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The National Geomagnetic Initiative -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- THE NATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC INITIATIVE -- 1 Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIETAL ISSUES -- Main Field and Core Processes -- Electromagnetic Induction in the Solid Earth and Oceans -- Lithospheric Magnetic Anomalies -- Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Processes -- Operational Aspects and Data Availability -- OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS -- 2 Scientific Framework -- THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE -- THE DYNAMICS OF THE GLOBAL GEOMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 3 Scientific Issues and Research Opportunities -- ISSUE 1: DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH'S CORE AND FLUCTUATIONS IN THE MAIN FIELD -- Core Dynamics and the Dynamo -- Core-Mantle Coupling -- Main Field and Secular Variation -- Recommendations -- ISSUE 2: LITHOSPHERIC MAGNETIC ANOMALIES -- Scientific and Societal Framework -- Tectonic Relevance of Magnetic Anomalies -- Oceanic Anomalies -- Continental Anomalies -- Global and Regional Anomalies -- U.S. Magnetic Anomaly Map -- Analysis and Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies -- Rock Magnetism and Petrology -- Exposed and Shallow Sources -- Intermediate-Depth and Deep Magnetic Sources -- Oceanic Sources -- Recommendations -- ISSUE 3: MAGNETOSPHERIC AND IONOSPHERIC PROCESSES-COORDINATED SATELLITE AND GROUND-BASED STUDIES -- Solar Wind Coupling to the Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Upper Atmosphere -- Magnetic Pulsations and Rapid Temporal Variations -- New Programs in Solar-Terrestrial Physics -- Recommendations -- ISSUE 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IN THE SOLID EARTH AND OCEANS -- Imaging Earth Conductivity -- Background on Natural EM-Field Methods -- Monitoring Large-Scale Fluid Motions in the Oceans -- Research Needs for Electromagnetic Induction Studies -- Crust -- Upper Mantle -- Middle and Lower Mantle -- Material Properties -- Recommendations.
4 Observational Needs and Facilities -- LAND AND OCEAN FLOOR MEASUREMENTS -- MARINE AND AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS -- SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS -- PREHISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS, HISTORICAL DATA, AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 5 Data Management -- DATA, METADATA, DATA QUALITY, AND FORMATS -- DATA CENTERS -- DATA AVAILABILITY -- DERIVED PRODUCTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 6 Communication and Coordination -- INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC UNIONS AND PROGRAMS -- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Appendix A Topical Working Group Reports -- NOTE -- A1. The Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere -- Scientific Framework -- Magnetosphere -- Ionosphere and Atmosphere -- Geomagnetic Pulsations and Transients -- Long-Period and Impulsive Events -- Irregular Variations -- Pc 3-4 Pulsations -- Pc 1-2 Emissions -- Scientific Issues to Be Addressed -- Applications of Geospace Studies -- Operational Considerations -- Need for Comprehensive Magnetic Field Measurements -- Observational Concerns -- Spacecraft Observations -- Ground Stations -- Station Spacing -- Data Retrieval -- Data Archival -- General Recommendations -- Data Management Requirements -- Magnetic Indices -- Ground-Based Arrays -- Satellites -- Modeling -- A2. Understanding the Nature and Evolution of the Lithosphere From Magnetic Anomalies -- Scientific Framework -- Societal Applications -- Specific Issues and Research Foci -- Magnetic Anomaly Studies -- Studies of Oceanic Lithosphere -- Studies of Continental Lithosphere -- Global and Regional Studies -- Analysis and Interpretation Techniques -- Rock Magnetism and Petrology -- Exposed and Shallow Crystalline Rocks -- Exposed and Shallow Sedimentary Rocks -- Intermediate-Depth and Deep Magnetic Sources -- Oceanic Sources -- Programmatic and Operational Considerations -- Conclusions and Recommendations.
New and Improved Regional and Global Data Sets -- Better Ways to Interpret Data -- Rock Magnetic and Petrologic Studies -- A3. Electromagnetic Induction Studies in the Earth and Oceans -- Scientific Rationale -- Research Questions -- Applications -- Operational Considerations -- Programmatic Aspects -- Recommendations -- A4. Main Field and Core Processes1 -- Scientific Framework -- Present-Day Secular Variations -- Paleo-Variations -- Specific Issues -- How Can Better Spatial and Temporal Descriptions of the Main Geomagnetic Field Be Obtained? -- How Should Those Descriptions of the Main Geomagnetic Field be Interpreted in Terms of Mantle Proper ... -- How Can a Theory of Core Processes be Provided? -- Applications -- Operational Needs -- Improved Global Models of the Geomagnetic Field -- Long-Period Variations: The Need for Archaeomagnetic and Paleomagnetic Syntheses -- Priorities -- Programmatic Aspects -- Scientific Organizations -- Governmental Agencies -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix B Operational Working Group Reports -- B1. Operational Platforms -- Stationary Platforms on the Surface and Seafloor -- Introduction -- Issues and Approaches -- Current Status-Surface Platforms -- Current Status-Seafloor Platforms -- Current Status-Instruments -- Current Status-Data Collection and Distribution -- Future Initiatives-Surface Platforms -- Future Initiatives-Seafloor Platforms -- Future Initiatives-Global Geomagnetic Indices -- Recommendations -- Airborne/Shipborne Facilities -- Enhanced Capabilities -- Data Acquisition -- Ships of Opportunity -- National Airborne Survey -- High-Altitude Airborne Survey -- High-Latitude Airborne Surveys -- Rock Properties -- Minimal Survey Requirements -- Regional Low-Level Airborne Surveys -- Ship Surveys -- Positioning -- Technology Development -- Airborne System Improvements -- Magnetometers.
Satellite Platforms -- Scientific Framework -- Specific Scientific and Societal Issues -- Scientific Issue A1: Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere -- Scientific Issue A2: Lithospheric Fields -- Scientific Issue A3: Electromagnetic Induction -- Scientific Issue A4: Main Field and Core Processes -- Magnetic Field Satellite Requirements -- Continuous Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field (Magsat-Quality Instrumentation) -- Low-Altitude Surveys -- Sun-Earth Lagrangian Point Measurements -- Geosynchronous Measurements -- Imaging" the Three-dimensional Ionospheric Current Systems -- Present, Planned, and Suggested Magnetic Field Satellite Missions -- Presently Operating -- Planned Satellites -- Other Suggested Missions -- Recommendations for Near-Term Missions -- Recommendations for Long-Term Missions -- Conclusions -- B2. Data Management Systems -- New Directions and New Needs -- Key Issues -- Data Bases -- Data Archives -- Data Access -- Data Products -- Components of Data Management -- Data Bases -- Data Archives -- Identification of Data to Be Archived -- Identification of Archive Centers -- Distributed Data Systems -- Data Access -- Derived Products -- Indices -- Models and Charts -- Recommendations -- B3. Interagency Communication and Coordination -- Introduction -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) -- U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) -- Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) -- Department of the Navy -- Department of the Air Force -- National Science Foundation (NSF) -- Recommendations -- Appendix C Workshop Organization -- BACKGROUND ON OBJECTIVES AND FORMAT -- A. Objectives -- B. Size of Meeting -- C. Selection of Participants -- D. General Guidelines for Pre-Workshop Activity -- E. Venue for the Workshop -- F. The Working Groups and Subgroups.
G. The Product -- MEMBERSHIP OF TOPICAL WORKING GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS -- A1. The Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere (Chairperson: James Slavin) -- A2. Lithospheric Magnetic Fields (Chairperson: Richard Blakely) -- A3. Electromagnetic Studies of the Solid Earth and Oceans (Chairperson: John Booker) -- A4. Main Field and Core Processes (Chairperson: David Loper) -- MEMBERSHIP OF OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS WORKING GROUPS -- B1. Operational Platforms (Chairperson: James Heirtzler) -- B2. Data Management Systems (Chairperson: Joe Allen1 -- Herbert Meyers) -- B3 Interagency Coordination and Communication (Chairperson: Christopher Harrison) -- Workshop on the National Geomagnetic Initiative 16-20 March 1992 -- Appendix D Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Special Names.
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Derivation, meaning, and use of geomagnetic indices / / P. N. Mayaud [[electronic resource]]
