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Biblioteca

MARC Lista (tabellare)
1996 Twenty-Second International Power Modulator Symposium Conference Record
1996 Twenty-Second International Power Modulator Symposium Conference Record
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 1996
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (400 pages)
Disciplina 621.381536
Soggetto topico Modulators (Electronics)
High voltages
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNISA-996204443503316
[Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 1996
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
1996 Twenty-Second International Power Modulator Symposium Conference Record
1996 Twenty-Second International Power Modulator Symposium Conference Record
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 1996
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (400 pages)
Disciplina 621.381536
Soggetto topico Modulators (Electronics)
High voltages
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNINA-9910872785803321
[Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 1996
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
2006 27th Power Modulator Symposium
2006 27th Power Modulator Symposium
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 2006
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource
Disciplina 621.381536
Soggetto topico Modulation (Electronics)
Pulse techniques (Electronics)
ISBN 1-5090-9261-7
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNISA-996211196903316
[Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 2006
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
2006 27th Power Modulator Symposium
2006 27th Power Modulator Symposium
Pubbl/distr/stampa [Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 2006
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource
Disciplina 621.381536
Soggetto topico Modulation (Electronics)
Pulse techniques (Electronics)
ISBN 9781509092611
1509092617
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Record Nr. UNINA-9910146710303321
[Place of publication not identified], : IEEE, 2006
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Autore Nebylov Alexander
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (378 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Collana Sensors technology series
Soggetto topico Detectors
Aerospace engineering
Soggetto genere / forma Electronic books.
ISBN 1-283-89600-1
1-60650-061-9
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Series preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the series editor -- About the editor --
1. Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.1.1 Types of aerospace vehicles and missions -- 1.1.2 The role of sensors and control systems in aerospace -- 1.1.3 Specific design criteria for aerospace vehicles and their sensors -- 1.1.4 Physical principles influencing primary aerospace sensor design -- 1.1.5 Reference frames accepted in aviation and astronautics -- 1.2 Characteristics and challenges of the atmospheric environment -- 1.2.1 Components of the earth's atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Stationary models of the atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Anisotropy and variability in the atmosphere -- 1.2.4 Electrical charges in the atmosphere -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere -- 1.2.6 Geomagnetism -- 1.2.7 The planetary atmosphere -- 1.3 Characteristics and challenges of the space environment -- 1.3.1 General considerations -- 1.3.2 Near-earth space -- 1.3.3 Circumsolar (near-sun) space -- 1.3.4 Matter in space -- 1.3.5 Distances and time scales in deep space -- References --
2. Air pressure-dependent sensors -- 2.1 Basic aircraft instrumentation -- 2.2 Fundamental physical properties of airflow -- 2.2.1 Fundamental airflow physical property definitions -- 2.2.1.1 Pressure -- 2.2.1.2 Air density -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 Flow velocity -- 2.2.2 The equation of state for a perfect gas -- 2.2.3 Extension of definitions: total, dynamic, static, and stagnation -- 2.2.4 The speed of sound and mach number -- 2.2.4.1 The speed of sound -- 2.2.4.2 Mach number and compressibility -- 2.2.5 The source of aerodynamic forces -- 2.3 Altitude conventions -- 2.4 Barometric altimeters -- 2.4.1 Theoretical considerations -- 2.4.1.1 The troposphere -- 2.4.1.2 The stratosphere -- 2.4.2 Barometric altimeter principles and construction -- 2.4.3 Barometric altimeter errors -- 2.4.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.4.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.5 Airspeed conventions -- 2.6 The manometric airspeed indicator -- 2.6.1 Manometric airspeed indicator principles and construction -- 2.6.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.6.2.1 Subsonic incompressible operation -- 2.6.2.2 Subsonic compressible operation -- 2.6.2.3 Supersonic operation -- 2.6.3 Manometric airspeed indicator errors -- 2.6.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.6.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.7 The vertical speed indicator (VSI) -- 2.7.1 VSI principles and construction -- 2.7.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.7.2.1 Lag rate (time constant) -- 2.7.2.2 Sensitivity to mach number -- 2.7.2.3 Sensitivity to altitude -- 2.7.3 VSI errors -- 2.8 Angles of attack and slip -- 2.8.1 The pivoted vane -- 2.8.2 The differential pressure tube -- 2.8.3 The null-seeking pressure tube -- References -- Appendix --
3. Radar altimeters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Definitions -- 3.1.2 Altimetry methods -- 3.1.3 General principles of radar altimetry -- 3.1.4 Classification by different features -- 3.1.5 Application and performance characteristics -- 3.1.5.1 Aircraft applications -- 3.1.5.2 Spacecraft applications -- 3.1.5.3 Military applications -- 3.1.5.4 Remote sensing applications -- 3.1.6 Performance characteristics -- 3.2 Pulse radar altimeters -- 3.2.1 Principle of operation -- 3.2.2 Pulse duration -- 3.2.3 Tracking altimeters -- 3.2.4 Design principles -- 3.2.5 Features of altimeters with pulse compression -- 3.2.6 Pulse laser altimetry -- 3.2.7 Some examples -- 3.2.8 Validation -- 3.2.9 Future trends -- 3.3 Continuous wave radar altimeters -- 3.3.1 Principles of continuous wave radar -- 3.3.2 FMCW radar waveforms -- 3.3.3 Design principles and structural features -- 3.3.3.1 Local oscillator automatic tuning -- 3.3.3.2 Single-sideband receiver structure -- 3.3.4 The Doppler effect -- 3.3.5 Alternative measuring devices for FMCW altimeters -- 3.3.6 Accuracy and unambiguous altitude -- 3.3.7 Aviation applications -- 3.4 Phase precise radar altimeters -- 3.4.1 The phase method of range measurement -- 3.4.2 The two-frequency phase method -- 3.4.3 Ambiguity and accuracy in the two-frequency method -- 3.4.4 Phase ambiguity resolution -- 3.4.5 Waveforms -- 3.4.6 Measuring devices and signal processing -- 3.4.7 Remarks on the accuracy of CW and pulse radar altimeters -- 3.5 Radioactive altimeters for space application -- 3.5.1 Motivation and history -- 3.5.2 Physical bases -- 3.5.2.1 Features of radiation -- 3.5.2.2 Generators of photon emission -- 3.5.2.3 Receivers -- 3.5.2.4 Propagation features -- 3.5.3 Principles of operation -- 3.5.4 Radiation dosage -- 3.5.5 Examples of radioisotope altimeters -- References --
4. Autonomous radio sensors for motion parameters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Doppler sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.1 Physical basis and functions -- 4.2.2 Principle of operation -- 4.2.3 Classification and features of sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.4 Generalized structural diagram for the ground speed and crab angle meter -- 4.2.5 Design principles -- 4.2.6 Sources of Doppler radar errors -- 4.2.7 Examples -- 4.3 Airborne weather sensors -- 4.3.1 Weather radar as mandatory equipment of airliners and transport aircraft -- 4.3.2 Multifunctionality of airborne weather radar -- 4.3.3 Meteorological functions of AWR -- 4.3.4 Principles of DWP detection with AWR -- 4.3.4.1 Developing methods of DWP detection -- 4.3.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain -- 4.3.4.3 Turbulence detection -- 4.3.4.4 Wind shear detection -- 4.3.4.5 Hail zone detection -- 4.3.4.6 Probable icing-in-flight zone detection -- 4.3.5 Surface mapping -- 4.3.5.1 Comparison of radar and visual orientation -- 4.3.5.2 The surface-mapping principle -- 4.3.5.3 Reflecting behavior of the earth's surface -- 4.3.5.4 The radar equation and signal correction -- 4.3.5.5 Automatic classification of navigational landmarks -- 4.3.6 AWR design principles -- 4.3.6.1 The operating principle and typical structure of AWR -- 4.3.6.2 AWR structures -- 4.3.6.3 Performance characteristics: basic requirements -- 4.3.7 AWR examples -- 4.3.8 Lightning sensor systems: stormscopes -- 4.3.9 Optical radar -- 4.3.9.1 Doppler lidar -- 4.3.9.2 Infrared locators and radiometers -- 4.3.10 The integrated localization of dangerous phenomena -- 4.4 Collision avoidance sensors -- 4.4.1 Traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) -- 4.4.1.1 The purpose -- 4.4.1.2 A short history -- 4.4.1.3 TCAS levels of capability -- 4.4.1.4 TCAS concepts and principles of operation -- 4.4.1.5 Basic components -- 4.4.1.6 Operation -- 4.4.1.7 TCAS logistics -- 4.4.1.8 Cockpit presentation -- 4.4.1.9 Examples of system implementation -- 4.4.2 The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) -- 4.4.2.1 Purpose and necessity -- 4.4.2.2 GPWS history, principles, and evolution -- 4.4.2.3 GPWS modes -- 4.4.2.4 Shortcomings of classical GPWS -- 4.4.2.5 Enhanced GPWS -- 4.4.2.6 Look-ahead warnings -- 4.4.2.7 Implementation examples -- References --
5. Devices and sensors for linear acceleration measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Linear and pendulous accelerometers -- 5.2.2 Direct conversion accelerometers and compensating accelerometers -- 5.2.2.1 Direct conversion accelerometers -- 5.2.2.2 Compensating accelerometers -- 5.3 Accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.1 Acceleration measurement range azmax -- 5.3.2 Resolution azmin -- 5.3.3 Zero signal (bias) a0 -- 5.3.4 Scale factor Ka -- 5.3.5 Biasing error (misalignment) -- 5.3.6 Accelerometer frequency characteristics -- 5.3.7 Special accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.7.1 Magnetic leakage -- 5.3.7.2 Electromagnetic noise -- 5.3.7.3 Readiness time -- 5.3.7.4 Noise level in the accelerometer output -- 5.3.7.5 Sensitivity to external constant and variable magnetic fields -- 5.3.7.6 Sensitivity to changes in power supply voltage -- 5.3.7.7 Sensitivity to external pressure, humidity, and radiation -- 5.4 Float pendulous accelerometer (FPA) -- 5.4.1 Basic EMU design schemes -- 5.4.1.1 Advantages -- 5.4.1.2 Disadvantages -- 5.4.2 Hydrostatic accelerometer suspensions -- 5.4.3 FPA float balancing -- 5.4.4 Hydrodynamic forces and moments in the FPA -- 5.4.5 Movement of FPA float under vibration -- 5.5 Micromechanical accelerometers (MMAS) -- 5.5.1 The single-axis MMA -- 5.5.2 The three-axis MMA -- 5.5.3 The compensating type MMA -- 5.5.4 Solid-state MMA manufacturing techniques -- References --
6. Gyroscopic devices and sensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 6.1.2 Classification of gyros -- 6.1.3 Gyroscopic instruments -- 6.1.4 Positional gyros -- 6.1.5 The vertical (or horizontal) gyro -- 6.1.6 Orbit gyro -- 6.1.7 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.1.8 Gyro stabilizers -- 6.1.9 Gyroscopic instruments in aeronavigation -- 6.1.10 Inertial navigation systems (INS) -- 6.1.10.1 Types of INS -- 6.1.10.2 Strapdown INS -- 6.1.11 The scope of gyros and gyro instruments of various types -- 6.2 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.2.1 The solid rotor SDF gyro -- 6.2.2 The integrating gyro -- 6.2.3 Rate of speed gauging -- 6.2.3.1 Feedback contours of the angular rate gauge -- 6.2.3.2 Design variants -- 6.3 The TDF gyro in gimbal mountings -- 6.3.1 Properties of a free gyro -- 6.3.2 Areas of application, design features, and error sources -- 6.3.3 Two-component angular speed measuring instruments -- 6.4 The gyroscopic integrator for linear acceleration (GILA) -- 6.4.1 Principles of GILA operation -- 6.4.2 Sources of GILA errors -- 6.5 Contactless suspension gyros -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) -- 6.5.2.1 ESG accuracy -- 6.5.2.2 The ESG rotor -- 6.5.2.3 The rotor electrostatic suspension -- 6.5.2.4 Angular rotor position readout -- 6.5.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 The fiber optic gyro (FOG) -- 6.6.1 The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) -- 6.6.1.1 The basic IFOG scheme and the Sagnac effect -- 6.6.1.2 Open-loop operation -- 6.6.1.3 Closed-loop operation -- 6.6.1.4 Fundamental limitations -- 6.6.1.5 The multiple-axis IFOG -- 6.6.1.6 The depolarized IFOG -- 6.6.1.7 Applications of the IFOG -- 6.6.2 The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) -- 6.7 The ring laser gyro (RLG) -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Principle of operation -- 6.7.3 Frequency characteristics and mode-locking counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.4 The elimination of mode-locking in counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.5 Errors -- 6.7.6 Performance and application -- 6.7.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Dynamically tuned gyros (DTG) -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Key diagrams and dynamic tuning -- 6.8.3 Operating modes -- 6.8.4 Disturbance moments depending on external factors and instrumental errors -- 6.8.5 Magnetic, aerodynamic, and thermal disturbance moments -- 6.8.6 Design, application, technical characteristics -- 6.8.7 Conclusion -- 6.9 Solid vibrating gyros -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Dynamic behavior of the ideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.3 Operating modes of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.4 The nonideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.5 Control of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.6 Axisymmetric-shell gyros -- 6.9.7 The HRG, history and current status -- 6.9.8 HRG design characteristics -- 6.9.9 Additional HRG references -- 6.10 Micromechanical gyros -- 6.10.1 Introduction -- 6.10.2 Operating principles -- 6.10.2.1 Linear-linear (LL-type) gyros -- 6.10.2.2 Rotary-rotary (RR-type) gyro principles -- 6.10.2.3 Fork and rod gyro principles -- 6.10.2.4 Ring gyro principles -- 6.10.3 Adjustment of oscillation modes in gyros of the LL and RR types -- 6.10.4 Design, application, and performance -- 6.10.4.1 Gyros of the LL and RR-type -- 6.10.4.2 Fork and rod gyros -- 6.10.4.3 Ring gyros -- 6.10.5 Conclusion -- References --
7. Compasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Magnetic compasses -- 7.2.1 Brief historical sketch -- 7.2.2 The earth's magnetic field -- 7.2.3 Magnetic compass design principles and errors -- 7.2.4 Examples of magnetic compasses structures -- 7.3 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses -- 7.3.1 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses design principles -- 7.3.2 Examples of fluxgate and gyro-magnetic structures -- 7.4 Electronic compasses -- References --
8. Propulsion sensors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel quantity sensors -- 8.2.1 Mechanical and electromechanical methods of level sensing -- 8.2.1.1 Buoyancy or float methods -- 8.2.1.2 Level sensing using pressure transducers -- 8.2.2 Electronic methods of level sensing -- 8.2.2.1 Conductivity level sensing -- 8.2.2.2 Capacitive level sensing -- 8.2.2.3 Heat-transfer level sensing -- 8.2.2.4 Ultrasonic methods -- 8.3 Fuel consumption sensors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Flow-obstruction methods -- 8.3.2.1 Practical considerations for obstruction meters -- 8.3.3 The turbine flow meter -- 8.3.4 The vane-type flow meter -- 8.4 Pressure sensors -- 8.4.1 Basic concepts -- 8.4.2 Basic sensing methods -- 8.4.2.1 The diaphragm -- 8.4.2.2 Capsules -- 8.4.2.3 The bourdon tube -- 8.4.3 Signal acquisition -- 8.4.3.1 Capacitive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.2 Inductive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.3 Potentiometric deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.4 Null-balance servo pressure transducers -- 8.4.4 Operational requirements -- 8.5 Engine temperatures -- 8.5.1 Intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) -- 8.5.2 Oil temperature/fuel temperature -- 8.5.3 Fire sensors -- 8.5.4 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) -- 8.5.5 Nacelle temperature -- 8.6 Tachometry -- 8.6.1 The eddy current tachometer -- 8.6.2 The AC generator tachometer -- 8.6.3 The variable reluctance tachometer -- 8.6.4 The Hall effect tachometer -- 8.7 Vibration sensors, engine and nacelle -- 8.8 Regulatory issues -- References -- Bibliography --
9. Principles and examples of sensor integration -- 9.1 Sensor systems -- 9.1.1 The sensor system concept -- 9.1.2 Joint processing of readings from identical sensors -- 9.1.3 Joint processing of readings from cognate sensors with different measurement ranges -- 9.1.4 Joint processing of diverse sensors readings -- 9.1.5 Linear and nonlinear sensor integration algorithms -- 9.2 Fundamentals of integrated measuring system synthesis -- 9.2.1 Synthesis problem statement -- 9.2.2 Classes of dynamic system realization -- 9.2.3 Measurement accuracy indices -- 9.2.4 Excitation properties -- 9.2.5 Objective functions for robust system optimisation -- 9.2.6 Methods of dynamic system accuracy index analysis under excitation with given numerical characteristics of derivatives -- 9.2.6.1 Estimation of error variance -- 9.2.6.2 Example of error variance analysis -- 9.2.6.3 Use of equivalent harmonic excitation -- 9.2.6.4 Estimation of error maximal value -- 9.2.7 System optimization under maximum accuracy criteria -- 9.2.8 Procedures for the dimensional reduction of a measuring system -- 9.2.8.1 Determination of an optimal set of sensors -- 9.2.8.2 Analysis of the advantages of invariant system construction -- 9.2.8.3 Advantages of the zeroing of several system parameters -- 9.2.9 Realization and simulation of integration algorithms -- 9.3 Examples of two-component integrated navigation systems -- 9.3.1 Noninvariant robust integrated speed meter -- 9.3.2 Integrated radio-inertial measurement -- 9.3.3 Airborne gravimeter integration -- 9.3.4 The orbital verticant -- References --
Epilogue -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910462976603321
Nebylov Alexander  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Autore Nebylov Alexander
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (378 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Collana Sensors technology series
Soggetto topico Detectors
Aerospace engineering
ISBN 1-283-89600-1
1-60650-061-9
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Series preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the series editor -- About the editor --
1. Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.1.1 Types of aerospace vehicles and missions -- 1.1.2 The role of sensors and control systems in aerospace -- 1.1.3 Specific design criteria for aerospace vehicles and their sensors -- 1.1.4 Physical principles influencing primary aerospace sensor design -- 1.1.5 Reference frames accepted in aviation and astronautics -- 1.2 Characteristics and challenges of the atmospheric environment -- 1.2.1 Components of the earth's atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Stationary models of the atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Anisotropy and variability in the atmosphere -- 1.2.4 Electrical charges in the atmosphere -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere -- 1.2.6 Geomagnetism -- 1.2.7 The planetary atmosphere -- 1.3 Characteristics and challenges of the space environment -- 1.3.1 General considerations -- 1.3.2 Near-earth space -- 1.3.3 Circumsolar (near-sun) space -- 1.3.4 Matter in space -- 1.3.5 Distances and time scales in deep space -- References --
2. Air pressure-dependent sensors -- 2.1 Basic aircraft instrumentation -- 2.2 Fundamental physical properties of airflow -- 2.2.1 Fundamental airflow physical property definitions -- 2.2.1.1 Pressure -- 2.2.1.2 Air density -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 Flow velocity -- 2.2.2 The equation of state for a perfect gas -- 2.2.3 Extension of definitions: total, dynamic, static, and stagnation -- 2.2.4 The speed of sound and mach number -- 2.2.4.1 The speed of sound -- 2.2.4.2 Mach number and compressibility -- 2.2.5 The source of aerodynamic forces -- 2.3 Altitude conventions -- 2.4 Barometric altimeters -- 2.4.1 Theoretical considerations -- 2.4.1.1 The troposphere -- 2.4.1.2 The stratosphere -- 2.4.2 Barometric altimeter principles and construction -- 2.4.3 Barometric altimeter errors -- 2.4.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.4.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.5 Airspeed conventions -- 2.6 The manometric airspeed indicator -- 2.6.1 Manometric airspeed indicator principles and construction -- 2.6.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.6.2.1 Subsonic incompressible operation -- 2.6.2.2 Subsonic compressible operation -- 2.6.2.3 Supersonic operation -- 2.6.3 Manometric airspeed indicator errors -- 2.6.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.6.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.7 The vertical speed indicator (VSI) -- 2.7.1 VSI principles and construction -- 2.7.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.7.2.1 Lag rate (time constant) -- 2.7.2.2 Sensitivity to mach number -- 2.7.2.3 Sensitivity to altitude -- 2.7.3 VSI errors -- 2.8 Angles of attack and slip -- 2.8.1 The pivoted vane -- 2.8.2 The differential pressure tube -- 2.8.3 The null-seeking pressure tube -- References -- Appendix --
3. Radar altimeters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Definitions -- 3.1.2 Altimetry methods -- 3.1.3 General principles of radar altimetry -- 3.1.4 Classification by different features -- 3.1.5 Application and performance characteristics -- 3.1.5.1 Aircraft applications -- 3.1.5.2 Spacecraft applications -- 3.1.5.3 Military applications -- 3.1.5.4 Remote sensing applications -- 3.1.6 Performance characteristics -- 3.2 Pulse radar altimeters -- 3.2.1 Principle of operation -- 3.2.2 Pulse duration -- 3.2.3 Tracking altimeters -- 3.2.4 Design principles -- 3.2.5 Features of altimeters with pulse compression -- 3.2.6 Pulse laser altimetry -- 3.2.7 Some examples -- 3.2.8 Validation -- 3.2.9 Future trends -- 3.3 Continuous wave radar altimeters -- 3.3.1 Principles of continuous wave radar -- 3.3.2 FMCW radar waveforms -- 3.3.3 Design principles and structural features -- 3.3.3.1 Local oscillator automatic tuning -- 3.3.3.2 Single-sideband receiver structure -- 3.3.4 The Doppler effect -- 3.3.5 Alternative measuring devices for FMCW altimeters -- 3.3.6 Accuracy and unambiguous altitude -- 3.3.7 Aviation applications -- 3.4 Phase precise radar altimeters -- 3.4.1 The phase method of range measurement -- 3.4.2 The two-frequency phase method -- 3.4.3 Ambiguity and accuracy in the two-frequency method -- 3.4.4 Phase ambiguity resolution -- 3.4.5 Waveforms -- 3.4.6 Measuring devices and signal processing -- 3.4.7 Remarks on the accuracy of CW and pulse radar altimeters -- 3.5 Radioactive altimeters for space application -- 3.5.1 Motivation and history -- 3.5.2 Physical bases -- 3.5.2.1 Features of radiation -- 3.5.2.2 Generators of photon emission -- 3.5.2.3 Receivers -- 3.5.2.4 Propagation features -- 3.5.3 Principles of operation -- 3.5.4 Radiation dosage -- 3.5.5 Examples of radioisotope altimeters -- References --
4. Autonomous radio sensors for motion parameters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Doppler sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.1 Physical basis and functions -- 4.2.2 Principle of operation -- 4.2.3 Classification and features of sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.4 Generalized structural diagram for the ground speed and crab angle meter -- 4.2.5 Design principles -- 4.2.6 Sources of Doppler radar errors -- 4.2.7 Examples -- 4.3 Airborne weather sensors -- 4.3.1 Weather radar as mandatory equipment of airliners and transport aircraft -- 4.3.2 Multifunctionality of airborne weather radar -- 4.3.3 Meteorological functions of AWR -- 4.3.4 Principles of DWP detection with AWR -- 4.3.4.1 Developing methods of DWP detection -- 4.3.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain -- 4.3.4.3 Turbulence detection -- 4.3.4.4 Wind shear detection -- 4.3.4.5 Hail zone detection -- 4.3.4.6 Probable icing-in-flight zone detection -- 4.3.5 Surface mapping -- 4.3.5.1 Comparison of radar and visual orientation -- 4.3.5.2 The surface-mapping principle -- 4.3.5.3 Reflecting behavior of the earth's surface -- 4.3.5.4 The radar equation and signal correction -- 4.3.5.5 Automatic classification of navigational landmarks -- 4.3.6 AWR design principles -- 4.3.6.1 The operating principle and typical structure of AWR -- 4.3.6.2 AWR structures -- 4.3.6.3 Performance characteristics: basic requirements -- 4.3.7 AWR examples -- 4.3.8 Lightning sensor systems: stormscopes -- 4.3.9 Optical radar -- 4.3.9.1 Doppler lidar -- 4.3.9.2 Infrared locators and radiometers -- 4.3.10 The integrated localization of dangerous phenomena -- 4.4 Collision avoidance sensors -- 4.4.1 Traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) -- 4.4.1.1 The purpose -- 4.4.1.2 A short history -- 4.4.1.3 TCAS levels of capability -- 4.4.1.4 TCAS concepts and principles of operation -- 4.4.1.5 Basic components -- 4.4.1.6 Operation -- 4.4.1.7 TCAS logistics -- 4.4.1.8 Cockpit presentation -- 4.4.1.9 Examples of system implementation -- 4.4.2 The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) -- 4.4.2.1 Purpose and necessity -- 4.4.2.2 GPWS history, principles, and evolution -- 4.4.2.3 GPWS modes -- 4.4.2.4 Shortcomings of classical GPWS -- 4.4.2.5 Enhanced GPWS -- 4.4.2.6 Look-ahead warnings -- 4.4.2.7 Implementation examples -- References --
5. Devices and sensors for linear acceleration measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Linear and pendulous accelerometers -- 5.2.2 Direct conversion accelerometers and compensating accelerometers -- 5.2.2.1 Direct conversion accelerometers -- 5.2.2.2 Compensating accelerometers -- 5.3 Accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.1 Acceleration measurement range azmax -- 5.3.2 Resolution azmin -- 5.3.3 Zero signal (bias) a0 -- 5.3.4 Scale factor Ka -- 5.3.5 Biasing error (misalignment) -- 5.3.6 Accelerometer frequency characteristics -- 5.3.7 Special accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.7.1 Magnetic leakage -- 5.3.7.2 Electromagnetic noise -- 5.3.7.3 Readiness time -- 5.3.7.4 Noise level in the accelerometer output -- 5.3.7.5 Sensitivity to external constant and variable magnetic fields -- 5.3.7.6 Sensitivity to changes in power supply voltage -- 5.3.7.7 Sensitivity to external pressure, humidity, and radiation -- 5.4 Float pendulous accelerometer (FPA) -- 5.4.1 Basic EMU design schemes -- 5.4.1.1 Advantages -- 5.4.1.2 Disadvantages -- 5.4.2 Hydrostatic accelerometer suspensions -- 5.4.3 FPA float balancing -- 5.4.4 Hydrodynamic forces and moments in the FPA -- 5.4.5 Movement of FPA float under vibration -- 5.5 Micromechanical accelerometers (MMAS) -- 5.5.1 The single-axis MMA -- 5.5.2 The three-axis MMA -- 5.5.3 The compensating type MMA -- 5.5.4 Solid-state MMA manufacturing techniques -- References --
6. Gyroscopic devices and sensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 6.1.2 Classification of gyros -- 6.1.3 Gyroscopic instruments -- 6.1.4 Positional gyros -- 6.1.5 The vertical (or horizontal) gyro -- 6.1.6 Orbit gyro -- 6.1.7 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.1.8 Gyro stabilizers -- 6.1.9 Gyroscopic instruments in aeronavigation -- 6.1.10 Inertial navigation systems (INS) -- 6.1.10.1 Types of INS -- 6.1.10.2 Strapdown INS -- 6.1.11 The scope of gyros and gyro instruments of various types -- 6.2 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.2.1 The solid rotor SDF gyro -- 6.2.2 The integrating gyro -- 6.2.3 Rate of speed gauging -- 6.2.3.1 Feedback contours of the angular rate gauge -- 6.2.3.2 Design variants -- 6.3 The TDF gyro in gimbal mountings -- 6.3.1 Properties of a free gyro -- 6.3.2 Areas of application, design features, and error sources -- 6.3.3 Two-component angular speed measuring instruments -- 6.4 The gyroscopic integrator for linear acceleration (GILA) -- 6.4.1 Principles of GILA operation -- 6.4.2 Sources of GILA errors -- 6.5 Contactless suspension gyros -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) -- 6.5.2.1 ESG accuracy -- 6.5.2.2 The ESG rotor -- 6.5.2.3 The rotor electrostatic suspension -- 6.5.2.4 Angular rotor position readout -- 6.5.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 The fiber optic gyro (FOG) -- 6.6.1 The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) -- 6.6.1.1 The basic IFOG scheme and the Sagnac effect -- 6.6.1.2 Open-loop operation -- 6.6.1.3 Closed-loop operation -- 6.6.1.4 Fundamental limitations -- 6.6.1.5 The multiple-axis IFOG -- 6.6.1.6 The depolarized IFOG -- 6.6.1.7 Applications of the IFOG -- 6.6.2 The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) -- 6.7 The ring laser gyro (RLG) -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Principle of operation -- 6.7.3 Frequency characteristics and mode-locking counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.4 The elimination of mode-locking in counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.5 Errors -- 6.7.6 Performance and application -- 6.7.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Dynamically tuned gyros (DTG) -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Key diagrams and dynamic tuning -- 6.8.3 Operating modes -- 6.8.4 Disturbance moments depending on external factors and instrumental errors -- 6.8.5 Magnetic, aerodynamic, and thermal disturbance moments -- 6.8.6 Design, application, technical characteristics -- 6.8.7 Conclusion -- 6.9 Solid vibrating gyros -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Dynamic behavior of the ideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.3 Operating modes of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.4 The nonideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.5 Control of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.6 Axisymmetric-shell gyros -- 6.9.7 The HRG, history and current status -- 6.9.8 HRG design characteristics -- 6.9.9 Additional HRG references -- 6.10 Micromechanical gyros -- 6.10.1 Introduction -- 6.10.2 Operating principles -- 6.10.2.1 Linear-linear (LL-type) gyros -- 6.10.2.2 Rotary-rotary (RR-type) gyro principles -- 6.10.2.3 Fork and rod gyro principles -- 6.10.2.4 Ring gyro principles -- 6.10.3 Adjustment of oscillation modes in gyros of the LL and RR types -- 6.10.4 Design, application, and performance -- 6.10.4.1 Gyros of the LL and RR-type -- 6.10.4.2 Fork and rod gyros -- 6.10.4.3 Ring gyros -- 6.10.5 Conclusion -- References --
7. Compasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Magnetic compasses -- 7.2.1 Brief historical sketch -- 7.2.2 The earth's magnetic field -- 7.2.3 Magnetic compass design principles and errors -- 7.2.4 Examples of magnetic compasses structures -- 7.3 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses -- 7.3.1 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses design principles -- 7.3.2 Examples of fluxgate and gyro-magnetic structures -- 7.4 Electronic compasses -- References --
8. Propulsion sensors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel quantity sensors -- 8.2.1 Mechanical and electromechanical methods of level sensing -- 8.2.1.1 Buoyancy or float methods -- 8.2.1.2 Level sensing using pressure transducers -- 8.2.2 Electronic methods of level sensing -- 8.2.2.1 Conductivity level sensing -- 8.2.2.2 Capacitive level sensing -- 8.2.2.3 Heat-transfer level sensing -- 8.2.2.4 Ultrasonic methods -- 8.3 Fuel consumption sensors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Flow-obstruction methods -- 8.3.2.1 Practical considerations for obstruction meters -- 8.3.3 The turbine flow meter -- 8.3.4 The vane-type flow meter -- 8.4 Pressure sensors -- 8.4.1 Basic concepts -- 8.4.2 Basic sensing methods -- 8.4.2.1 The diaphragm -- 8.4.2.2 Capsules -- 8.4.2.3 The bourdon tube -- 8.4.3 Signal acquisition -- 8.4.3.1 Capacitive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.2 Inductive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.3 Potentiometric deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.4 Null-balance servo pressure transducers -- 8.4.4 Operational requirements -- 8.5 Engine temperatures -- 8.5.1 Intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) -- 8.5.2 Oil temperature/fuel temperature -- 8.5.3 Fire sensors -- 8.5.4 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) -- 8.5.5 Nacelle temperature -- 8.6 Tachometry -- 8.6.1 The eddy current tachometer -- 8.6.2 The AC generator tachometer -- 8.6.3 The variable reluctance tachometer -- 8.6.4 The Hall effect tachometer -- 8.7 Vibration sensors, engine and nacelle -- 8.8 Regulatory issues -- References -- Bibliography --
9. Principles and examples of sensor integration -- 9.1 Sensor systems -- 9.1.1 The sensor system concept -- 9.1.2 Joint processing of readings from identical sensors -- 9.1.3 Joint processing of readings from cognate sensors with different measurement ranges -- 9.1.4 Joint processing of diverse sensors readings -- 9.1.5 Linear and nonlinear sensor integration algorithms -- 9.2 Fundamentals of integrated measuring system synthesis -- 9.2.1 Synthesis problem statement -- 9.2.2 Classes of dynamic system realization -- 9.2.3 Measurement accuracy indices -- 9.2.4 Excitation properties -- 9.2.5 Objective functions for robust system optimisation -- 9.2.6 Methods of dynamic system accuracy index analysis under excitation with given numerical characteristics of derivatives -- 9.2.6.1 Estimation of error variance -- 9.2.6.2 Example of error variance analysis -- 9.2.6.3 Use of equivalent harmonic excitation -- 9.2.6.4 Estimation of error maximal value -- 9.2.7 System optimization under maximum accuracy criteria -- 9.2.8 Procedures for the dimensional reduction of a measuring system -- 9.2.8.1 Determination of an optimal set of sensors -- 9.2.8.2 Analysis of the advantages of invariant system construction -- 9.2.8.3 Advantages of the zeroing of several system parameters -- 9.2.9 Realization and simulation of integration algorithms -- 9.3 Examples of two-component integrated navigation systems -- 9.3.1 Noninvariant robust integrated speed meter -- 9.3.2 Integrated radio-inertial measurement -- 9.3.3 Airborne gravimeter integration -- 9.3.4 The orbital verticant -- References --
Epilogue -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910786438803321
Nebylov Alexander  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Aerospace Sensors / / Alexander V. Nebylov
Autore Nebylov Alexander
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (378 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Collana Sensors technology series
Soggetto topico Detectors
Aerospace engineering
ISBN 1-283-89600-1
1-60650-061-9
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Series preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the series editor -- About the editor --
1. Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.1.1 Types of aerospace vehicles and missions -- 1.1.2 The role of sensors and control systems in aerospace -- 1.1.3 Specific design criteria for aerospace vehicles and their sensors -- 1.1.4 Physical principles influencing primary aerospace sensor design -- 1.1.5 Reference frames accepted in aviation and astronautics -- 1.2 Characteristics and challenges of the atmospheric environment -- 1.2.1 Components of the earth's atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Stationary models of the atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Anisotropy and variability in the atmosphere -- 1.2.4 Electrical charges in the atmosphere -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere -- 1.2.6 Geomagnetism -- 1.2.7 The planetary atmosphere -- 1.3 Characteristics and challenges of the space environment -- 1.3.1 General considerations -- 1.3.2 Near-earth space -- 1.3.3 Circumsolar (near-sun) space -- 1.3.4 Matter in space -- 1.3.5 Distances and time scales in deep space -- References --
2. Air pressure-dependent sensors -- 2.1 Basic aircraft instrumentation -- 2.2 Fundamental physical properties of airflow -- 2.2.1 Fundamental airflow physical property definitions -- 2.2.1.1 Pressure -- 2.2.1.2 Air density -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 Flow velocity -- 2.2.2 The equation of state for a perfect gas -- 2.2.3 Extension of definitions: total, dynamic, static, and stagnation -- 2.2.4 The speed of sound and mach number -- 2.2.4.1 The speed of sound -- 2.2.4.2 Mach number and compressibility -- 2.2.5 The source of aerodynamic forces -- 2.3 Altitude conventions -- 2.4 Barometric altimeters -- 2.4.1 Theoretical considerations -- 2.4.1.1 The troposphere -- 2.4.1.2 The stratosphere -- 2.4.2 Barometric altimeter principles and construction -- 2.4.3 Barometric altimeter errors -- 2.4.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.4.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.5 Airspeed conventions -- 2.6 The manometric airspeed indicator -- 2.6.1 Manometric airspeed indicator principles and construction -- 2.6.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.6.2.1 Subsonic incompressible operation -- 2.6.2.2 Subsonic compressible operation -- 2.6.2.3 Supersonic operation -- 2.6.3 Manometric airspeed indicator errors -- 2.6.3.1 Methodical errors -- 2.6.3.2 Instrumental errors -- 2.7 The vertical speed indicator (VSI) -- 2.7.1 VSI principles and construction -- 2.7.2 Theoretical considerations -- 2.7.2.1 Lag rate (time constant) -- 2.7.2.2 Sensitivity to mach number -- 2.7.2.3 Sensitivity to altitude -- 2.7.3 VSI errors -- 2.8 Angles of attack and slip -- 2.8.1 The pivoted vane -- 2.8.2 The differential pressure tube -- 2.8.3 The null-seeking pressure tube -- References -- Appendix --
3. Radar altimeters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Definitions -- 3.1.2 Altimetry methods -- 3.1.3 General principles of radar altimetry -- 3.1.4 Classification by different features -- 3.1.5 Application and performance characteristics -- 3.1.5.1 Aircraft applications -- 3.1.5.2 Spacecraft applications -- 3.1.5.3 Military applications -- 3.1.5.4 Remote sensing applications -- 3.1.6 Performance characteristics -- 3.2 Pulse radar altimeters -- 3.2.1 Principle of operation -- 3.2.2 Pulse duration -- 3.2.3 Tracking altimeters -- 3.2.4 Design principles -- 3.2.5 Features of altimeters with pulse compression -- 3.2.6 Pulse laser altimetry -- 3.2.7 Some examples -- 3.2.8 Validation -- 3.2.9 Future trends -- 3.3 Continuous wave radar altimeters -- 3.3.1 Principles of continuous wave radar -- 3.3.2 FMCW radar waveforms -- 3.3.3 Design principles and structural features -- 3.3.3.1 Local oscillator automatic tuning -- 3.3.3.2 Single-sideband receiver structure -- 3.3.4 The Doppler effect -- 3.3.5 Alternative measuring devices for FMCW altimeters -- 3.3.6 Accuracy and unambiguous altitude -- 3.3.7 Aviation applications -- 3.4 Phase precise radar altimeters -- 3.4.1 The phase method of range measurement -- 3.4.2 The two-frequency phase method -- 3.4.3 Ambiguity and accuracy in the two-frequency method -- 3.4.4 Phase ambiguity resolution -- 3.4.5 Waveforms -- 3.4.6 Measuring devices and signal processing -- 3.4.7 Remarks on the accuracy of CW and pulse radar altimeters -- 3.5 Radioactive altimeters for space application -- 3.5.1 Motivation and history -- 3.5.2 Physical bases -- 3.5.2.1 Features of radiation -- 3.5.2.2 Generators of photon emission -- 3.5.2.3 Receivers -- 3.5.2.4 Propagation features -- 3.5.3 Principles of operation -- 3.5.4 Radiation dosage -- 3.5.5 Examples of radioisotope altimeters -- References --
4. Autonomous radio sensors for motion parameters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Doppler sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.1 Physical basis and functions -- 4.2.2 Principle of operation -- 4.2.3 Classification and features of sensors for ground speed and crab angle -- 4.2.4 Generalized structural diagram for the ground speed and crab angle meter -- 4.2.5 Design principles -- 4.2.6 Sources of Doppler radar errors -- 4.2.7 Examples -- 4.3 Airborne weather sensors -- 4.3.1 Weather radar as mandatory equipment of airliners and transport aircraft -- 4.3.2 Multifunctionality of airborne weather radar -- 4.3.3 Meteorological functions of AWR -- 4.3.4 Principles of DWP detection with AWR -- 4.3.4.1 Developing methods of DWP detection -- 4.3.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain -- 4.3.4.3 Turbulence detection -- 4.3.4.4 Wind shear detection -- 4.3.4.5 Hail zone detection -- 4.3.4.6 Probable icing-in-flight zone detection -- 4.3.5 Surface mapping -- 4.3.5.1 Comparison of radar and visual orientation -- 4.3.5.2 The surface-mapping principle -- 4.3.5.3 Reflecting behavior of the earth's surface -- 4.3.5.4 The radar equation and signal correction -- 4.3.5.5 Automatic classification of navigational landmarks -- 4.3.6 AWR design principles -- 4.3.6.1 The operating principle and typical structure of AWR -- 4.3.6.2 AWR structures -- 4.3.6.3 Performance characteristics: basic requirements -- 4.3.7 AWR examples -- 4.3.8 Lightning sensor systems: stormscopes -- 4.3.9 Optical radar -- 4.3.9.1 Doppler lidar -- 4.3.9.2 Infrared locators and radiometers -- 4.3.10 The integrated localization of dangerous phenomena -- 4.4 Collision avoidance sensors -- 4.4.1 Traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) -- 4.4.1.1 The purpose -- 4.4.1.2 A short history -- 4.4.1.3 TCAS levels of capability -- 4.4.1.4 TCAS concepts and principles of operation -- 4.4.1.5 Basic components -- 4.4.1.6 Operation -- 4.4.1.7 TCAS logistics -- 4.4.1.8 Cockpit presentation -- 4.4.1.9 Examples of system implementation -- 4.4.2 The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) -- 4.4.2.1 Purpose and necessity -- 4.4.2.2 GPWS history, principles, and evolution -- 4.4.2.3 GPWS modes -- 4.4.2.4 Shortcomings of classical GPWS -- 4.4.2.5 Enhanced GPWS -- 4.4.2.6 Look-ahead warnings -- 4.4.2.7 Implementation examples -- References --
5. Devices and sensors for linear acceleration measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Linear and pendulous accelerometers -- 5.2.2 Direct conversion accelerometers and compensating accelerometers -- 5.2.2.1 Direct conversion accelerometers -- 5.2.2.2 Compensating accelerometers -- 5.3 Accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.1 Acceleration measurement range azmax -- 5.3.2 Resolution azmin -- 5.3.3 Zero signal (bias) a0 -- 5.3.4 Scale factor Ka -- 5.3.5 Biasing error (misalignment) -- 5.3.6 Accelerometer frequency characteristics -- 5.3.7 Special accelerometer parameters -- 5.3.7.1 Magnetic leakage -- 5.3.7.2 Electromagnetic noise -- 5.3.7.3 Readiness time -- 5.3.7.4 Noise level in the accelerometer output -- 5.3.7.5 Sensitivity to external constant and variable magnetic fields -- 5.3.7.6 Sensitivity to changes in power supply voltage -- 5.3.7.7 Sensitivity to external pressure, humidity, and radiation -- 5.4 Float pendulous accelerometer (FPA) -- 5.4.1 Basic EMU design schemes -- 5.4.1.1 Advantages -- 5.4.1.2 Disadvantages -- 5.4.2 Hydrostatic accelerometer suspensions -- 5.4.3 FPA float balancing -- 5.4.4 Hydrodynamic forces and moments in the FPA -- 5.4.5 Movement of FPA float under vibration -- 5.5 Micromechanical accelerometers (MMAS) -- 5.5.1 The single-axis MMA -- 5.5.2 The three-axis MMA -- 5.5.3 The compensating type MMA -- 5.5.4 Solid-state MMA manufacturing techniques -- References --
6. Gyroscopic devices and sensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminary remarks -- 6.1.2 Classification of gyros -- 6.1.3 Gyroscopic instruments -- 6.1.4 Positional gyros -- 6.1.5 The vertical (or horizontal) gyro -- 6.1.6 Orbit gyro -- 6.1.7 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.1.8 Gyro stabilizers -- 6.1.9 Gyroscopic instruments in aeronavigation -- 6.1.10 Inertial navigation systems (INS) -- 6.1.10.1 Types of INS -- 6.1.10.2 Strapdown INS -- 6.1.11 The scope of gyros and gyro instruments of various types -- 6.2 Single degree of freedom (SDF) gyros -- 6.2.1 The solid rotor SDF gyro -- 6.2.2 The integrating gyro -- 6.2.3 Rate of speed gauging -- 6.2.3.1 Feedback contours of the angular rate gauge -- 6.2.3.2 Design variants -- 6.3 The TDF gyro in gimbal mountings -- 6.3.1 Properties of a free gyro -- 6.3.2 Areas of application, design features, and error sources -- 6.3.3 Two-component angular speed measuring instruments -- 6.4 The gyroscopic integrator for linear acceleration (GILA) -- 6.4.1 Principles of GILA operation -- 6.4.2 Sources of GILA errors -- 6.5 Contactless suspension gyros -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) -- 6.5.2.1 ESG accuracy -- 6.5.2.2 The ESG rotor -- 6.5.2.3 The rotor electrostatic suspension -- 6.5.2.4 Angular rotor position readout -- 6.5.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 The fiber optic gyro (FOG) -- 6.6.1 The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) -- 6.6.1.1 The basic IFOG scheme and the Sagnac effect -- 6.6.1.2 Open-loop operation -- 6.6.1.3 Closed-loop operation -- 6.6.1.4 Fundamental limitations -- 6.6.1.5 The multiple-axis IFOG -- 6.6.1.6 The depolarized IFOG -- 6.6.1.7 Applications of the IFOG -- 6.6.2 The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) -- 6.7 The ring laser gyro (RLG) -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Principle of operation -- 6.7.3 Frequency characteristics and mode-locking counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.4 The elimination of mode-locking in counter-rotating waves -- 6.7.5 Errors -- 6.7.6 Performance and application -- 6.7.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Dynamically tuned gyros (DTG) -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Key diagrams and dynamic tuning -- 6.8.3 Operating modes -- 6.8.4 Disturbance moments depending on external factors and instrumental errors -- 6.8.5 Magnetic, aerodynamic, and thermal disturbance moments -- 6.8.6 Design, application, technical characteristics -- 6.8.7 Conclusion -- 6.9 Solid vibrating gyros -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Dynamic behavior of the ideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.3 Operating modes of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.4 The nonideal solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.5 Control of the solid vibrating gyro -- 6.9.6 Axisymmetric-shell gyros -- 6.9.7 The HRG, history and current status -- 6.9.8 HRG design characteristics -- 6.9.9 Additional HRG references -- 6.10 Micromechanical gyros -- 6.10.1 Introduction -- 6.10.2 Operating principles -- 6.10.2.1 Linear-linear (LL-type) gyros -- 6.10.2.2 Rotary-rotary (RR-type) gyro principles -- 6.10.2.3 Fork and rod gyro principles -- 6.10.2.4 Ring gyro principles -- 6.10.3 Adjustment of oscillation modes in gyros of the LL and RR types -- 6.10.4 Design, application, and performance -- 6.10.4.1 Gyros of the LL and RR-type -- 6.10.4.2 Fork and rod gyros -- 6.10.4.3 Ring gyros -- 6.10.5 Conclusion -- References --
7. Compasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Magnetic compasses -- 7.2.1 Brief historical sketch -- 7.2.2 The earth's magnetic field -- 7.2.3 Magnetic compass design principles and errors -- 7.2.4 Examples of magnetic compasses structures -- 7.3 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses -- 7.3.1 Fluxgate and gyro-magnetic compasses design principles -- 7.3.2 Examples of fluxgate and gyro-magnetic structures -- 7.4 Electronic compasses -- References --
8. Propulsion sensors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fuel quantity sensors -- 8.2.1 Mechanical and electromechanical methods of level sensing -- 8.2.1.1 Buoyancy or float methods -- 8.2.1.2 Level sensing using pressure transducers -- 8.2.2 Electronic methods of level sensing -- 8.2.2.1 Conductivity level sensing -- 8.2.2.2 Capacitive level sensing -- 8.2.2.3 Heat-transfer level sensing -- 8.2.2.4 Ultrasonic methods -- 8.3 Fuel consumption sensors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Flow-obstruction methods -- 8.3.2.1 Practical considerations for obstruction meters -- 8.3.3 The turbine flow meter -- 8.3.4 The vane-type flow meter -- 8.4 Pressure sensors -- 8.4.1 Basic concepts -- 8.4.2 Basic sensing methods -- 8.4.2.1 The diaphragm -- 8.4.2.2 Capsules -- 8.4.2.3 The bourdon tube -- 8.4.3 Signal acquisition -- 8.4.3.1 Capacitive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.2 Inductive deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.3 Potentiometric deflection transducers -- 8.4.3.4 Null-balance servo pressure transducers -- 8.4.4 Operational requirements -- 8.5 Engine temperatures -- 8.5.1 Intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) -- 8.5.2 Oil temperature/fuel temperature -- 8.5.3 Fire sensors -- 8.5.4 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) -- 8.5.5 Nacelle temperature -- 8.6 Tachometry -- 8.6.1 The eddy current tachometer -- 8.6.2 The AC generator tachometer -- 8.6.3 The variable reluctance tachometer -- 8.6.4 The Hall effect tachometer -- 8.7 Vibration sensors, engine and nacelle -- 8.8 Regulatory issues -- References -- Bibliography --
9. Principles and examples of sensor integration -- 9.1 Sensor systems -- 9.1.1 The sensor system concept -- 9.1.2 Joint processing of readings from identical sensors -- 9.1.3 Joint processing of readings from cognate sensors with different measurement ranges -- 9.1.4 Joint processing of diverse sensors readings -- 9.1.5 Linear and nonlinear sensor integration algorithms -- 9.2 Fundamentals of integrated measuring system synthesis -- 9.2.1 Synthesis problem statement -- 9.2.2 Classes of dynamic system realization -- 9.2.3 Measurement accuracy indices -- 9.2.4 Excitation properties -- 9.2.5 Objective functions for robust system optimisation -- 9.2.6 Methods of dynamic system accuracy index analysis under excitation with given numerical characteristics of derivatives -- 9.2.6.1 Estimation of error variance -- 9.2.6.2 Example of error variance analysis -- 9.2.6.3 Use of equivalent harmonic excitation -- 9.2.6.4 Estimation of error maximal value -- 9.2.7 System optimization under maximum accuracy criteria -- 9.2.8 Procedures for the dimensional reduction of a measuring system -- 9.2.8.1 Determination of an optimal set of sensors -- 9.2.8.2 Analysis of the advantages of invariant system construction -- 9.2.8.3 Advantages of the zeroing of several system parameters -- 9.2.9 Realization and simulation of integration algorithms -- 9.3 Examples of two-component integrated navigation systems -- 9.3.1 Noninvariant robust integrated speed meter -- 9.3.2 Integrated radio-inertial measurement -- 9.3.3 Airborne gravimeter integration -- 9.3.4 The orbital verticant -- References --
Epilogue -- Index.
Record Nr. UNINA-9910820395403321
Nebylov Alexander  
New York : , : Momentum Press, LLC, , [2013]
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui
Delta-Sigma modulators [[electronic resource] ] : modeling, design and applications / / George I. Bourdopoulos... [et al.]
Delta-Sigma modulators [[electronic resource] ] : modeling, design and applications / / George I. Bourdopoulos... [et al.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa London, : Imperial College Press, c2003
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (259 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Altri autori (Persone) BourdopoulosGeorge I
Soggetto topico Modulators (Electronics)
Analog-to-digital converters
Soggetto genere / forma Electronic books.
ISBN 1-281-86584-2
9786611865849
1-84816-121-2
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Contents ; Preface ; 1. Introduction ; 1.1 Modulation - Demodulation ; 1.2 AE Modulation ; 1.3 Design and Implementation of AE Modulators ; 1.4 Applications ; 1.5 Book Organization ; References ; 2. Analog to Digital Conversion ; 2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Basic Concept of A/D Conversion 2.3 Uniform Sampling ; 2.4 Quantization Error and the Linear Model ; 2.5 Sampling of Band-Pass Signals ; 2.6 Oversampling Principles ; 2.7 The Delta Modulator ; 2.8 Performance of the Delta Modulator ; 2.9 The Exponential DM
2.10 The Concept of Noise Shaping 2.11 Summary ; Problems ; References ; 3. AE Modulators - Architectures ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 First-Order AE Modulators ; 3.3 Comparison of Delta and AE Modulator ; 3.4 Second-Order AE Modulators ; 3.5 High-Order AE Modulators
3.6 Stability of Single-Stage AE Modulators 3.7 Multi-Stage AE Modulators ; 3.8 Multi-Bit AE Modulators ; 3.9 Hybrid AE Modulators ; 3.10 Adaptive AE Modulators ; 3.11 Band-Pass AE Modulators ; 3.12 Summary ; Problems ; References
4. Single-Bit Single-Stage AE Modulators Modeling and Design 4.1 Introduction ; 4.2 Modeling of AE Modulators ; 4.3 NTF Characteristics ; 4.4 Stability of AE Modulators ; 4.5 Stability Criteria ; 4.6 Noise Transfer Function Determination ; 4.7 AE Modulator Assessment ; 4.8 Summary
Problems
Record Nr. UNINA-9910453895103321
London, : Imperial College Press, c2003
Materiale a stampa
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Delta-Sigma modulators [[electronic resource] ] : modeling, design and applications / / George I. Bourdopoulos... [et al.]
Delta-Sigma modulators [[electronic resource] ] : modeling, design and applications / / George I. Bourdopoulos... [et al.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa London, : Imperial College Press, c2003
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (259 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Altri autori (Persone) BourdopoulosGeorge I
Soggetto topico Modulators (Electronics)
Analog-to-digital converters
ISBN 1-281-86584-2
9786611865849
1-84816-121-2
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Contents ; Preface ; 1. Introduction ; 1.1 Modulation - Demodulation ; 1.2 AE Modulation ; 1.3 Design and Implementation of AE Modulators ; 1.4 Applications ; 1.5 Book Organization ; References ; 2. Analog to Digital Conversion ; 2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Basic Concept of A/D Conversion 2.3 Uniform Sampling ; 2.4 Quantization Error and the Linear Model ; 2.5 Sampling of Band-Pass Signals ; 2.6 Oversampling Principles ; 2.7 The Delta Modulator ; 2.8 Performance of the Delta Modulator ; 2.9 The Exponential DM
2.10 The Concept of Noise Shaping 2.11 Summary ; Problems ; References ; 3. AE Modulators - Architectures ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 First-Order AE Modulators ; 3.3 Comparison of Delta and AE Modulator ; 3.4 Second-Order AE Modulators ; 3.5 High-Order AE Modulators
3.6 Stability of Single-Stage AE Modulators 3.7 Multi-Stage AE Modulators ; 3.8 Multi-Bit AE Modulators ; 3.9 Hybrid AE Modulators ; 3.10 Adaptive AE Modulators ; 3.11 Band-Pass AE Modulators ; 3.12 Summary ; Problems ; References
4. Single-Bit Single-Stage AE Modulators Modeling and Design 4.1 Introduction ; 4.2 Modeling of AE Modulators ; 4.3 NTF Characteristics ; 4.4 Stability of AE Modulators ; 4.5 Stability Criteria ; 4.6 Noise Transfer Function Determination ; 4.7 AE Modulator Assessment ; 4.8 Summary
Problems
Record Nr. UNINA-9910782134903321
London, : Imperial College Press, c2003
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Detection, estimation, and modulation theory . Part III Rasar-sonor signal processing and Gaussian signals in noise [[electronic resource] /] / Harry L. Van Trees
Detection, estimation, and modulation theory . Part III Rasar-sonor signal processing and Gaussian signals in noise [[electronic resource] /] / Harry L. Van Trees
Autore Van Trees Harry L
Pubbl/distr/stampa New York, : Wiley, 2001
Descrizione fisica 1 online resource (647 p.)
Disciplina 621.381536
Soggetto topico Signal theory (Telecommunication)
Modulation (Electronics)
Estimation theory
ISBN 1-280-54185-7
9786610541850
0-470-34665-5
0-471-46381-7
0-471-22109-0
1-60119-557-5
Formato Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione eng
Nota di contenuto Contents; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Review of Parts I and II; 1.2 Random Signals in Noise; 1.3 Signal Processing in Radar-Sonar Systems; References; 2 Detection of Gaussian Signals in White Gaussian Noise; 2.1 Optimum Receivers; 2.1.1 Canonical Realization No. 1: Estimator-Correlator; 2.1.2 Canonical Realization No. 2: Filter-Correlator Receiver; 2.1.3 Canonical Realization No. 3: Filter-Squarer-Integrator (FSI) Receiver; 2.1.4 Canonical Realization No. 4: Optimum Realizable Filter Receiver; 2.1.5 Canonical Realization No. 4S: State-variable Realization; 2.1.6 Summary: Receiver Structures
2.2 Performance2.2.1 Closed-form Expression for μ(s); 2.2.2 Approximate Error Expressions; 2.2.3 An Alternative Expression for μ[sub(R)](S); 2.2.4 Performance for a Typical System; 2.3 Summary: Simple Binary Detection; 2.4 Problems; References; 3 General Binary Detection: Gaussian Processes; 3.1 Model and Problem Classification; 3.2 Receiver Structures; 3.2.1 Whitening Approach; 3.2.2 Various Implementations of the Likelihood Ratio Test; 3.2.3 Summary: Receiver Structures; 3.3 Performance; 3.4 Four Special Situations; 3.4.1 Binary Symmetric Case; 3.4.2 Non-zero Means
3.4.3 Stationary ""Carrier-symmetric"" Bandpass Problems3.4.4 Error Probability for the Binary Symmetric Bandpass Problem; 3.5 General Binary Case: White Noise Not Necessarily Present: Singular Tests; 3.5.1 Receiver Derivation; 3.5.2 Performance: General Binary Case; 3.5.3 Singularity; 3.6 Summary: General Binary Problem; 3.7 Problems; References; 4 Special Categories of Detection Problems; 4.1 Stationary Processes: Long Observation Time; 4.1.1 Simple Binary Problem; 4.1.2 General Binary Problem; 4.1.3 Summary: SPLOT Problem; 4.2 Separable Kernels; 4.2.1 Separable Kernel Model
4.2.2 Time Diversity4.2.3 Frequency Diversity; 4.2.4 Summary: Separable Kernels; 4.3 Low-Energy-Coherence (LEC) Case; 4.4 Summary; 4.5 Problems; References; 5 Discussion: Detection of Gaussian Signals; 5.1 Related Topics; 5.1.1 M-ary Detection: Gaussian Signals in Noise; 5.1.2 Suboptimum Receivers; 5.1.3 Adaptive Receivers; 5.1.4 Non-Gaussian Processes; 5.1.5 Vector Gaussian Processes; 5.2 Summary of Detection Theory; 5.3 Problems; References; 6 Estimation of the Parameters of a Random Process; 6.1 Parameter Estimation Model; 6.2 Estimator Structure
6.2.1 Derivation of the Likelihood Function6.2.2 Maximum Likelihood and Maximum A-Posteriori Probability Equations; 6.3 Performance Analysis; 6.3.1 A Lower Bound on the Variance; 6.3.2 Calculation of J[sup(2)](A); 6.3.3 Lower Bound on the Mean-Square Error; 6.3.4 Improved Performance Bounds; 6.4 Summary; 6.5 Problems; References; 7 Special Categories of Estimation Problems; 7.1 Stationary Processes: Long Observation Time; 7.1.1 General Results; 7.1.2 Performance of Truncated Estimates; 7.1.3 Suboptimum Receivers; 7.1.4 Summary; 7.2 Finite-State Processes; 7.3 Separable Kernels
7.4 Low-Energy-Coherence Case
Record Nr. UNISA-996201055703316
Van Trees Harry L  
New York, : Wiley, 2001
Materiale a stampa
Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno
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