8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Why Oklahoma? -- 8.3 Datasets -- 8.3.1 Space Weather Dataset -- 8.3.2 GNSS Dataset -- 8.3.3 Other Tropospheric Parameters -- 8.4 Methodology -- 8.4.1 GNSS-TEC Data Processing Strategy -- 8.4.2 GNSS-TEC Time Series Analysis -- 8.5 Result and Discussion -- 8.5.1 Space Weather Condition During Tornado Events -- 8.5.2 Observed Changes in Ionosphere: Induced by Tornados -- 8.5.3 Velocity of Ionospheric Oscillations -- 8.5.4 Independent Proxy from Outgoing Long-Wave Radiation (OLR) -- 8.5.5 Comparison with Global GNSS-TEC Anomaly Map -- 8.5.6 Tornado-Induced Ionospheric Disturbance: Coupling Mechanism Between Ionosphere and Troposphere -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Extreme Waves, Sea Level Changes and Coastal Inundation -- 9 Extreme Wind-Wave Characteristics in the North Indian Ocean in a Changing Climate -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Historical Perspective on Ocean Wave Studies Relevant for the North Indian Ocean -- 9.1.2 Concept of Energy Balance for Wave Modelling Studies -- 9.1.3 Wind-Wave Climate Studies for the Global Oceans -- 9.1.4 Role and Influence of Southern Ocean (SO) on Wind-Wave Climate -- 9.1.5 Impact of Extreme Wind-Waves on Coastal Inundation -- 9.2 Data and Methodology -- 9.2.1 Extreme Wind-Wave Analysis for the North Indian Ocean -- 9.2.2 Analysis of GCM Results for the North Indian Ocean -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Recent Trends in Maximum Wind Speed and Significant Wave Heights for Indian Ocean -- 9.3.2 Trends in Extreme Waves Analysed Using ERA5 for the Indian Ocean -- 9.3.3 Extreme Waves for Different Return Periods in the Arabian Gulf -- 9.3.4 Tropical Cyclone Induced Extreme Waves -- 9.3.5 Projections and Validation of Wind Speed from GCMs in the Indian Ocean Region -- 9.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Changes in Extreme Sea-Level in the North Indian Ocean -- 10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Past Changes in Extreme Sea Level -- 10.3 Role of Tides in Extreme Sea-Level Changes -- 10.4 Future Projections -- 10.4.1 Hydrodynamical Approach -- 10.4.2 Statistical Projections -- 10.5 Mean Sea-Level Variability and Changes in the North Indian Ocean -- 10.6 Extreme Sea-Level Changes and Projections in the North Indian Ocean -- 10.6.1 Variability and Trends in Extreme Sea Level -- 10.6.2 Future Projections of Extreme Sea Level -- 10.6.3 Extreme Sea Levels in the Marginal Seas and Low-Lying Islands -- 10.7 Coastal Flooding -- 10.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- 10.8.1 Conclusions -- 10.8.2 Future Perspectives -- References -- 11 Mapping of Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones: A Numerical Study for the Indian Coasts -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Brief Description of ADCIRC and SWAN -- 11.1.2 Computation of Storm Surges and Coastal Inundation -- 11.2 Model Domain and Computation of Tides -- 11.3 Coastal Inundation Along the East Coast of India: A Climate Change Perspective -- 11.3.1 Data and Methodology -- 11.3.2 Results and Discussions -- 11.4 Coastal Inundation for the West Coast of India: A Climate Change Perspective -- 11.4.1 Data and Methodology -- 11.4.2 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Earthquakes and Landslides -- 12 Assessment of the Earthquake Risk Posed by Shale Gas Development in South Africa -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Seismotectonics of the Karoo Basin and Environs -- 12.3 Relevant Legislation and Regulation -- 12.4 Likely Impact of Fracking-Induced Ground Shaking -- 12.4.1 Triggering of Earthquakes by Fluid Injection -- 12.5 Mitigation of Impacts -- 12.6 Risk Assessment Methodology -- 12.6.1 Scenarios -- 12.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 13 Living Safely with Earthquakes in Asia -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Earthquake Hazard.
13.2.1 Earthquake Hazard in Asia.
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Extreme natural events : sustainable solutions for developing countries / / edited by A. S. Unnikrishnan, Fredolin Tangang, and Raymond J. Durrheim
