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Intro -- BIOMASS GASIFICATION: CHEMISTRY, PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS -- BIOMASS GASIFICATION: CHEMISTRY, PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON BIOMASS GASIFICATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION: PRESENT AND FUTURE FOR BIOMASS FUELS -- THE PROSPECTS FOR BIOMASS GASIFICATION -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INNOVATION ON BIOMASS WASTES UTILIZATION THROUGH GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATION. STAGE OF DEPLOYMENT AND NEEDS FOR FURTHER R& -- D -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BIOMASS GASIFICATION FUNDAMENTALS AND MAIN REACTIONS -- 3. EFFECT OF BIOMASS WASTES CHARACTERISTICS ON FUEL GAS COMPOSITION -- 3.1. Effect on Hydrocarbons Content -- 3.2. Effect on Ammonia Formation -- 3.3. Effect on Sulfides Formation -- 3.4. Effect on Chlorides Formation -- 4. EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GASIFICATION GAS COMPONENTS -- 4.1. Effect of Temperature -- 4.2. Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate -- 4.3. Effect of Adding a Catalyst or Sorbent -- 4.3.1. Gas Main Components -- Use of Dolomite as Catalyst -- Use of Olivine as Catalyst -- Use of Other Minerals as Catalysts -- Use of Nickel Based Catalysts -- Use of Other Catalysts -- 4.3.2. NH3 Reduction -- 4.3.3. H2S Removal -- 4.3.4. HCl Destruction -- 5. PROCESSES FOR REDUCING ASH AGGLOMERATION -- 6. HOT SYNGAS CLEANING PROCESSES -- 6.1. Particulates Removal Technologies -- 6.2. Sulfur and Halogens Based Compounds Abatement -- 6.3. Tar Abatement -- 6.4. Other Processes for Improving Syngas Properties -- 7. NEW SYNGAS UTILIZATIONS -- 7.1. Hydrogen Production -- 7.2. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 7.3. Synthesis of Methanol and Dimethyl Ether -- 7.4. Production of Bio-Based Products from Syngas Fermentation -- 7.5. Production of Heat and Power -- 8. MAIN BIOMASS GASIFICATION BARRIERS AND R& -- D NEEDS -- REFERENCES.
WILLOW BIOMASS GASIFICATION FEASIBILITY STUDY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GASIFICATION SYSTEM -- 3. FEEDSTOCK CHARACTERIZATION, PERFORMANCE ANALYSES, AND COST ESTIMATIONS -- 4. FEASIBILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIOWASTES-TO-BIOFUELS ROUTES VIA GASIFICATION -- ABSTRACT -- NOMENCLATURE -- Greek symbols -- Acronyms -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Current Scenario -- 1.2. Biomass and Wastes as Key Renewable Alternatives -- 1.3. Challenges for Biomass Energy Implementation -- 1.4. Aim of the Chapter -- 1.5. Outline of the Chapter -- 2. BIOMASS AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE -- 2.1. Global Availability and Potential of Biomass -- 2.2. Biomass Supply-Costs -- 2.3. Case study: Biomass from Friesland Province -- 3. GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR BIOMASS CONVERSION -- 3.1. Gasification Reactions -- 3.2. Types of Gasifiers -- 3.3. Mode of Operation The syngas compositions as well as -- 3.3.1. Gasifying Medium -- 3.3.2. Heat Transfer -- 3.4. Gasification Modeling in Aspen Plus -- 3.4.1. Syngas Composition -- 3.4.2. Syngas Calorific Value -- 3.4.3. Gasification Efficiency -- 3.4.4. Effect of Temperature and Gasifying Agent -- 3.4.5. Effect of Pressure and Gasifying Agent -- 3.5. State-of-the-Art of Gasification -- 4. TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FOR BIOFUELS PRODUCTION -- 4.1. System Boundaries -- 4.2. Pre-Treatment -- 4.2.1. Reception -- 4.2.2. Storage -- 4.2.3. Conveying Systems -- 4.2.4. Size Reduction -- 4.2.5.Drying -- 4.2.6. Densification -- 4.2.7. Feeding Systems -- 4.3. Cleaning Stages -- 4.4. Heat Recovery -- 4.5. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) -- 4.6. Methanol -- 4.7. Fischer-Tropsch -- 4.8. Hydrogen -- 4.9. Heat and Electricity -- 5. BIOFUELS APPLICATION -- 5.1. Electricity Generation -- 5.1.1. Combined Cycles IGCC -- 5.2. Heat and/or Steam Generation -- 5.3. Transport Fuels (Synfuels) -- 5.4. Chemicals.
6. EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BIOFUEL PROCESSES -- 6.1. Mass and Energy Balances -- 6.2. Efficiency -- 6.2.1. Mass Conversion Yields -- 6.2.2. Efficiency Based on HHV and LHV of Biowastes and Biofuels -- 6.2.3. Overall Energy Efficiency -- 6.2.4. Exergetic Efficiency -- 6.2.4.1. Chemical Exergy -- 6.2.4.2. Physical Exergy -- 6.2.4.3. Total Exergy of a Stream -- 6.2.4.4. Exergetic Efficiency -- 6.2.5. Comparison of Different Efficiency Analysis -- 6.2.5.1. Exergy Losses of a Process (Irreversibilities) -- 7. SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION -- 7.1. Environmental Impact -- 7.1.1. Biomass-to-SNG Evaluation -- 7.1.2. Biomass-to-Methanol Evaluation -- 7.1.3.Biomass-to-Fischer Tropsch Fuels Evaluation -- 7.1.4. Biomass-to-Hydrogen Evaluation -- 7.1.5. Biomass-to-Electricity Evaluation -- 7.2. Economic Analysis -- 7.3. Unidimensional and Multidimensional Accounting Methods -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- AUTO-GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS -- ABSTRACT -- NOMENCLATURE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BIOMASS - RELIABLE ENERGY SOURCE? -- 3. BIO-RESIDUES - RELIABLE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE! -- 4. AUTO-GASIFICATION - A MYTH OR REAL? -- 5. COMPONENTS OF BIOMASS -- 6. COMPOSITION OF BIOMASS -- 7. UNDERSTANDING OF GASIFICATION -- 8. PLAUSIBLE MECHANISM OF AUTO-GASIFICATION -- 9. VARIABLES AFFECTING AUTO GASIFICATION -- 9.1. Materials and Methods -- 9.2. Environment -- 9.3. Flow of Medium -- 9.4. Size and Shape -- 9.5. Structure -- 9.6. Heating Rates -- 9.7. Temperature -- 9.8. Ash -- 10. KINETICS OF AUTO-GASIFICATION -- 10.1. Development of Method -- 10.2. Demonstration of Model -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEMS INTEGRATED WITH FUEL CELLS AND MICROTURBINES -- ABSTRACT -- NOMENCLATURE -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION -- 3. USE OF FOREST RESIDUES -- 4. GASIFICATION -- 4.1. Gasification Process.
4.2. Biomass Gasifier -- 5. FUEL CELLS -- 5.1. Basic Principles -- 5.2. Fuel Cell Electrochemical Model -- 5.3. Biomass and Fuel Cell -- 6. GAS TURBINE -- 6.1. Gas Turbine Model -- 6.2. Gas Turbine Control Configuration -- 6.3. Biomass and Gas Turbine -- 7. FUEL CELL AND GAS TURBINE HYBRID SYSTEM -- 7.1. Configuration of the SOFC-GT Plant -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ALLOTHERMAL GASIFICATION: REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYSTEMS BASED ON CIRCULATION OF SOLID HEAT CARRIERS -- 2.1. Battelle/FERCO Gasifier -- 2.2. Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (FICFB) Gasifier -- 2.3. Staged Gasifier - The Blue Tower -- 2.4. MILENA Gasifier -- 3. SYSTEMS BASED ON HEAT EXCHANGERS -- 3.1. Biomass Heat Pipe Reformer (BioHPR) -- 3.2. PulseEnhanced™ Steam Reforming Technology -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- MODELLING FIXED-BED BIOMASS GASIFIERS: A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GASIFIER CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION -- 3. PROCESSES OCCURRING WITHIN GASIFIERS -- 3.1. Drying -- 3.2. Pyrolysis and Cracking -- 3.3. Combustion -- 3.4. Char reduction -- 4. COMMON MODELLING APPROACHES -- 4.1. Equilibrium vs Kinetic Models -- 4.2. Mass and Energy Balance -- Mass Balance -- Energy Balance -- 4.3. Char Models -- 4.4. Summary of Recent Models -- 5. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- UPGRADING OF A BIOMASS GENERATED GAS WITH COMMERCIAL-LIKE AND HOME-MADE CATALYSTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Description of the Catalysts -- 2.2. Characterization -- 2.3. Exposure to Gasifier Output Gas -- 2.4. Catalytic Tests -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Characterization Results of the Ni Based Catalysts -- 3.2. Characterization Results of the Noble Metal Containing Catalysts -- 3.3. Catalytic Performances -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.
THE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF "MOBILE OXYGEN" CATALYSTS USED FOR BIOMASS GASIFICATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. OXYGEN -- 1.1. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- 1.2. Characteristic of ROS -- 2. "MOBILE OXYGEN" CATALYSTS -- 2.1. Metal "Mobile Oxygen" Catalysts -- 2.1.1. Iron Catalysts -- I. Fe Species as the Active Site in Olivine -- II. Fe-Based Catalysts -- III. Fe Oxide-Based Catalysts -- 2.1.2. Ce, Gd Catalysts -- 2.2. Perovskite Catalysts -- 2.3. Mayenite and Related Catalysts -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- BIOMASS PRODUCTION WITH FAST-GROWING TREES ON AGRICULTURAL LAND IN COOL-TEMPERATE REGIONS: POSSIBILITIES, LIMITATIONS, CHALLENGES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION BASED ON WILLOWS IN SWEDEN -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS, BIODIVERSITY AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN -- SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PRODUCER GAS AND VEGETABLE OILS OPERATED COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES FOR RURAL APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- Honge, Rice Bran and Neem Oils -- Biomass Gasification Status in India -- 2. FUELS USED AND THEIR PROPERTIES -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP -- Experimental Heat Release Estimation -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4.1. Single Fuel Operation -- 4.1.1. Crude Honge, Rice Bran and Neem Oil Operation -- 4.1.2. Biodiesel Operation -- Performance Characteristics -- 4.2. Dual Fuel Operation of Vegetable Oils with Producer Gas -- 4.3. Overall Comparison of the Different Modes of Engine Operation -- CONCLUSION -- Transesterification of Non Edible Oils -- Experiments with Methyl Esters of Honge, Rice Bran and Neem Oils -- Experiments with HOME, ROME and NOME and Producer Gas in Dual Operation -- CLOSURE -- REFERENCES -- BIOMASS GASIFIER BASED POWER PROJECTS UNDER CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM IN INDIA: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT -- ABSTRACT.
1. INTRODUCTION.
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The biogas handbook : science, production and applications / / edited by Arthur Wellinger, Jerry Murphy and David Baxter
