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Handbook of X-Ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics
| Handbook of X-Ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics |
| Autore | Bambi Cosimo |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Singapore : , : Springer, , 2024 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (5911 pages) |
| Disciplina | 523.015 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | SantangeloAndrea |
| ISBN | 981-19-6960-4 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa  |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Section Editors -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction to X-ray Astrophysics -- 1 A Chronological History of X-ray Astronomy Missions -- Contents -- Introduction -- The Early Years of X-Ray Astronomy -- Rockets and Balloons in the 1960s and 1970s -- Rockets -- Balloons -- Uhuru and the Others, Opening the Age of the Satellites in the Early 1970s -- Uhuru -- Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 -- SAS-3 -- Heao-1 -- The Late 1970s and the 1980s: The Program in the USA -- Einstein -- The Late 1970s and the 1980s: The Program in Europe -- Copernicus -- ans -- Ariel V -- Cos-b -- ariel VI -- exosat -- Late 1970s and the 1980s: The Program in Japan -- hakucho -- Hinotori -- tenma -- Ginga -- The Late 1970s and the 1980s: The Program in Russia and India -- filin/salyut-4 -- skr-02m -- xvantimir -- aryabhata -- bhaskara -- The Golden Age of X-Ray Astronomy, From the 1990s to the Present -- The Program in the USA -- ulysses -- bbxrt -- Rxte -- usa onboard argos -- The Program in Europe -- rosat -- Bepposax -- The Program in Japan -- asca -- suzaku -- hitomi -- The Program in Russia and India -- granat -- irs-p3 -- Conclusions -- Cross-References -- Appendix 1. List of the Rrockets Launched from 1957 to 1970 -- Appendix 2. List of the Balloon Missions Launched by the MIT Group -- Appendix 3. List of the Balloon Missions Launched by Worldwide Institution -- Appendix 4. Balloons Flown by AIT and MPI -- Appendix 5. Transatlantic Balloons -- References -- Part II Optics for X-ray Astrophysics -- 2 X-ray Optics for Astrophysics: A Historical Review -- Contents -- Introduction -- Early Days of X-Ray Astronomy -- The Benefit of X-Ray Optics -- Signal to Noise Advantage -- Large Dynamic Range and Less Source Confusion -- Use of High-Performance Detectors -- The Challenges of Fabricating X-Ray Optics -- X-Ray Reflection.
Optical Configuration -- Requirements on Figure and Surface -- Trades in Mirror Fabrication Approaches -- Overview of Fabrication Techniques -- Full Shell Optics -- Direct -- Replication -- Segmented Optics -- Chronological List of Mission with X-Ray Optics -- Early Days -- 1970s -- 1980s -- 1990s -- 2000s -- 2010s -- 2020s -- Future -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Geometries for Grazing Incidence Mirrors -- Contents -- Introduction -- Origin and Adoption of the Wolter I Design -- Geometry of Wolter I -- Nesting Consideration -- Practical Considerations for a Wolter I Telescope -- Geometry of Conically Approximated Wolter I -- Impact of Figure and Other Fabrication Errors on Angular Resolution -- Geometry of Parabolic Optic, Single-Reflection Concentrator -- Wolter-Schwarzschild (WS) and Hyperboloid-Hyperboloid Telescopes -- X-Ray Optics Flown on Space Missions -- Polynomial Designs and Other Recent Innovations -- References -- 4 Lobster Eye X-ray Optics -- Contents -- Introduction -- Lobster Eye X-ray Optics -- Introduction -- Lobster Eye Telescopes Using Micro Pore Optics -- Introduction -- MPOs: Production and Design -- Design of a Narrow-Field-Optimized Lobster Eye Telescope -- Limitations of MPOs -- Current Missions -- BepiColombo -- SVOM -- Einstein Probe -- SMILE -- Lobster Eye Optics in MFO/Schmidt Arrangement -- Schmidt Objectives -- Substrates for Lobster Eye Lenses in Schmidt/MFO Arrangement -- The Application and the Future of Lobster Eye Telescopes in Schmidt Arrangements -- Lobster Eye Laboratory Modifications -- Hybrid Lobster Eye -- Space Experiments with Lobster Eye MFO X-ray Optics -- VZLUSAT-1 -- REX Rocket Experiment -- Kirkpatrick-Baez Optics -- K-B Systems in Astronomical Applications -- K-B as a Segmented Mirror -- K-B in Astronomical Telescopes: Recent Status and Future Plans -- Conclusion -- References. 5 Single-Layer and Multilayer Coatings for Astronomical X-ray Mirrors -- Contents -- Introduction -- Theory -- X-Ray Reflection and Refraction -- Surface Roughness -- Materials -- Single-Layer Thin Film Materials -- Multilayer Thin Film Materials -- Coating and Instrument Design -- Single-Layer Design -- Multilayer Design -- Depositing Thin Film Coatings -- Characterization of Thin Film Coatings -- X-Ray Reflectometry -- Other Characterization Techniques -- Environmental Stability -- Stress in Single and Multilayer Coatings -- Stress Measurement Methods -- The Stoney Equation -- A Method of In Situ Stress Measurement -- Contributions of Stress in Single-Layer Films -- Effect of Adatom Mobility -- Stress Reversal -- Methods of Reducing Film Stress -- Stress in Multilayer Thin Films -- The Effect of Surface Energy on Film Stress -- References -- 6 Silicon Pore Optics -- Contents -- Introduction -- SPO Concept -- Potential and Limitations of SPO -- SPO Realization -- Production of SPO Mirror Plates -- Development of Coatings -- Cleaning and Activation -- Stacking of Mirror Plates -- Stacking Robots -- Mirror Modules -- Ruggedisation -- X-Ray Characterization -- SPO Stack Characterization -- XOU and MM Characterization -- Athena -- Introduction -- Optical Design -- Design and Expected Performance for the Athena Optics -- Effective Area -- Vignetting -- Mirror Module Alignment -- Mirror Assembly X-Ray Characterization -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Miniature X-ray Optics for Meter-Class Focal Length Telescopes -- Contents -- Introduction -- Existing X-Ray Optics Technology Leveraged for MiXO -- Micropore Optics -- Electroformed-Nickel-Replicated Optics -- Design, Development, and Challenges in Miniature X-Ray Optics -- Wolter Optics Design and Modeling -- Ray Tracing -- ENR and Metal-Ceramic Hybrid MiXO -- Recent X-Ray Tests and Results. Testing MiXO Optics -- Performance of ENR MiXO -- Mission Concepts Using Miniature X-Ray Optics -- Mercury Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer Onboard BepiColombo -- Lunar X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer (LuXIS) -- SmallSat Exosphere Explorer of Hot Jupiters (SEEJ) -- SmallSat Solar X-Ray Activity and Axion X-Ray Imager (SSAXI) -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 Diffraction-Limited Optics and Techniques -- Contents -- Introduction -- Focal Length -- Diffraction-Limited X-Ray Optics -- Reflecting Optics -- Transmitting Optics -- X-Ray Lens Design and Performance -- Zone Plates -- Interferometers -- An X-Ray Interferometer -- A Slatted Mirror -- The Fringe Pattern -- Simulation of One-Dimensional Imaging -- Tolerances, Alignment, and Adjustment -- An X-Ray Interferometer with Focusing -- Proposed X-Ray Interferometers -- Cross-References -- References -- 9 Collimators for X-ray Astronomical Optics -- Contents -- Introduction -- Stray Light and Baffle Design -- Classification of the Stray Light -- No Reflection -- Primary-Only Reflection -- Secondary-Only Reflection -- Backside Reflection -- Advanced Analytical Treatment -- Design of the Stray-Light Baffle -- XMM-Newton -- Suzaku and Hitomi -- Suzaku Pre-collimator -- Optical Tuning -- On-Ground and In-Orbit X-Ray Calibrations -- Hitomi Pre-collimator -- eROSITA -- Future Missions -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Technologies for Advanced X-ray Mirror Fabrication -- Contents -- Introduction -- X-Ray Mirror Fabrication: Fundamentals -- Manufacturing Methodologies -- X-Ray Mirror Manufacture and Technology -- Angular Resolution Versus Effective Area -- Production Drivers for Future X-Ray Telescopes -- Evaluating Optical Surfaces -- Terminology: Basics -- Terminology: Optical Surface -- Materials -- Section Review -- Subtractive -- Polishing: General -- Polishing: Robotic -- Ion Beam Figuring -- Subtractive: Silicon. Silicon Pore Optics -- Monocrystalline Silicon Meta-shell X-Ray Optics -- Formative -- Electroforming -- Slumping -- Differential Deposition -- Fabricative -- Active/Adjustable Optics -- Additive -- Additive Manufacture -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Diffraction Gratings for X-ray Astronomy -- Contents -- Introduction: Diffraction Gratings -- General Considerations -- Physical Principles -- Astrophysical Application -- Implementation on Focusing X-Ray Telescopes: Slitless Spectrometers, the Rowland Circle, and Variable Line Density Gratings -- Examples from Chandra and XMM-Newton -- Manufacturing Techniques -- Innovative Gratings: Off-Plane Reflection Gratings and the Critical Angle Transmission Grating -- Off-Plane Reflection Gratings: High Dispersion and High Efficiency -- The Critical Angle Transmission Grating: High Efficiency Combined with Generic Simplicity of a Transmission Grating -- Future Diffraction Grating X-Ray Spectrometers -- ARCUS -- Lynx -- References -- 12 Active X-ray Optics for Astronomy -- Contents -- Introduction -- Corrections with Active Optics -- Improving Mirror Figure -- Active Mounting and Alignment -- Prescription Switching -- Characterizing Corrections During Calibration and Flight -- Actuator Technologies -- External Bonded Actuators -- Thin-Film Actuators -- Magnetic Smart Material (MSM) Optics -- Assessing Correctability -- Finite-Element Modeling -- Influence Functions -- Wavefront Reconstruction -- Calculating Theoretical Correctability -- Metrology and Model Assessment -- Mission-Level Applications of Active X-ray Optics -- Gen-X -- SMART-X -- Lynx -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Facilities for X-ray Optics Calibration -- Contents -- Introduction -- X Versus UV Light -- Source Distance -- Vacuum -- Europe -- The PANTER X-Ray Test Facility at MPE (Germany) -- The XACT Facility at Palermo (Italy). The Leicester Long Beamline Test Facility (UK). |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910842291303321 |
Bambi Cosimo
|
||
| Singapore : , : Springer, , 2024 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
The light/dark universe [[electronic resource] ] : light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy / / James M. Overduin, Paul S. Wesson
| The light/dark universe [[electronic resource] ] : light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy / / James M. Overduin, Paul S. Wesson |
| Autore | Overduin J. M (James Martin), <1965-> |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (236 p.) |
| Disciplina |
523
523.015 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | WessonPaul S |
| Soggetto topico |
Olbers' paradox
Dark matter (Astronomy) Dark energy (Astronomy) Galaxies - Spectra Cosmology |
| Soggetto genere / forma | Electronic books. |
| ISBN | 981-283-442-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Preface; Contents; 1. The Enigma of the Dark Night Sky; 1.1 Why is the sky dark at night?; 1.2 ""By reason of distance""; 1.3 Island Universe; 1.4 Non-uniform sources; 1.5 Tired light; 1.6 Absorption; 1.7 Fractal Universe; 1.8 Finite age; 1.9 Dark stars; 1.10 Curvature; 1.11 Ether voids; 1.12 Insufficient energy; 1.13 Light-matter interconversion; 1.14 Cosmic expansion; 1.15 Olbers' paradox today; 2. The Intensity of Cosmic Background Light; 2.1 Bolometric intensity; 2.2 Time and redshift; 2.3 Matter, energy and expansion; 2.4 How important is expansion?; 2.5 Simple at models
2.6 Curved and multi-uid models2.7 A bright sky at night?; 3. The Spectrum of Cosmic Background Light; 3.1 Spectral intensity; 3.2 Luminosity density; 3.3 The delta function .; 3.4 The normal distribution; 3.5 The thermal spectrum; 3.6 The spectra of galaxies; 3.7 The light of the night sky; 3.8 R.I.P. Olbers' paradox; 4. Dark Cosmology; 4.1 The four dark elements; 4.2 Baryons; 4.3 Dark matter; 4.4 Neutrinos; 4.5 Dark energy; 4.6 Cosmological concordance; 4.7 The coincidental Universe; 5. The Radio and Microwave Backgrounds; 5.1 The cosmological ""constant""; 5.2 The scalar field 5.3 Decaying dark energy5.4 Energy density; 5.5 Source luminosity; 5.6 Bolometric intensity; 5.7 Spectral energy distribution; 5.8 Dark energy and the background light; 6. The Infrared and Visible Backgrounds; 6.1 Decaying axions; 6.2 Axion halos; 6.3 Bolometric intensity; 6.4 Axions and the background light; 7. The Ultraviolet Background; 7.1 Decaying neutrinos; 7.2 Neutrino halos; 7.3 Halo luminosity; 7.4 Free-streaming neutrinos; 7.5 Extinction by gas and dust; 7.6 Neutrinos and the background light; 8. The X-ray and Gamma-ray Backgrounds; 8.1 Weakly interacting massive particles 8.2 Pair annihilation8.3 One-loop decay; 8.4 Tree-level decay; 8.5 Gravitinos; 8.6 WIMPs and the background light; 9. The High-Energy Gamma-ray Background; 9.1 Primordial black holes; 9.2 Evolution and density; 9.3 Spectral energy distribution; 9.4 Bolometric intensity; 9.5 Spectral intensity; 9.6 Higher dimensions; 10. The Universe Seen Darkly; Bibliography; Index |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910455046803321 |
|
Overduin J. M (James Martin), <1965->
|
||
| Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
The light/dark universe [[electronic resource] ] : light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy / / James M. Overduin, Paul S. Wesson
| The light/dark universe [[electronic resource] ] : light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy / / James M. Overduin, Paul S. Wesson |
| Autore | Overduin J. M (James Martin), <1965-> |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (236 p.) |
| Disciplina |
523
523.015 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | WessonPaul S |
| Soggetto topico |
Olbers' paradox
Dark matter (Astronomy) Dark energy (Astronomy) Galaxies - Spectra Cosmology |
| ISBN | 981-283-442-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Preface; Contents; 1. The Enigma of the Dark Night Sky; 1.1 Why is the sky dark at night?; 1.2 ""By reason of distance""; 1.3 Island Universe; 1.4 Non-uniform sources; 1.5 Tired light; 1.6 Absorption; 1.7 Fractal Universe; 1.8 Finite age; 1.9 Dark stars; 1.10 Curvature; 1.11 Ether voids; 1.12 Insufficient energy; 1.13 Light-matter interconversion; 1.14 Cosmic expansion; 1.15 Olbers' paradox today; 2. The Intensity of Cosmic Background Light; 2.1 Bolometric intensity; 2.2 Time and redshift; 2.3 Matter, energy and expansion; 2.4 How important is expansion?; 2.5 Simple at models
2.6 Curved and multi-uid models2.7 A bright sky at night?; 3. The Spectrum of Cosmic Background Light; 3.1 Spectral intensity; 3.2 Luminosity density; 3.3 The delta function .; 3.4 The normal distribution; 3.5 The thermal spectrum; 3.6 The spectra of galaxies; 3.7 The light of the night sky; 3.8 R.I.P. Olbers' paradox; 4. Dark Cosmology; 4.1 The four dark elements; 4.2 Baryons; 4.3 Dark matter; 4.4 Neutrinos; 4.5 Dark energy; 4.6 Cosmological concordance; 4.7 The coincidental Universe; 5. The Radio and Microwave Backgrounds; 5.1 The cosmological ""constant""; 5.2 The scalar field 5.3 Decaying dark energy5.4 Energy density; 5.5 Source luminosity; 5.6 Bolometric intensity; 5.7 Spectral energy distribution; 5.8 Dark energy and the background light; 6. The Infrared and Visible Backgrounds; 6.1 Decaying axions; 6.2 Axion halos; 6.3 Bolometric intensity; 6.4 Axions and the background light; 7. The Ultraviolet Background; 7.1 Decaying neutrinos; 7.2 Neutrino halos; 7.3 Halo luminosity; 7.4 Free-streaming neutrinos; 7.5 Extinction by gas and dust; 7.6 Neutrinos and the background light; 8. The X-ray and Gamma-ray Backgrounds; 8.1 Weakly interacting massive particles 8.2 Pair annihilation8.3 One-loop decay; 8.4 Tree-level decay; 8.5 Gravitinos; 8.6 WIMPs and the background light; 9. The High-Energy Gamma-ray Background; 9.1 Primordial black holes; 9.2 Evolution and density; 9.3 Spectral energy distribution; 9.4 Bolometric intensity; 9.5 Spectral intensity; 9.6 Higher dimensions; 10. The Universe Seen Darkly; Bibliography; Index |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910778070303321 |
|
Overduin J. M (James Martin), <1965->
|
||
| Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||
The light/dark universe : light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy / / James M. Overduin, Paul S. Wesson
| The light/dark universe : light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy / / James M. Overduin, Paul S. Wesson |
| Autore | Overduin J. M (James Martin), <1965-> |
| Edizione | [1st ed.] |
| Pubbl/distr/stampa | Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008 |
| Descrizione fisica | 1 online resource (236 p.) |
| Disciplina |
523
523.015 |
| Altri autori (Persone) | WessonPaul S |
| Soggetto topico |
Olbers' paradox
Dark matter (Astronomy) Dark energy (Astronomy) Galaxies - Spectra Cosmology |
| ISBN | 981-283-442-7 |
| Formato | Materiale a stampa |
| Livello bibliografico | Monografia |
| Lingua di pubblicazione | eng |
| Nota di contenuto |
Preface; Contents; 1. The Enigma of the Dark Night Sky; 1.1 Why is the sky dark at night?; 1.2 ""By reason of distance""; 1.3 Island Universe; 1.4 Non-uniform sources; 1.5 Tired light; 1.6 Absorption; 1.7 Fractal Universe; 1.8 Finite age; 1.9 Dark stars; 1.10 Curvature; 1.11 Ether voids; 1.12 Insufficient energy; 1.13 Light-matter interconversion; 1.14 Cosmic expansion; 1.15 Olbers' paradox today; 2. The Intensity of Cosmic Background Light; 2.1 Bolometric intensity; 2.2 Time and redshift; 2.3 Matter, energy and expansion; 2.4 How important is expansion?; 2.5 Simple at models
2.6 Curved and multi-uid models2.7 A bright sky at night?; 3. The Spectrum of Cosmic Background Light; 3.1 Spectral intensity; 3.2 Luminosity density; 3.3 The delta function .; 3.4 The normal distribution; 3.5 The thermal spectrum; 3.6 The spectra of galaxies; 3.7 The light of the night sky; 3.8 R.I.P. Olbers' paradox; 4. Dark Cosmology; 4.1 The four dark elements; 4.2 Baryons; 4.3 Dark matter; 4.4 Neutrinos; 4.5 Dark energy; 4.6 Cosmological concordance; 4.7 The coincidental Universe; 5. The Radio and Microwave Backgrounds; 5.1 The cosmological ""constant""; 5.2 The scalar field 5.3 Decaying dark energy5.4 Energy density; 5.5 Source luminosity; 5.6 Bolometric intensity; 5.7 Spectral energy distribution; 5.8 Dark energy and the background light; 6. The Infrared and Visible Backgrounds; 6.1 Decaying axions; 6.2 Axion halos; 6.3 Bolometric intensity; 6.4 Axions and the background light; 7. The Ultraviolet Background; 7.1 Decaying neutrinos; 7.2 Neutrino halos; 7.3 Halo luminosity; 7.4 Free-streaming neutrinos; 7.5 Extinction by gas and dust; 7.6 Neutrinos and the background light; 8. The X-ray and Gamma-ray Backgrounds; 8.1 Weakly interacting massive particles 8.2 Pair annihilation8.3 One-loop decay; 8.4 Tree-level decay; 8.5 Gravitinos; 8.6 WIMPs and the background light; 9. The High-Energy Gamma-ray Background; 9.1 Primordial black holes; 9.2 Evolution and density; 9.3 Spectral energy distribution; 9.4 Bolometric intensity; 9.5 Spectral intensity; 9.6 Higher dimensions; 10. The Universe Seen Darkly; Bibliography; Index |
| Record Nr. | UNINA-9910822089303321 |
|
Overduin J. M (James Martin), <1965->
|
||
| Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008 | ||
| Materiale a stampa | ||
| Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II | ||
| ||