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Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Exploitation, Unjust Enrichment, Illicit Transactions, and Wrongful Taking -- The Unjust Value, Plus Damages, Is Initially, Roughly Judged to be 30 Trillion or More -- Measurement -- Conclusion -- Part I Historical Context -- 2 The Slave Trade, Imperialism, Colonialism and Neocolonialism: The Rise of the Western and World Economy, and Unjust Enrichment -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- 3 Wealth Transfer and Long-term Damages-The Case of European Expropriation in East Africa -- The Global Setting for Wealth Transfer -- Political Economy of the Indian Ocean before and after Mercantilism -- Wealth Transfer and Consequences -- Bibliography -- Part II Who Benefits and How Much-From Wrongful Taking, Illicit Transactions, and Hidden Subsidies? -- 4 Methods of Estimating Trade Misinvoicing: Price-Filter Method, Partner-Country Method, and Modified Partner-Country Method -- Introduction -- Misinvoicing and Double Invoicing of Merchandise Trade -- Trade Misinvoicing and Capital Transfer -- Double Invoicing and Capital Transfer -- Price-Filter Method (PFM) -- The Method -- Examples of Misinvoiced US Imports and US Exports -- PFM for Estimation of Misinvoicing and Potential Capital Flight -- Partner-Country Method (PCM) -- The Method -- Examples: The PCM Applied to Individual Countries -- Modified Partner-Country Method -- Gold Doré Export from Peru Revisited -- Relationship Between the Two Methods -- A Modified Partner-Country Method (mPCM) -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 5 Income and Wealth-Transfer Effects of Resource Exploitation: A Theory of Indemnities to Africa -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Economists on Reparations -- Ricardian Rent Theory: The Distributive Shares of Income -- Ricardian Economic Growth Theory.
Henry George and the Single Tax Theory -- The Ricardo-George Rent Analysis as the Basis in Economic Theory for Calculating Economic Reparations -- Conclusion -- 6 Unfair Wealth-Transfer Effects of the Palm Oil Trade in Nigeria 1868-1959: Illustrative Partial Estimates -- Introduction -- I -- II: Modern Development in West Africa and the Palm Oil Trade, 1830-1914 -- III: Four Unfair Enrichments in the Nineteenth Century, -- IV: Unfair Enrichments in the Twentieth Century -- Measuring Injustice -- Bibliography -- 7 Slavery, Production, Financing Structure in the Colonial Times and Reparations-The Case of Suriname -- Abstract -- The participation of the Dutch in the Slave Trade and Slavery -- Financing Structure -- From Hope & -- Co to ABN-AMRO Bank -- Dutch Triangle Trade and Suriname -- The Rise and the Fall of the Plantation Economy -- Compensations Paid to Ex-Slave Owners -- Suriname After the Collapse of the Plantation Economy -- More Than 300 Years of Human Rights Violations and Damages -- Suriname-Human Rights Abuses-Pain and Suffering-As a Dutch Colony -- Production, Exports and the Plantation Economy -- Major Differences Between Slavery and Indentured Labour in Suriname -- Major Beneficiaries in the Colonial System -- A Methodology to Calculate Loss, Harms and Damages -- Economic Harm -- Pain and Human Suffering -- CARICOM Puts Reparatory Justice on Their Agenda -- Apologies and Reparations from the Surinamese and Dutch Point of Views -- Different Apologies for Past Wrongdoings in the Netherlands -- Conclusions -- Enclosure 1 Caricom Ten-Point Plan for Reparatory Justice -- Introduction -- Context -- References -- 8 Monopolization, Exploitation, Business Disruption, Loss of Profits, and Unjust Enrichment-Siphoning the Benefits from Trade-The Case of Nigeria -- Economic Exploitation -- Distributional and Restrictionist Exploitation.
Methods Used to Exploit Nigeria -- Monopoly and Oligopoly in the Nigerian Trade -- Oligopoly in Imports -- Oligopoly in Exports -- United Africa Company (UAC) of Nigeria Ltd.* -- Expatriation of Economic Resources from Nigeria -- Colonial Government Monopoly: Monopsonistic Demand Price for Peasant Product -- Exploitation Through Monopolistic Prices for Imported Goods -- Restrictionist Exploitation: Under-utilization of Resources -- Strip-Mining Capital -- 9 A Rough Ball Park Estimate-Damages and Unjust Enrichment from Abuse of Dominance -- Gains of the perpetrators and losses to those damaged -- Estimating Damages -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 The Reparable Damages of European Colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Introduction -- A Model of Economic Growth Accounting For Colonial Heritage -- Results and Benchmark Reparable Damage Estimates -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 How Extractive Was Colonial Trade? Evidence from French Africa -- Introduction -- French Trade in Africa -- Methodology and Data -- Producer Prices -- Trade Costs between African Producers and African Ports -- Trade Costs between African and French Ports -- Prices at the French Port -- How Extractive Was Colonial Trade? -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Income and Wealth Transfer Effects of Colonialism and Migrant Labor in Southern Africa -- Introduction -- African Communalism and Its Transformation -- Theoretical Implications of the Empirical Findings -- References -- 13 Forensic Analysis of Reparations to Africa for Depredations Under European Colonialism -- Conceptually Distinguishing Various Depredations under Colonialism in Africa -- Reparations for the Transatlantic Slave Trade -- Toward Reparations for Colonial Exploitation, a Computational Example -- Reparations for Corvée Labor -- Restitution or Compensation for Land Theft in Settler Colonies.
Reparations for Genocide -- Restitution and Return of Stolen Cultural Artifacts -- Summary and Conclusion -- Literature -- Part III Unequal Exchange-Can Labor Theory of Value, and Unequal Exchange, Provide Useful Analysis? -- 14 Estimating Unequal Exchange: Sub-Saharan Africa to the World -- Part 1 Theory and Method -- Introduction -- Money as Value and the Value of Money -- Longitudinal Valuation of Money -- Cross-National Valuation of Money -- Examples -- Correlation -- Interpretation of the Correlation -- The Undervaluation Argument -- Yotopoulos on Undervaluation -- The Quantification of Unequal Exchange -- Estimates of Unequal Exchange for 2009 -- Comparison of Estimates of Unequal Exchange -- Implications for the Theory of Unequal Exchange -- Part 2 Empirical Findings for Sub-Saharan Africa -- Estimates for the Region of Sub-Saharan Africa -- Estimates for South Africa (The Country) -- Concluding Comment -- References -- 15 A Critique of the Joseph-Tomlinson Model of Unequal Exchange: Applications and Limitations -- Introduction -- Key Features of the J& -- T Model of Unequal Exchange -- Existence of Unequal Exchange -- Measuring the Magnitude of Unequal Exchange -- Complications or Fallacies in Measuring the Magnitude of Unequal Exchange -- Empiricism of Unequal Exchange: Estimations and Tests -- Estimations -- Tests -- Criticisms and Prospects of Unequal Exchange models -- Criticisms-Forward looking -- Ethical Relativism -- Prospects -- Concluding Remarks: Implications of Unequal Exchange for Africa -- References -- 16 Taxation and European Colonial Accumulation: The Disruption of Economic Livelihoods in Africa -- Introduction -- Marx on Primitive Accumulation and Colonial Capitalism -- The Role of the State in Marx's Account of Primitive Accumulation in Europe and Colonial Capitalism.
Marx's Recognition of the Role of Taxation in Primitive Accumulation -- Taxation and Primitive Accumulation in Colonial Africa -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Forensic Analysis-How Large the Damages?-Answering the "But For" Questions-Can Forensic Analysis Apply?-Damages for Personal Injury, and Wrongful Death-"Who Knows Where Africa Would Be?"-Blocked Alternative Growth Paths-Interference and Loss of Potential Profits-Business Interruption 1519-2023 -- 17 Reparations to Africa for the Slave Trades-An Hedonic Damages Approach to Calculating the Value of Lost Freedom -- Introduction -- Swinton Model for Calculating Reparations to African Americans -- Estimating Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade in the African Context -- Basis of Slave Wages -- Basis of Slave Prices -- Extent of the Slave Trade -- Value of Loss of Freedom -- Hedonic Value of Statistical Life (VSL) -- Modifications to the Hedonic Value of Statistical Life -- How to Estimate VSL for Enslaved Africans -- Estimated Per Capita Income -- Methodology -- Estimated Magnitude of the African Slave Trades -- Results -- Discussion -- Limitations of the Analysis -- Conclusion -- Index.
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Accounting for Colonialism : Measuring Unjust Enrichment and Damages in Africa
