| Nota di contenuto |
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Atoms -- 1.1 A Particulate View of the World: Structure Determines Properties -- 1.2 Classifying Matter: A Particulate View -- The States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gas -- Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures -- 1.3 The Scientific Approach to Knowledge -- The Importance of Measurement in Science -- Creativity and Subjectivity in Science -- 1.4 Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter -- 1.5 Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to It -- The Law of Conservation of Mass -- The Law of Definite Proportions -- The Law of Multiple Proportions -- John Dalton and the Atomic Theory -- 1.6 The Discovery of the Electron -- Cathode Rays -- Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment: The Charge of the Electron -- 1.7 The Structure of the Atom -- 1.8 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons -- Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons -- Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies -- Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons -- 1.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element's Atoms -- Mass Spectrometry: Measuring the Mass of Atoms and Molecules -- 1.10 The Origins of Atoms and Elements -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 2 Measurement, Problem Solving, and the Mole Concept -- 2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A 125 Million Unit Error -- 2.2 The Reliability of a Measurement -- Reporting Measurements to Reflect Certainty -- Precision and Accuracy -- 2.3 Density -- 2.4 Energy and Its Units -- The Nature of Energy -- Energy Units -- Quantifying Changes in Energy -- 2.5 Converting between Units -- 2.6 Problem-Solving Strategies -- Units Raised to a Power.
Order-of-Magnitude Estimations -- 2.7 Solving Problems Involving Equations -- 2.8 Atoms and the Mole: How Many Particles? -- The Mole: A Chemist's "Dozen" -- Converting between Number of Moles and Number of Atoms -- Converting between Mass and Amount (Number of Moles) -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 3 The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom -- 3.1 Schrödinger's Cat -- 3.2 The Nature of Light -- The Wave Nature of Light -- The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Interference and Diffraction -- The Particle Nature of Light -- 3.3 Atomic Spectroscopy and the Bohr Model -- Atomic Spectra -- The Bohr Model -- Atomic Spectroscopy and the Identification of Elements -- 3.4 The Wave Nature of Matter: The de Broglie Wavelength, the Uncertainty Principle, and Indeterminacy -- The de Broglie Wavelength -- The Uncertainty Principle -- Indeterminacy and Probability Distribution Maps -- 3.5 Quantum Mechanics and the Atom -- Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom -- Atomic Spectroscopy Explained -- 3.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals -- s Orbitals (l = 0) -- p Orbitals (l = 1) -- d Orbitals (l = 2) -- f Orbitals (l = 3) -- The Phase of Orbitals -- The Shape of Atoms -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 4 Periodic Properties of the Elements -- 4.1 Aluminum: Low-Density Atoms Result in Low-Density Metal.
4.2 Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table -- 4.3 Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals -- Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle -- Sublevel Energy Splitting in Multi-electron Atoms -- Electron Configurations for Multi-electron Atoms -- 4.4 Electron Configurations, Valence Electrons, and the Periodic Table -- Orbital Blocks in the Periodic Table -- Writing an Electron Configuration for an Element from Its Position in the Periodic Table -- The Transition and Inner Transition Elements -- 4.5 How the Electron Configuration of an Element Relates to Its Properties -- Metals and Nonmetals -- Families of Elements -- The Formation of Ions -- 4.6 Periodic Trends in the Size of Atoms and Effective Nuclear Charge -- Effective Nuclear Charge -- Atomic Radii and the Transition Elements -- 4.7 Ions: Electron Configurations, Magnetic Properties, Ionic Radii, and Ionization Energy -- Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions -- Ionic Radii -- Ionization Energy -- Trends in First Ionization Energy -- Exceptions to Trends in First Ionization Energy -- Trends in Second and Successive Ionization Energies -- 4.8 Electron Affinities and Metallic Character -- Electron Affinity -- Metallic Character -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 5 Molecules and Compounds -- 5.1 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water -- 5.2 Types of Chemical Bonds -- 5.3 Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models -- Types of Chemical Formulas -- Molecular Models -- 5.4 The Lewis Model: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots -- 5.5 Ionic Bonding: The Lewis Model and Lattice Energies.
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer -- Lattice Energy: The Rest of the Story -- Ionic Bonding: Models and Reality -- 5.6 Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names -- Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds -- Naming Ionic Compounds -- Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation -- Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More than One Kind of Cation -- Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions -- Hydrated Ionic Compounds -- 5.7 Covalent Bonding: Simple Lewis Structures -- Single Covalent Bonds -- Double and Triple Covalent Bonds -- Covalent Bonding: Models and Reality -- 5.8 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names -- 5.9 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept for Compounds -- Molar Mass of a Compound -- Using Molar Mass to Count Molecules by Weighing -- 5.10 Composition of Compounds -- Mass Percent Composition as a Conversion Factor -- Conversion Factors from Chemical Formulas -- 5.11 Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data -- Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds -- Combustion Analysis -- 5.12 Organic Compounds -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 6 Chemical Bonding I: Drawing Lewis Structures and Determining Molecular Shapes -- 6.1 Morphine: A Molecular Imposter -- 6.2 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity -- Electronegativity -- Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character -- 6.3 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions -- Writing Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds -- Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions -- 6.4 Resonance and Formal Charge -- Resonance -- Formal Charge.
6.5 Exceptions to the Octet Rule: Odd-Electron Species, Incomplete Octets, and Expanded Octets -- Odd-Electron Species -- Incomplete Octets -- Expanded Octets -- 6.6 Bond Energies and Bond Lengths -- Bond Energy -- Bond Length -- 6.7 VSEPR Theory: The Five Basic Shapes -- Two Electron Groups: Linear Geometry -- Three Electron Groups: Trigonal Planar Geometry -- Four Electron Groups: Tetrahedral Geometry -- Five Electron Groups: Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry -- Six Electron Groups: Octahedral Geometry -- 6.8 VSEPR Theory: The Effect of Lone Pairs -- Four Electron Groups with Lone Pairs -- Five Electron Groups with Lone Pairs -- Six Electron Groups with Lone Pairs -- 6.9 VSEPR Theory: Predicting Molecular Geometries -- Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper -- Predicting the Shapes of Larger Molecules -- 6.10 Molecular Shape and Polarity -- Vector Addition -- REVIEW -- Self-Assessment Quiz -- Key Learning Outcomes -- Key Terms -- Key Concepts -- Key Equations and Relationships -- EXERCISES -- Review Questions -- Problems by Topic -- Cumulative Problems -- Challenge Problems -- Conceptual Problems -- Answers to Conceptual Connections -- 7 Chemical Bonding II: Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory -- 7.1 Oxygen: A Magnetic Liquid -- 7.2 Valence Bond Theory: Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond -- 7.3 Valence Bond Theory: Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals -- sp3 Hybridization -- sp2 Hybridization and Double Bonds -- sp Hybridization and Triple Bonds -- sp3d and sp3d2 Hybridization -- Writing Hybridization and Bonding Schemes -- 7.4 Molecular Orbital Theory: Electron Delocalization -- Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) -- Second-Period Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules -- Second-Period Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules -- 7.5 Molecular Orbital Theory: Polyatomic Molecules -- 7.6 Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors.
Bonding in Metals: The Electron Sea Model.
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1 / Cosimo Francesco Nobile, Piero Mastrorilli
