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Bones and cartilage : developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology / / Brian K. Hall

Hall Brian K (Brian Keith), <1941->

London, [England] : , : Academic Press, , 2015

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Bones and cartilage : developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology / / Brian K. Hall

Hall Brian K (Brian Keith), <1941->

London, [England] : , : Academic Press, , 2015

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Bones and cartilage [[electronic resource] ] : developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology / / Brian K. Hall

Hall Brian Keith <1941->

Australia ; ; San Diego, Calif., : Elsevier Academic Press, c2005

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Bones and cartilage : developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology / / Brian K. Hall

Hall Brian Keith <1941->

Australia ; ; San Diego, Calif. : , : Elsevier Academic Press, , 2005

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Bones and cartilage : developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology / / Brian K. Hall

Hall Brian Keith <1941->

Australia ; ; San Diego, Calif. : , : Elsevier Academic Press, , 2005

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Tuberculosis of the spine / / Sarvdeep Singh Dhatt and Vishal Kumar, editors

Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]

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Vol.1: Osteologia / L. Testut

TESTUT, Leo

Torino : Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1949

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Autore	Hall Brian K (Brian Keith), <1941->
Edizione	[Second edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa	London, [England] : , : Academic Press, , 2015
Descrizione fisica	1 online resource (911 p.)
Disciplina	573.76
Soggetto topico	Bones Bones - Phsyiology Bones - Growth
ISBN	0-12-416685-7
Formato	Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico	Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione	eng
Nota di contenuto	Front Cover; Bones and Cartilage; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Organisational Changes; Conceptual Changes; Epigraphs; I. Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues; 1 Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues; Bone; Cartilage; Dentine; Enamel; Intermediate Tissues; Cementum; Enameloid; Chondroid and Chondroid Bone; Cartilage into Bone: Direct and Indirect Ossification; Notes; 2 Bone; Discovery of the Basic Structure of Bone; Cellular Bone; Osteocytes; Sclerostin; Osteocyte Connections, Function and Maintenance; Intramembranous and Endochondral Bone; Embryonic Origins Subperiosteal Ossification and Suppression of the Cartilage PhaseMetabolic Differences Between Bone Types; Morphogenetic Differences Between Bones; Osteones; Growth; Regional Remodelling; Ageing; Ageing at the Cellular Level; Ageing at Cellular and Tissue Levels; Ageing at the Organ Level; Ageing of the Skeletal System; Osteones Over Time; Acellular Bone; Caisson Disease and Abnormal Acellular Bone in Mammals; Acellular Bone in Teleost Fishes; Development; Mechanical Properties; Resorption; Repair of Fractures; Ca2+ Regulation; Aspidine; Bone in Sharks and Rays (Cartilaginous Fishes); Notes 3 Vertebrate CartilagesTypes; Chondrones; Cartilage Growth; Cartilage Canals; Secondary Centres of Ossification; Elastic Cartilage; Elastic Fibres; The Cells; Elastic Cartilage, Adipocytes and Intermediate Tissues; Shark Cartilage; Development and Mineralisation; Tesserae; Growth; Inhibition of Vascular Invasion; Lampreys; Mucocartilage; Lamprin; Mineralisation; Hagfish; Acellular Cartilage in a Freshwater Stingray; Notes; II. Origins and Types of Skeletal Tissues; 4 Invertebrate Cartilages, Notochordal Cartilage and Cartilage Origins; Chondroid and Cartilage Odontophore Cartilage in CaenogastropodsBranchial (Gill Book) Cartilage in the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus; Cranial Cartilages in Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses; Composition of the Extracellular Matrix; Glycosaminoglycans; Collagens; Tentacular Cartilage in Polychaete Annelids; Lophophore Cartilage in an Articulate Brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa; Mineralisation of Invertebrate Cartilages; Cartilage Origins; Hemichordates; Notochordal Cartilage; Notes; 5 Intermediate Tissues; Scleroblasts; Modulation and Intermediate Tissues; Cartilage from Fibrous Tissue and Metaplasia Metaplasia of Epithelial Cells to Chondroblasts or OsteoblastsChondroid; Chondroid in Teleosts; Chondroid in Mammals; Chondroid Bone; Chondroid Bone in Teleosts; Trematode Infections and Biomechanical Stress; Kype Tissues in Migrating Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar; Chondroid Bone and Pharyngeal Jaws; Chondroid Bone in Mammals; Tissues Intermediate Between Bone and Dentine; Dentine; Cementum; Enameloid: a Tissue Intermediate Between Dentine and Enamel; Notes; 6 Lessons from Fossils; Fossilised Skeletal Tissues; All Four Skeletal Tissues Are Ancient A Family of Skeletal Tissues in Fossil Agnatha
Record Nr.	UNINA-9910787498003321

Autore	Hall Brian K (Brian Keith), <1941->
Edizione	[Second edition.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa	London, [England] : , : Academic Press, , 2015
Descrizione fisica	1 online resource (911 p.)
Disciplina	573.76
Soggetto topico	Bones Bones - Phsyiology Bones - Growth
ISBN	0-12-416685-7
Formato	Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico	Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione	eng
Nota di contenuto	Front Cover; Bones and Cartilage; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Organisational Changes; Conceptual Changes; Epigraphs; I. Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues; 1 Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues; Bone; Cartilage; Dentine; Enamel; Intermediate Tissues; Cementum; Enameloid; Chondroid and Chondroid Bone; Cartilage into Bone: Direct and Indirect Ossification; Notes; 2 Bone; Discovery of the Basic Structure of Bone; Cellular Bone; Osteocytes; Sclerostin; Osteocyte Connections, Function and Maintenance; Intramembranous and Endochondral Bone; Embryonic Origins Subperiosteal Ossification and Suppression of the Cartilage PhaseMetabolic Differences Between Bone Types; Morphogenetic Differences Between Bones; Osteones; Growth; Regional Remodelling; Ageing; Ageing at the Cellular Level; Ageing at Cellular and Tissue Levels; Ageing at the Organ Level; Ageing of the Skeletal System; Osteones Over Time; Acellular Bone; Caisson Disease and Abnormal Acellular Bone in Mammals; Acellular Bone in Teleost Fishes; Development; Mechanical Properties; Resorption; Repair of Fractures; Ca2+ Regulation; Aspidine; Bone in Sharks and Rays (Cartilaginous Fishes); Notes 3 Vertebrate CartilagesTypes; Chondrones; Cartilage Growth; Cartilage Canals; Secondary Centres of Ossification; Elastic Cartilage; Elastic Fibres; The Cells; Elastic Cartilage, Adipocytes and Intermediate Tissues; Shark Cartilage; Development and Mineralisation; Tesserae; Growth; Inhibition of Vascular Invasion; Lampreys; Mucocartilage; Lamprin; Mineralisation; Hagfish; Acellular Cartilage in a Freshwater Stingray; Notes; II. Origins and Types of Skeletal Tissues; 4 Invertebrate Cartilages, Notochordal Cartilage and Cartilage Origins; Chondroid and Cartilage Odontophore Cartilage in CaenogastropodsBranchial (Gill Book) Cartilage in the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus; Cranial Cartilages in Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses; Composition of the Extracellular Matrix; Glycosaminoglycans; Collagens; Tentacular Cartilage in Polychaete Annelids; Lophophore Cartilage in an Articulate Brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa; Mineralisation of Invertebrate Cartilages; Cartilage Origins; Hemichordates; Notochordal Cartilage; Notes; 5 Intermediate Tissues; Scleroblasts; Modulation and Intermediate Tissues; Cartilage from Fibrous Tissue and Metaplasia Metaplasia of Epithelial Cells to Chondroblasts or OsteoblastsChondroid; Chondroid in Teleosts; Chondroid in Mammals; Chondroid Bone; Chondroid Bone in Teleosts; Trematode Infections and Biomechanical Stress; Kype Tissues in Migrating Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar; Chondroid Bone and Pharyngeal Jaws; Chondroid Bone in Mammals; Tissues Intermediate Between Bone and Dentine; Dentine; Cementum; Enameloid: a Tissue Intermediate Between Dentine and Enamel; Notes; 6 Lessons from Fossils; Fossilised Skeletal Tissues; All Four Skeletal Tissues Are Ancient A Family of Skeletal Tissues in Fossil Agnatha
Record Nr.	UNINA-9910816116603321

Autore	Hall Brian Keith <1941->
Edizione	[1st ed.]
Pubbl/distr/stampa	Australia ; ; San Diego, Calif. : , : Elsevier Academic Press, , 2005
Descrizione fisica	1 online resource (xxviii, 760 pages) : illustrations
Disciplina	573.76
Soggetto topico	Bone Bones - Physiology Bones - Growth
ISBN	1-280-64135-5 9786610641352 0-08-045415-1
Formato	Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico	Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione	eng
Nota di contenuto	Intro -- Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology -- Epigraph -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Part I Skeletal Tissues -- Chapter 1 Types of Skeletal Tissues -- BONE -- CARTILAGE -- DENTINE -- ENAMEL -- INTERMEDIATE TISSUES -- Cementum -- Enameloid -- Chondroid and chondroid bone -- BONE OR CARTILAGE -- NOTES -- Chapter 2 Bone -- DISCOVERY OF THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF BONE -- CELLULAR BONE -- OSTEOCYTES -- INTRAMEMBRANOUS VERSUS ENDOCHONDRAL BONE -- Embryonic origins -- Other modes -- Metabolic differences -- Morphogenetic differences -- OSTEONES -- GROWTH -- REGIONAL REMODELING -- AGEING -- Osteones over time -- ACELLULAR BONE -- Caisson disease and abnormal acellular bone in mammals -- Acellular bone in teleost fishes -- Development -- Resorption -- Repair of fractures -- Ca++ regulation -- Aspidine -- BONE IN CARTILAGINOUS FISHES (SHARKS AND RAYS) -- NOTES -- Chapter 3 Cartilage -- TYPES -- CHONDRONES -- CARTILAGE GROWTH -- CARTILAGE CANALS -- SECONDARY CENTRES OF OSSIFICATION -- ELASTIC CARTILAGE -- Elastic fibres -- The cells -- Elastic cartilage intermediates -- SHARK CARTILAGE -- Development and mineralization -- Growth -- Inhibition of vascular invasion -- LAMPREYS -- Mucocartilage -- Lamprin -- Mineralization -- HAGFISH -- NOTES -- Part II Natural Experiments -- Chapter 4 Invertebrate Cartilages -- CHONDROID, CARTILAGE OR NEITHER -- ODONTOPHORE CARTILAGE IN THE CHANNELED WHELK, BUSYCON CANALICULATUM -- BRANCHIAL (GILL BOOK) CARTILAGE IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB, LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS -- CRANIAL CARTILAGES IN SQUID, CUTTLEFISH AND OCTOPUSES -- Composition of the extracellular matrix -- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) -- Collagens -- TENTACULAR CARTILAGE IN POLYCHAETE ANNELIDS -- LOPHOPHORE CARTILAGE IN AN ARTICULATE BRACHIOPOD, TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA -- MINERALIZATION OF INVERTEBRATE CARTILAGES -- CARTILAGE ORIGINS. NOTES -- Chapter 5 Intermediate Tissues -- CHONDROID AND CHONDROID BONE -- MODULATION AND INTERMEDIATE TISSUES -- CARTILAGE FROM FIBROUS TISSUE AND METAPLASIA -- METAPLASIA OF EPITHELIAL CELLS TO CHONDROBLASTS OR OSTEOBLASTS -- Chondroid -- Teleosts -- Mammals -- CHONDROID BONE -- Teleosts -- Mammals -- Chondroid bone and pharyngeal jaws -- TISSUES INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN BONE AND DENTINE -- Dentine -- Cementum -- ENAMELOID: A TISSUE INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN DENTINE AND ENAMEL -- NOTES -- Chapter 6 An Evolutionary Perspective -- FOSSILIZED SKELETAL TISSUES -- ALL FOUR SKELETAL TISSUES ARE ANCIENT -- EVOLUTIONARY EXPERIMENTATION -- Intermediate tissues in fossil agnatha -- DINOSAUR BONE -- DEVELOPING FOSSILS -- PROBLEMATICA -- PALAEOPATHOLOGY -- CONODONTS -- NOTES -- Part III Unusual Modes of Skeletogenesis -- Chapter 7 Horns and Ossicones -- HORNS -- DISTRIBUTION OF HORNS AS ORGANS -- Bovidae -- Rhinos -- Titanotheres -- Pronghorn antelopes -- Giraffes -- HORN AS A TISSUE -- DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF HORNS -- NOTES -- Chapter 8 Antlers -- ANTLERS -- Size and absence -- INITIATION OF ANTLER FORMATION -- Pedicle formation -- The antler bud and dermal-epidermal interactions -- HORMONAL CONTROL OF PEDICLE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH -- ANTLER REGENERATION -- The shedding cycle -- HISTOGENESIS OF ANTLERS -- White-tailed deer, American elk, European fallow and roe deer -- Rocky Mountain mule deer -- Sika deer -- HORMONES, PHOTOPERIOD AND ANTLER GROWTH -- Sika deer Photoperiod and testosterone -- Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin -- NOTES -- Chapter 9 Tendons and Sesamoids -- TENDONS AND SKELETOGENESIS -- Fibrocartilage in tendons -- Rodent Achilles tendons -- Ossification of avian tendons -- Formation and composition of tendon fibrocartilages -- Condensation -- Scleraxis -- Composition -- SESAMOIDS -- Amphibians -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Teleosts -- NOTES. Part IV Stem Cells -- Chapter 10 Embryonic Stem Cells -- STEM CELLS -- SET-ASIDE CELLS -- STEM CELLS FOR PERIOSTEAL OSTEOGENESIS IN LONG BONES -- MODULATION OF SYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND DIFFERENTIATIVE PATHWAYS OF CELL POPULATIONS -- Fibroblast-chondroblast modulation -- Modulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis -- MODULATION OF SYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND DIFFERENTIATIVE PATHWAYS IN SINGLE CELLS -- Degradative activity -- NOTES -- Chapter 11 Stem Cells in Adults -- FIBROBLAST COLONY-FORMING CELLS -- OSTEOGENIC PRECURSOR CELLS -- Clonal analysis -- Lineages of cells -- Dexamethasone -- EPITHELIAL INDUCTION OF ECTOPIC BONE -- Epithelial cell lines -- NOTES -- Part V Skeletogenic Cells -- Chapter 12 Osteo- and Chondroprogenitor Cells -- IDENTIFYING OSTEO- AND CHONDROPROGENITOR CELLS -- Execrable terminology -- Features -- Cell cycle dynamics -- BIPOTENTIAL PROGENITOR CELLS FOR OSTEOGENESIS AND CHONDROGENESIS -- Bipotential cell populations or bipotential cells? -- Uncovering bipotentiality -- Discovering bipotentiality -- Biochemical and metabolic markers -- Collagen types -- The tumor suppressor gene p53 -- CONDYLAR CARTILAGE ON THE CONDYLAR PROCESS OF THE MAMMALIAN DENTARY -- Histodifferentiation and scurvy -- One or two cell populations -- Evidence against bipotentiality -- Evidence supporting bipotentiality -- All or some? -- SECONDARY CARTILAGE ON AVIAN MEMBRANE BONES -- NOTES -- Chapter 13 Dedifferentiation Provides Progenitor Cells for Jaws and Long Bones -- CONDYLAR CARTILAGE OF THE MAMMALIAN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT -- The temporomandibular joint -- Hypertrophic chondrocytes survive -- Hypertrophic chondrocytes transform to osteoprogenitor cells -- MECKEL'S CARTILAGE -- Mammalian Meckel's -- Prx-1, Prx-2 -- Alx-3 -- Ptx-1 -- DEDIFFERENTIATION DURING ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION -- Rodent ribs -- Mice -- Rats -- Appendicular long bones -- Enzyme activity. Evidence from 3 H-thymidine-labeling and other approaches -- Murine interpubic joints -- NOTES -- Chapter 14 Dedifferentiation and Urodele Amphibian Limb Regeneration -- DEDIFFERENTIATION -- Morphological dedifferentiation -- Functional dedifferentiation -- Hyaluronan -- BLASTEMA FORMATION -- Aneurogenic limbs -- More than one cell fate -- MYOBLAST AND CHONDROBLAST FATES -- FACTORS CONTROLLING DEDIFFERENTIATION -- Innervation -- Aneurogenic limbs -- Proliferation -- Not the stump -- Electrical signals? -- Hox genes -- FgfR-1 and FgfR-2 -- Radical fringe -- WHY CAN'T FROGS REGENERATE? -- Augmenting regeneration -- FINGERTIPS OF MICE, MONKEYS AND MEN -- Comparison with urodele limb regeneration -- NOTES -- Chapter 15 Cells to Make and Cells to Break -- CLASTS AND BLASTS -- RESORPTION -- COUPLING BONE RESORPTION TO BONE FORMATION -- COUPLING OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS -- SOME MOLECULAR PLAYERS -- WHEN COUPLING GOES AWRY -- TRAP-STAINING FOR OSTEOCLASTS -- Mammalian osteoclasts -- Teleost osteoclasts -- NITRIC OXIDE - IT'S A GAS -- PROGENITOR CELLS FOR OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS -- Japanese quail-domestic fowl chimaeras -- OSTEOPETROSIS AND OSTEOCLAST ORIGINS -- OSTEOCLAST-PHAGOCYTE-MACROPHAGE OR OSTEOCLAST-MONOCYTE LINEAGES? -- Phagocyte/macrophage origin -- Interleukins -- IL-1 -- Osteogenesis -- Chondrogenesis -- IL-6 -- IL-10 -- Evidence against monocytes -- Evidence for monocytes -- CHONDROCLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS -- SYNOVIAL CELLS -- NOTES -- Part VI Embryonic Origins -- Chapter 16 Skeletal Origins: Somitic Mesoderm -- SOMITIC MESODERM AND THE ORIGIN OF THE VERTEBRAE -- PARAXIAL MESODERM → SOMITES -- SCLEROTOME FORMATION AND MIGRATION -- RESEGMENTATION -- SOMITIC CONTRIBUTION TO LIMB BUDS -- Formation of muscle -- Innervation and myogenesis -- Signals to initiate a limb bud -- A COMMENT ON PECTORAL GIRDLES -- THE CLAVICLE: EVEN MORE SURPRISING. Humans -- Other mammals -- Mammals that lack clavicles -- Birds -- Wishbone or clavicles -- NOTES -- Chapter 17 Skeletal Origins: Neural Crest -- DIFFERENT MESENCHYMES, SAME TISSUES -- NEURAL CREST AS A SOURCE OF SKELETAL CELLS -- EVIDENCE OF SKELETOGENIC POTENTIAL -- Ablation and transplantation experiments -- Marker experiments -- 3H-thymidine -- Xenopus laevis-Xenopus borealis chimaeras -- Quail-chick chimaeras -- Genetic markers for murine neural crest -- Information from mutants -- REGIONALIZATION OF THE CRANIAL NEURAL CREST -- THE VENTRAL NEURAL TUBE -- MIGRATION OF NCC: THE ROLE OF THE ECM -- NOTES -- Chapter 18 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions -- URODELE AMPHIBIANS: CHONDROGENESIS -- AVIAN MANDIBULAR SKELETON: CHONDROGENESIS AND OSTEOGENESIS -- Isolated mesenchyme - chondrogenesis -- Isolated mesenchyme - osteogenesis -- Ruling out any role for Meckel's cartilage -- Molecular mechanisms -- OSTEOGENESIS IN AVIAN MAXILLARY ARCH SKELETON -- MAMMALIAN MANDIBULAR SKELETON -- Endothelin-1 (Et-1) -- The Dlx gene family and craniofacial development -- TELEOST MANDIBULAR ARCH SKELETON -- Fgf -- Hoxd-4 and retinoic acid -- Limb development -- Craniofacial development -- Fish -- Endothelin-1 (Et-1) -- Mutants -- LATERAL LINE, NEUROMASTS AND DERMAL BONE -- Hope from a single trout -- TERATOMAS -- Germ-layer combinations -- MESENCHYME SIGNALS TO EPITHELIUM -- SPECIFICITY OF EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL INTERACTIONS -- NOTES -- Part VII Getting Started -- Chapter 19 The Membranous Skeleton: Condensations -- THE MEMBRANOUS SKELETON -- CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS (ch) -- CHARACTERIZING CONDENSATIONS -- HOW CONDENSATIONS ARISE -- Altered mitotic activity -- Changing cell density -- Aggregation and/or failure to disperse -- Limb buds and limb regeneration -- Molecular control -- ESTABLISHING BOUNDARIES -- Syndecan and tenascin -- Fgfs -- Wnt-7a -- NOTES. Chapter 20 From Condensation to Differentiation.
Record Nr.	UNINA-9910816267903321

Pubbl/distr/stampa	Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]
Descrizione fisica	1 online resource (394 pages)
Disciplina	573.76
Soggetto topico	Spine - Tuberculosis Spine - Diseases
ISBN	981-16-9494-X 981-16-9495-8
Formato	Materiale a stampa
Livello bibliografico	Monografia
Lingua di pubblicazione	eng
Nota di contenuto	Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives of Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis -- 1.1 Historical Perspectives of Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis Treatment -- 1.1.1 Tuberculosis: The Resurrection -- References -- Chapter 2: History of Tuberculosis Spine (Post-ATT Era) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Early ATT and Surgery -- 2.3 Surgical Approaches -- 2.4 Anterior -- 2.5 Anterior-Posterior -- 2.6 Posterior Approach -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Epidemiology of Tuberculosis of Spine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 TB: Global Perspective -- 3.3 TB: US Perspective -- 3.4 WHO Plans for Control of TB: WHO End TB Strategy and UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 3.5 TB and HIV and Other Immunosuppressive Disease and Conditions -- 3.6 Diagnosis and Reporting of TB -- 3.7 Management of Spinal Tuberculosis and Mortality/Morbidity -- 3.8 Drug Resistance -- 3.9 Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB -- 3.10 Prevention of TB -- 3.11 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of TB Spine -- 4.1 Structure of a Typical Vertebra -- 4.2 Characteristics of Vertebra -- 4.3 Vertebral Canal -- 4.4 Intervertebral Foramen (Fig 4.4a, b) -- 4.5 Vertebral Curvatures -- 4.6 Line of Gravity -- 4.7 Joints and Ligaments in the Vertebral Column (Tables 4.1 and 4.2) -- 4.8 Intervertebral Disc -- 4.9 Vascular Supply -- 4.10 Arterial Supply -- 4.11 Veinous Drainage -- 4.12 External Vertebral Venous Plexus -- 4.13 Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus -- 4.14 Basivertebral Vein -- 4.15 Intervertebral Vein -- 4.16 Lymphatic Drainage -- 4.17 Innervation (Fig. 4.7) -- 4.18 Growth and Development of Vertebra (Fig. 4.8) -- 4.19 Pathophysiology of Spinal Tuberculosis -- 4.19.1 Introduction -- 4.19.2 Causative Organism of Tuberculosis -- 4.19.3 Risk Factors for Infection and Transmission. 4.19.3.1 Development and Course of Tuberculosis Infection -- 4.19.4 Pathogenesis -- 4.19.5 Mechanisms and Patterns of Involvement of Spine -- 4.19.5.1 Cold Abscess -- 4.19.5.2 Paraplegia -- 4.19.5.3 Kyphotic Deformity -- References -- Chapter 5: Clinical Presentation, Features, and Examination of a Case of Suspected Tuberculosis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Signs and Symptoms -- 5.3 Presenting with Neurological Deficit -- 5.4 Presentation with Cold Abscess -- 5.5 Presentation with Spine Deformity -- 5.6 Suspecting Cranio-Vertebral (CV) junction TB -- 5.7 Suspecting Sub-axial Cervical Spine TB -- 5.8 Suspecting Thoracic Spine TB -- 5.9 Suspecting Lumbar Spine TB -- 5.10 Suspecting Sacroiliac Joint TB (SJT) -- 5.11 Suspecting Intradural/Intramedullary Tuberculoma -- 5.12 Signs and Symptoms in Pediatric Spinal TB -- 5.13 Elderly with Suspected Tuberculosis -- 5.14 Atypical Presentation -- 5.15 Presentation in Immunosuppressive Individuals -- 5.16 Suspecting Tuberculosis Complicating Spine Surgery -- 5.17 Under and Over-Diagnosed (Differential Diagnosis) -- References -- Chapter 6: Diagnostic Modalities in TB Spine: Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Technological Advancements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Difficulty in Diagnosis -- 6.3 Conventional Diagnostic Tests -- 6.4 Microscopy -- 6.4.1 ZN Staining (Hot) -- 6.4.2 Kinyoun (Cold) -- 6.5 Auramine Flourochrome -- 6.5.1 Culture -- 6.6 Serological Tests -- 6.7 Technological Advances in Diagnosis of Spinal TB -- 6.8 Molecular Testing Methods -- 6.9 Nucleic Acid Probes -- 6.10 In Situ Hybridization -- 6.11 Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAA) Methods -- 6.11.1 Xpert MTB/RIF Test -- 6.11.2 Multiplex PCR -- 6.12 Nanotechnology -- References -- Chapter 7: Microbiological Diagnosis of Spinal Tuberculosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Samples To Be Sent for Microbiological Investigations. 7.3 Microbiological Investigations -- References -- Chapter 8: Radiology in TB Spine (X-rays, Ultrasound, CT, MRI) -- 8.1 Paradiscal Type -- 8.2 Central Type -- 8.3 Anterior Type -- 8.4 Appendiceal Type -- 8.5 Computed Tomography -- 8.6 MRI -- 8.7 Cord Changes -- 8.8 Cord Changes in Chronic Disease -- 8.9 Atypical Spinal Tuberculosis: [5, 35] -- 8.10 Post-Treatment Follow Up -- 8.10.1 Conventional Radiograph -- 8.11 MRI -- 8.12 Differential Diagnosis -- References -- Chapter 9: Role of Nuclear Medicine in TB Spine -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spect Imaging -- 9.2.1 Skeletal Scintigraphy -- 9.2.2 Gallium-67-Citrate Scintigraphy -- 9.2.3 Scintigraphy with Autologous Radiolabeled Leukocytes -- 9.3 PET Imaging -- 9.3.1 PET/CT in Diagnosis -- 9.3.2 PET/CT for Staging -- 9.3.3 Response assessment -- 9.3.4 PET/MRI in Spinal Tuberculosis -- 9.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10: FNAC and Biopsy Techniques in TB Spine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Anatomical Factors -- 10.3 Pre-Procedural Evaluation -- 10.4 Procedural Details -- 10.5 Instrumentation -- 10.5.1 MRI-Compatible Needles -- 10.5.2 Robotically Driven FNAC/Biopsy -- 10.6 Aseptic and Safety Precautions -- 10.7 Positioning and Needle Access -- 10.8 Methods of Image Guidance -- 10.9 Radiation Exposure and Prevention -- 10.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Infections -- 11.1 Diagnosis of Spinal Infections -- 11.2 Imaging -- 11.2.1 Plain Radiographs -- 11.2.2 Scintigraphy -- 11.2.3 Computer Tomography (CT) -- 11.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 11.2.5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan -- 11.3 Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Infections -- 11.3.1 Spinal Trauma -- 11.3.2 Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) -- 11.3.3 Spinal Tumors -- 11.3.4 Charcot Joint of Spine -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: TB Spine in Children. 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Development of Vertebral Column -- 12.3 Pathophysiology -- 12.4 Clinical Presentation -- 12.5 Deformity -- 12.5.1 Cervical Spine TB in Children -- 12.6 Investigations -- 12.6.1 Imaging -- 12.7 Treatment -- 12.7.1 Chemotherapy -- 12.7.2 Surgical Management -- 12.7.3 Kyphotic Correction Surgery in Healed TB -- 12.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 13: The Medical Management of Spinal Tuberculosis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 History and Evolution of Anti-tubercular Treatment -- 13.3 Principles of Multidrug Anti-tubercular Therapy -- 13.4 First-Line Drugs -- 13.4.1 Isoniazid (INH) -- 13.4.2 Rifampicin (RIF) -- 13.4.3 Pyrazinamide (PZA) -- 13.4.4 Ethambutol (EMB) -- 13.4.5 Streptomycin (SM) -- 13.5 Second-Line Drugs, Adverse Effects, Monitoring -- 13.5.1 Fluoroquinolones -- 13.5.2 Aminoglycosides -- 13.5.3 Cycloserine -- 13.5.4 Ethionamide/Prothionamide -- 13.5.5 Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) -- 13.6 Newer Drugs -- 13.6.1 Bedaquiline -- 13.6.2 Delamanid -- 13.7 Immunomodulators -- 13.7.1 Cytokines -- 13.8 RNTCP and DOTS -- 13.9 WHO Guidelines -- 13.10 Endpoint of Treatment -- 13.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Multidrug Resistance and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Management Protocols -- 14.1 Definitions and Historical Perspective -- 14.2 Incidence -- 14.3 Causes of Drug Resistance -- 14.4 Diagnosis of MDR and XDR -- 14.5 Medical Treatment -- 14.6 Surgical Treatment -- 14.7 Treatment Outcomes -- 14.8 Conclusion -- 14.9 Atypical Spinal TB -- References -- Chapter 15: Complications and Management in Tuberculosis of the Spine -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Cold Abscesses -- 15.3 Neurologic Deficits -- 15.4 Kyphotic Deformity -- 15.5 Challenges in Late-Onset Tuberculosis Symptoms -- 15.6 Adverse Drug Reactions -- 15.7 Medicolegal Issues -- 15.8 Conclusion -- References. Chapter 16: Surgical Management of TB Spine: Indications and Overview with Postoperative Protocols -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Techniques -- 16.1.2 Cervical Spine -- 16.1.3 Thoraco-lumbar Spine -- 16.1.4 Simultaneous Anterior and Posterior Approach -- 16.1.5 Postero-lateral Approach (Transforaminal) -- 16.1.6 Approaches Lumbo-sacral Spine -- 16.2 Postoperative Protocol -- References -- Chapter 17: Surgical Management of Cervical Spine Tuberculosis -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Indications for Surgery -- 17.2.1 Failure of Medical Management -- 17.2.2 Extent of Disease -- 17.2.3 Neurologic Deficits -- 17.2.4 Instability and Deformity -- 17.3 Craniovertebral Junctional Tuberculosis -- 17.3.1 Management of AATB -- 17.3.2 Classification Systems -- 17.3.3 Classification of Disease and Decision-Making -- 17.3.4 Surgical Intervention -- 17.3.4.1 Indications -- 17.3.4.2 Need for Tissue Sampling for Confirmation -- 17.3.4.3 Surgical Approaches -- 17.3.5 Authors' Preferred Approach -- 17.4 Sub-axial Tuberculosis (SACTB) -- 17.4.1 Principles of Imaging -- 17.4.2 Classification Systems -- 17.4.3 Surgical Indications -- 17.4.4 Approaches and Surgical Techniques -- 17.5 Cervicothoracic Tuberculosis -- 17.5.1 Clinical Outcome of CTB -- 17.5.2 Long-Term Outcome in AATB -- 17.5.3 Long-Term Outcome in SACTB -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18: Anterior Surgical Approaches: TB Spine -- 18.1 Background -- 18.2 Surgical Technique -- 18.2.1 Mid Thoracic -- 18.2.1.1 Anterior Trans-thoracic [5] -- 18.2.1.2 Anterolateral Extra-pleural (Costotransversectomy) Decompression [6] -- 18.2.2 Upper Cervical [7] -- 18.2.2.1 Lower Cervical [8] -- 18.2.3 Upper Thoracic [9] -- 18.2.4 Lumbo-sacral -- 18.2.4.1 Extra-peritoneal [10, 11] -- 18.2.4.2 Transperitoneal Hypogastric Approach [12] -- 18.2.5 Minimal Invasive. 18.2.5.1 Navigation-Assisted Minimally Invasive Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion in Lumbar Tuberculosis [13].
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